The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity and commodity price changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company’s lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

In the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amount recognized in other accounts receivables for the right to reclaim cash collateral was $68 million and $11 million, respectively. At March 31, 2024, there was no amount recognized in accounts payable for the obligation to return cash collateral. At December 31, 2023, the amount recognized in accounts payable for such obligation was $7 million. The company restricts the use of cash collateral received to rehypothecation, and therefore reports it in restricted cash in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. There was no cash collateral rehypothecated at March 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the amount rehypothecated was $7 million. Additionally, if derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement had been netted in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total derivative asset and liability positions each would have been reduced by $194 million and $235 million, respectively.

As discussed in note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures,” in December 2023, in connection with the announced acquisition of StreamSets and webMethods from Software AG, the company entered into foreign exchange call option contracts (the call options) with a total notional amount of $2.3 billion (€2.13 billion) and a total premium paid of $49 million. The call options are being accounted for as non-hedge derivatives. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the company recorded an unrealized loss of $50 million in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the call options was $12 million and $62 million respectively, and is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

In its hedging programs, the company may use forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, equity swaps, and options depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

The company issues debt in the global capital markets to fund its operations and financing business. Access to cost-effective financing can result in interest rate mismatches with the underlying assets. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company may use interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt (i.e., fair value hedges) and to convert specific variable-rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt (i.e., cash flow hedges). At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total notional amount of the company’s interest-rate swaps was $6.7 billion. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was approximately 5.2 years and 5.5 years, respectively. These interest-rate contracts were accounted for as fair value hedges. The company did not have any cash flow hedges relating to this program outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The company is exposed to interest rate volatility on future debt issuances. To manage this risk, the company may use instruments such as forward starting interest-rate swaps to lock in the rate on the interest payments related to the forecasted debt issuances. There were no instruments outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In connection with cash flow hedges of forecasted interest payments related to the company's borrowings, the company recorded net losses (before taxes) of $117 million and $121 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $14 million of the deferred net losses (before taxes) on derivatives in AOCI at March 31, 2024 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying interest payments.

A large portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries to reduce the volatility in stockholders’ equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of debt designated as hedging instruments was $15.5 billion and $15.9 billion, respectively. The company also uses foreign currency derivatives for this risk management purpose. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was $5.8 billion and $4.9 billion, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.2 years and 0.1 years, respectively.

anticipation of these foreign currency cash flows and in view of the volatility of the currency markets, the company selectively employs foreign exchange forward contracts to manage its currency risk. These forward contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges. At March 31, 2024, the maximum remaining length of time over which the company hedged its exposure is approximately two years. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total notional amount of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted royalty and cost transactions was $9.6 billion and $9.2 billion, respectively. At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.6 years.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, in connection with cash flow hedges of anticipated royalties and cost transactions, the company recorded net gains (before taxes) of $248 million and $40 million, respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $186 million of deferred net gains (before taxes) on derivatives in AOCI at March 31, 2024 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions.

The company is exposed to exchange rate volatility on foreign currency denominated debt. To manage this risk, the company may employ forward contracts or cross-currency swaps to convert the principal, or principal and interest payments of foreign currency denominated debt to debt denominated in the functional currency of the borrowing entity. These derivatives are accounted for as cash flow hedges. At March 31, 2024, the maximum length of time remaining over which the company hedged its exposure was approximately seven years. At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges of foreign-currency denominated debt was $5.2 billion.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, in connection with previously terminated cross-currency swaps, the company recorded net losses (before taxes) of $62 million and $68 million, respectively, in AOCI, of which $21 million of deferred net losses (before taxes) is estimated to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, in connection with forward contracts, the company has recorded net gains (before taxes) of $51 million and $23 million, respectively, in AOCI. Approximately $62 million of losses (before taxes) related to the initial forward points excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness is expected to be amortized to other (income) and expenses within the next 12 months.

The company uses its Global Treasury Centers to manage the cash of its subsidiaries. These centers principally use currency swaps to convert cash flows in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the company uses forward contracts to economically hedge, on a net basis, the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the company’s nonfunctional currency assets and liabilities. The terms of these forward and swap contracts are generally less than one year. The changes in the fair values of these contracts and of the underlying hedged exposures are generally offsetting and are recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of foreign currency exposure was $7.3 billion and $6.7 billion, respectively.

The company is exposed to market price changes in certain broad market indices and in the company’s own stock primarily related to certain obligations to employees. Changes in the overall value of these employee compensation obligations are recorded in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company utilizes derivatives, including equity swaps and futures, to economically hedge the exposures related to its employee compensation obligations. The derivatives are linked to the total return on certain broad market indices or the total return on the company’s common stock, and are recorded at fair value with gains or losses also reported in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of these compensation obligations was $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively.


(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Short-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	—	$	(1)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount — assets/(liabilities) (1)	$	—	$	(1)
Long-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(6,499)	$	(6,629)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount — assets/(liabilities) (1)	$	191	$	61

The total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Income Statement in which the effects of fair value hedges, cash flow hedges, net investment hedges and derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recorded and the total effect of hedge activity on these income and expense line items are as follows:


(Dollars in millions)	Total				Gains/(Losses) of Total Hedge Activity
For the three months ended March 31:	2024		2023		2024		2023
Cost of services	$	5,239	$	5,310	$	4	$	(2)
Cost of sales	$	1,381	$	1,322	$	12	$	14
Cost of financing	$	99	$	110	$	(3)	$	(3)
SG&A expense	$	4,974	$	4,853	$	74	$	59
Other (income) and expense	$	(317)	$	(245)	$	(287)	$	142
Interest expense	$	432	$	367	$	(15)	$	(14)


	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
(Dollars in millions)	Consolidated Income Statement Line Item	Recognized on Derivatives				Attributable to Risk Being Hedged (2)
For the three months ended March 31:		2024		2023		2024		2023
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges: (1)
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	(27)	$	13	$	22	$	(17)
	Interest expense	(138)		53		110		(68)
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense	(207)		16		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense	71		49		N/A		N/A

Total		$	(302)	$	131	$	131	$	(84)


	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
	Recognized in OCI				Consolidated Income Statement Line Item	Reclassified from AOCI				Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing (3)
(Dollars in millions)
For the three months ended March 31:	2024		2023			2024		2023		2024		2023
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—	Cost of financing	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense	(4)		(3)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts					Cost of services	4		(2)		—		—
Amount included in the assessment of effectiveness	166		(29)		Cost of sales	12		14		—		—
Amount excluded from the assessment of effectiveness	10		—		Cost of financing	(1)		(4)		—		—
					SG&A expense	3		10		—		—
					Other (income) and expense	(61)		126		(18)		—
					Interest expense	(5)		(17)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges: (4)
Foreign exchange contracts	612		(224)		Cost of financing	—		—		4		5
					Interest expense	—		—		22		22
Total	$	787	$	(253)		$	(52)	$	122	$	8	$	28

(3)The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for net investment hedges in net income each period. For cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated debt, the amounts excluded from effectiveness testing are amortized to net income over the life of the hedging instrument.

For the three months ending March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no material gains or losses excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (for fair value or cash flow hedges), or associated with an underlying exposure that did not or was not expected to occur (for cash flow hedges); nor are there any anticipated in the normal course of business.