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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets Including Goodwill INTANGIBLE ASSETS INCLUDING GOODWILL
Intangible Assets
The following table presents the company’s intangible asset balances by major asset class.
($ in millions)
At December 31, 2024:Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization
Net Carrying
Amount (1)
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software$1,282 $(492)$790 
Client relationships9,704 (4,387)5,317 
Completed technology6,297 (3,164)3,132 
Patents/trademarks1,826 (519)1,307 
Other (2)
138 (24)114 
Total$19,247 $(8,587)$10,660 

($ in millions)
At December 31, 2023:Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization
Net Carrying
Amount (1)
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software$1,636 $(762)$874 
Client relationships9,053 (3,500)5,553 
Completed technology5,713 (2,510)3,203 
Patents/trademarks1,821 (436)1,385 
Other (2)
41 (20)22 
Total$18,265 $(7,229)$11,036 
(1)Amounts as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include a decrease in the net intangible asset balance of $126 million and an increase in the net intangible asset balance of $50 million, respectively, due to foreign currency translation.
(2)Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and nonproprietary technology licenses, data, business processes, methodologies and systems.
There was no impairment of intangible assets recorded in 2024 and 2023. The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased $376 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to intangible asset amortization, partially offset by additions of acquired intangibles from business combinations of $1,627 million, driven by the acquisition of StreamSets and webMethods in the third quarter of 2024, and additions of capitalized software. The aggregate intangible amortization expense was $2,499 million and $2,287 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, in 2024 and 2023, respectively, the company retired $923 million and $1,505 million of fully amortized intangible assets, impacting both the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by this amount.
The future amortization expense relating to intangible assets currently recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet is estimated to be the following at December 31, 2024:
($ in millions)Capitalized
Software		Acquired
Intangibles		Total
2025$427 $1,939 $2,365 
2026260 1,902 2,162 
2027103 1,881 1,984 
20280 1,582 1,582 
20290 936 936 
Thereafter— 1,631 1,631 
Goodwill
The changes in the goodwill balances by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
($ in millions) 
SegmentBalance at January 1, 2024Goodwill
Additions
Purchase
Price
Adjustments (1)
 Divestitures
Foreign
Currency
Translation
and Other
Adjustments (2)
Balance at December 31, 2024
Software$46,447 $1,511 $(51)$— $(770)$47,136 
Consulting8,883 469 (3)(1)(142)9,206 
Infrastructure4,384 8 (1)— (28)4,363 
Other (3)
464 — — (464)— — 
Total$60,178 $1,987 $(55)$(465)$(940)$60,706 

($ in millions) 
SegmentBalance at January 1, 2023Goodwill
Additions		Purchase
Price
Adjustments		Divestitures
Foreign
Currency
Translation
and Other
Adjustments (2)
Balance at December 31, 2023
Software (4)
$42,712 $3,538 $(17)$— $214 $46,447 
Consulting (4)
8,409 403 2 — 69 8,883 
Infrastructure4,363 12 — — 8 4,384 
Other (4)
464 — — — — 464 
Total$55,949 $3,953 $(15)$— $291 $60,178 
(1)Includes measurement period adjustments related to business combinations that closed in the current and prior year.
(2)Primarily driven by foreign currency translation.
(3)In the first quarter of 2024, the company derecognized goodwill related to the divestiture of The Weather Company assets. Refer to note E, “Acquisitions & Divestitures,” for additional information.
(4)Recast to reflect January 2024 segment changes. Refer to note D, “Segments,” for additional information.
There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded during 2024 or 2023, and the company has no accumulated impairment losses. Purchase price adjustments recorded in 2024 and 2023 were related to acquisitions that were still subject to the measurement period that ends at the earlier of 12 months from the acquisition date or when information becomes available. Net purchase price adjustments recorded in 2024 and 2023 were not material.