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Stock-Based Compensation
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation:
Stock-based compensation cost for stock awards and stock options is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized over the employee requisite service period. The following table presents total stock-based compensation cost included in income from continuing operations.
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in millions)2024202320242023
Cost$53 $47 $109 $93 
Selling, general and administrative172 168 343 317 
Research, development and engineering90 73 183 146 
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost$316 $288 $636 $556 
Income tax benefits(101)(75)(222)(142)
Total net stock-based compensation cost$214 $213 $414 $414 
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $28 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year due to increases in restricted stock units ($14 million), performance share units ($6 million), stock options ($5 million) and Employees Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) ($3 million). The increases are primarily driven by stock-based compensation awards granted by the company as part of its annual cycles for executives and other employees.
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $79 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year due to increases in restricted stock units ($42 million), performance share units ($21 million), stock options ($13 million) and ESPP ($4 million). The increases are primarily driven by stock-based compensation awards granted by the company as part of its annual cycles for executives and other employees.
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards at June 30, 2024 was $1.7 billion and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.4 years.