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Stock-Based Compensation
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation:
Stock-based compensation cost for stock awards and stock options is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized over the employee requisite service period. The following table presents total stock-based compensation cost included in income from continuing operations.
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)2024202320242023
Cost$56 $48 $165 $141 
Selling, general and administrative167 148 511 465 
Research, development and engineering107 91 290 237 
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost$330 $286 $966 $843 
Income tax benefits(131)(74)(353)(216)
Total net stock-based compensation cost$199 $213 $613 $627 
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $44 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year due to increases in restricted stock units ($31 million), stock options ($6 million), performance share units ($4 million) and Employees Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) ($3 million). The increases are primarily driven by stock-based compensation awards granted by the company as part of its annual cycles for executives and other employees.
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $123 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year due to increases in restricted stock units ($73 million), performance share units ($25 million), stock options ($19 million) and ESPP ($7 million). The increases are primarily driven by stock-based compensation awards granted by the company as part of its annual cycles for executives and other employees.
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards at September 30, 2024 was $1.8 billion and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.6 years.