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Retirement-Related Benefits
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Retirement-Related Benefits Retirement-Related Benefits:
The company offers defined benefit (DB) pension plans, defined contribution (DC) plans, as well as nonpension postretirement plans primarily consisting of retiree medical benefits.
The following table provides the pre-tax cost for all retirement-related plans.
Yr.-to-Yr.
(Dollars in millions)Percent
For the three months ended March 31:20252024Change
Retirement-related plans — cost:   
Defined benefit pension and defined contribution plans — cost $233 $323 (27.7) %
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost32 30 6.2 
Total$266 $353 (24.8)%
Cost/(Income) of Retirement Plans

The following table provides the components of the cost/(income) for the company’s retirement-related benefit plans.
(Dollars in millions)U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended March 31:2025 202420252024
Service cost $88 $98 $41 $44 
Interest cost (1)
187 254 251 267 
Expected return on plan assets (1)
(268)(340)(345)(389)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)
— — 5 5 
Recognized actuarial losses (1)
70 129 81 130 
Curtailments and settlements (1)
— — 2 2 
Multi-employer plans— — 3 4 
Other costs/(credits) (1)
— — 8 8 
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans$77 $140 $47 $72 
Cost of defined contribution plans14 12 96 99 
Total defined benefit pension and defined contribution plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement$90 $152 $143 $171 
(1)These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.
Cost of Nonpension Postretirement Plans
The following table provides the components of the cost for the company’s nonpension postretirement plans.
(Dollars in millions)U.S. PlanNon-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended March 31:2025202420252024
Service cost$0 $1 $0 $1 
Interest cost (1)
28 27 10 11 
Expected return on plan assets (1)
— — 0 0 
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)
(7)(7)0 0 
Recognized actuarial losses (1)
— — 0 0 
Curtailments and settlements (1)
— — — — 
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement$22 $20 $11 $11 
(1)These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.
Plan Contributions
The company does not anticipate any significant changes to the expected plan contributions in 2025 from the amounts disclosed in the 2024 Annual Report. The table below includes contributions to the following plans:
(Dollars in millions)Plan Contributions
For the three months ended March 31:20252024
U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan
$70 $89 
Non-U.S. DB and multi-employer plans (1)
1 14 
Total plan contributions$70 $103 
(1)Amounts reported net of refunds.
The U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan contributions in the table above were made in U.S. Treasury Securities. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, contributions of $215 million and $210 million, respectively, were made to the Active Medical Trust in U.S. Treasury securities. Contributions made with U.S. Treasury securities are considered a non-cash transaction.