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Borrowings
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Borrowings BORROWINGS
Short-Term Debt
The company’s total short-term debt at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $5,089 million and $6,426 million, respectively, and primarily consisted of current maturities of long-term debt detailed in “Long-Term Debt” below.
Long-Term Debt
Pre-Swap Borrowing
($ in millions) 
At December 31:Maturities20242023
U.S. dollar debt (weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2024): (1)
  
3.3%2024$— $5,003 
5.1%20251,601 1,601 
3.7%20265,800 5,201 
3.3%20274,119 3,619 
5.0%20281,313 1,313 
3.6%20293,750 3,250 
2.0%20301,350 1,350 
4.8%2031500 — 
4.4%20321,850 1,850 
4.8%2033750 750 
4.9%20341,000 — 
8.0%203883 83 
4.5%20392,745 2,745 
2.9%2040650 650 
4.0%20421,107 1,107 
5.3%20441,000 — 
7.0%204527 27 
4.7%2046650 650 
4.3%20493,000 3,000 
3.0%2050750 750 
4.2%20521,400 1,400 
5.1%2053650 650 
5.3%20541,400 — 
7.1%2096316 316 
$35,813 $35,317 
Euro debt (weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2024): (1)
1.1%2024— 829 
1.6%20253,106 3,315 
2.3%20272,071 2,210 
0.7%20281,863 1,989 
1.5%20291,035 1,105 
0.9%20301,035 1,105 
2.7%20312,588 2,762 
0.7%20321,656 1,768 
1.3%20341,035 1,105 
3.8%20351,035 1,105 
1.2%2040880 939 
4.0%20431,035 1,105 
$17,340 $19,335 
Other currencies (weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2024): (1)
Pound sterling (4.9%)
2038$939 $955 
Japanese yen (0.7%)
2026–2028808 1,251 
Other (13.8%)
2025–2027212 241 
$55,111 $57,099 
Finance lease obligations (5.0% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2024)
2025–20341,000 499 
$56,112 $57,598 
Less: net unamortized discount 824 838 
Less: net unamortized debt issuance costs 168 154 
Add: fair value adjustment (2)
 (176)(60)
$54,943 $56,546 
Less: current maturities 5,059 6,425 
Total $49,884 $50,121 
(1)Includes notes, debentures, bank loans and secured borrowings.
(2)The portion of the company’s fixed-rate debt obligations that is hedged is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as an amount equal to the sum of the debt’s carrying value and a fair value adjustment representing changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligations attributable to movements in benchmark interest rates.
The company’s indenture governing its debt securities and its various credit facilities each contain significant covenants which obligate the company to promptly pay principal and interest, limit the aggregate amount of secured indebtedness and sale and leaseback transactions to 10 percent of the company’s consolidated net tangible assets, and restrict the company’s ability to merge or consolidate unless certain conditions are met. The credit facilities also include a covenant on the company’s consolidated net interest expense ratio, which cannot be less than 2.20 to 1.0, as well as a cross default provision with respect to other defaulted indebtedness of at least $500 million.
The company is in compliance with all of its debt covenants and provides periodic certifications to its lenders. The failure to comply with its debt covenants could constitute an event of default with respect to the debt to which such provisions apply. If certain events of default were to occur, the principal and interest on the debt to which such event of default applied would become immediately due and payable.
In the first quarter of 2023, the company issued $0.7 billion of Japanese yen floating-rate syndicated bank loans with a maturity of 5 years; $4.6 billion of Euro fixed-rate notes in tranches with maturities ranging from 4 to 20 years and coupons ranging from 3.375 to 4 percent; $0.9 billion of Pound sterling fixed-rate notes with a maturity of 15 years and a coupon of 4.875 percent; and $3.25 billion of U.S. dollar fixed-rate notes in tranches with maturities ranging from 3 to 30 years and coupons ranging from 4.5 to 5.1 percent.
In the first quarter of 2024, IBM International Capital Pte. Ltd (IIC), a wholly owned finance subsidiary of the company, issued $5.5 billion of U.S. dollar fixed rate notes (IIC Notes) in tranches with maturities ranging from 2 to 30 years and coupons ranging from 4.6 to 5.3 percent. IIC is a 100 percent owned finance subsidiary of IBM, as described by the SEC in Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi) of Regulation S-X, the primary purpose of which is to borrow money to be made available for the benefit of IBM and its affiliates. The IIC Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by IBM, and no other subsidiary of IBM guarantees the IIC Notes.
Post-Swap Borrowing (Long-Term Debt, Including Current Portion)
($ in millions)
20242023
At December 31:AmountWeighted-Average
Interest Rate		AmountWeighted-Average
Interest Rate
Fixed-rate debt$47,712 3.3 %$48,803 3.0 %
Floating-rate debt (1)
7,231 5.6 %7,743 6.1 %
Total$54,943 $56,546 
(1)Includes $6,725 million in both 2024 and 2023, of notional interest-rate swaps that effectively convert fixed-rate long-term debt into floating-rate debt. Refer to note S, “Derivative Financial Instruments,” for additional information.
Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2024, are as follows:
($ in millions)
Total
2025$5,047 
20266,302 
20276,357 
20283,863 
20294,926 
Thereafter29,616 
Total$56,112 
Interest on Debt
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:202420232022
Cost of financing$336 $334 $346 
Interest expense1,712 1,607 1,216 
Interest capitalized12 9 5 
Total interest paid and accrued$2,060 $1,949 $1,566 
Refer to the related discussion in note D, “Segments,” for interest expense of the Financing segment. Refer to note S, “Derivative Financial Instruments,” for a discussion of the use of foreign currency denominated debt designated as a hedge of net investment, as well as a discussion of the use of currency and interest-rate swaps in the company’s debt risk management program.
Lines of Credit
On June 17, 2024, the company amended its existing $2.5 billion Three-Year Credit Agreement and $7.5 billion Five-Year Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreements) to extend the maturity dates to June 20, 2027 and June 22, 2029, respectively. The Credit Agreements permit the company and its subsidiary borrowers to borrow up to $10 billion on a revolving basis. The total expense recorded by the company related to these agreements was $8 million, $8 million and $11 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Subject to certain conditions stated in the Credit Agreements, the borrower may borrow, prepay and re-borrow amounts under the Credit Agreements at any time during the term of such agreements. Funds borrowed may be used for the general corporate purposes of the borrower.
Interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreements will be based on prevailing market interest rates, as further described in the Credit Agreements. The Credit Agreements contain customary representations and warranties, covenants, events of default, and indemnification provisions. The company believes that circumstances that might give rise to breach of these covenants or an event of default, as specified in the Credit Agreements, are remote. As of December 31, 2024, there were no borrowings by the company under the Credit Agreements.
The company also has other committed lines of credit in some of the geographies which are not significant in the aggregate. Interest rates and other terms of borrowing under these lines of credit vary from country to country, depending on local market conditions. As of December 31, 2024, there were no material borrowings by the company under these credit facilities.