Research, Development and Engineering	12 Months Ended
Research, Development and Engineering	Dec. 31, 2012
Research, Development and Engineering
Research, Development and Engineering	Note O. Research, Development and Engineering RD&E expense was $6,302 million in 2012, $6,258 million in 2011 and $6,026 million in 2010. The company incurred expense of $6,034 million, $5,990 million and $5,720 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively, for scientific research and the application of scientific advances to the development of new and improved products and their uses, as well as services and their application. Within these amounts, software-related expense was $3,078 million, $3,097 million and $3,028 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Expense for product-related engineering was $268 million, $267 million and $306 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

The entire disclosure for research, development, and computer software activities, including contracts and arrangements to be performed for others and with federal government. Includes costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility and in-process research and development acquired in a business combination consummated during the period.

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