The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity and commodity price changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company’s lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

In the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. The amount recognized in other accounts receivable for the right to reclaim cash collateral was $11 million and $140 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The amount recognized in accounts payable for the obligation to return cash collateral was $7 million and $8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The company restricts the use of cash collateral received to rehypothecation, and therefore reports it in restricted cash in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The amount rehypothecated was $7 million and $8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, if derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement had been netted in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total derivative asset and liability positions each would have been reduced by $235 million and $220 million, respectively.

As discussed in note E, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in December 2023, in connection with the announced acquisition of StreamSets and webMethods from Software AG, the company entered into foreign exchange call option contracts (the call options) with a total notional amount of $2.3 billion (€2.13 billion) and a total premium paid of $49 million. The call options are being accounted for as non-hedge derivatives. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the company recorded an unrealized gain of $12 million in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the call options was $62 million and is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

On May 19, 2022, in connection with the disposition of 22.3 million shares of Kyndryl common stock, the company entered into a cash-settled swap that maintained IBM’s continued economic exposure in those shares. The notional value of the swap was $311 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, IBM recognized a loss of $83 million related to the swap which was settled on November 2, 2022.

In its hedging programs, the company may use forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, equity swaps and options depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

The company issues debt in the global capital markets to fund its operations and financing business. Access to cost-effective financing can result in interest rate mismatches with the underlying assets. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company may use interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt (i.e., fair value hedges) and to convert specific variable-rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt (i.e., cash flow hedges). At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total notional amount of the company’s interest-rate swaps was $6.7 billion and $6.5 billion, respectively. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately 5.5 years and 6.0 years, respectively. These interest-rate contracts were accounted for as fair value hedges. The company did not have any cash flow hedges relating to this program outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The company is exposed to interest rate volatility on future debt issuances. To manage this risk, the company may use instruments such as forward starting interest-rate swaps to lock in the rate on the interest payments related to the forecasted debt issuances. There were no instruments outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

In connection with cash flow hedges of forecasted interest payments related to the company’s borrowings, the company recorded net losses (before taxes) of $121 million and $139 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $15 million of the deferred net losses (before taxes) on derivatives in AOCI at December 31, 2023 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying interest payments.

A large portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries to reduce the volatility in stockholders’ equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of debt designated as hedging instruments was $15.9 billion and $13.4 billion, respectively. The company also uses cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts for this risk management purpose. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was $4.9 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively. At both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.1 years.

The company’s operations generate significant nonfunctional currency, third-party vendor payments and intercompany payments for royalties and goods and services among the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries and with the company. In anticipation of these foreign currency cash flows and in view of the volatility of the currency markets, the company selectively employs foreign exchange forward contracts to manage its currency risk. These forward contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges. At December 31, 2023, the maximum remaining length of time over which the company has hedged its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is approximately two years. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total notional amount of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted royalty and cost transactions was $9.2 billion and $8.1 billion, respectively. At both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.6 years.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, in connection with cash flow hedges of anticipated royalties and cost transactions, the company recorded net gains (before taxes) of $40 million and $66 million, respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $20 million of deferred net losses (before taxes) on derivatives in AOCI at December 31, 2023 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions.

The company is exposed to exchange rate volatility on foreign currency denominated debt. To manage this risk, the company may employ forward contracts or cross-currency swaps to convert the principal, or principal and interest payments of foreign currency denominated debt to debt denominated in the functional currency of the borrowing entity. These derivatives are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

In August 2023, the company terminated all of its outstanding cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges of the principal and interest associated with foreign currency denominated debt and executed forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of the principal associated with foreign currency denominated debt. At December 31, 2023, the maximum length of time remaining over which the company has hedged its exposure was approximately seven years. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated debt was $5.2 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, in connection with cross-currency swaps, the company recorded net losses (before taxes) of $68 million and $101 million, respectively, in AOCI, of which $23 million of deferred net losses (before taxes) is estimated to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months.

At December 31, 2023, in connection with forward contracts, the company has recorded net gains (before taxes) of $23 million in AOCI. Approximately $69 million of losses (before taxes) related to the initial forward points excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness is expected to be amortized to other (income) and expenses within the next 12 months. There was no activity associated with forward contracts recorded in AOCI at December 31, 2022.

The company uses its Global Treasury Centers to manage the cash of its subsidiaries. These centers principally use currency swaps to convert cash flows in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the company uses foreign exchange forward contracts to economically hedge, on a net basis, the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the company’s nonfunctional currency assets and liabilities. The terms of these forward and swap contracts are generally less than one year. The changes in the fair values of these contracts and of the underlying hedged exposures are generally offsetting and are recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of foreign currency exposure was $6.7 billion and $5.9 billion, respectively.

The company is exposed to market price changes in certain broad market indices and in the company’s own stock primarily related to certain obligations to employees. Changes in the overall value of these employee compensation obligations are recorded in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company utilizes derivatives, including equity swaps and futures, to economically hedge the exposures related to its employee compensation obligations. The

derivatives are linked to the total return on certain broad market indices or the total return on the company’s common stock, and are recorded at fair value with gains or losses also reported in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of these compensation obligations was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively.


($ in millions)
At December 31:	2023		2022
Short-term debt
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(1)	$	(199)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount—assets/(liabilities)	(1)		1
Long-term debt
Carrying amount of the hedged item	(6,629)		(6,216)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount—assets/(liabilities) (1)	61		72

The total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Income Statement in which the effects of fair value hedges, cash flow hedges, net investment hedges and derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recorded and the total effect of hedge activity on these income and expense line items are as follows:


($ in millions)
	Total						Gains/(Losses) of Total Hedge Activity
For the year ended December 31:	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021
Cost of services	$	21,051	$	21,062	$	19,147	$	(5)	$	24	$	43
Cost of sales	6,127		6,374		6,184		22		99		(16)
Cost of financing	382		406		534		(11)		2		1
SG&A expense	19,003		18,609		18,745		165		(211)		176
Other (income) and expense	(914)		5,803		873		17		(225)		(205)
Interest expense	1,607		1,216		1,155		(54)		6		3


($ in millions)
	Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated Income Statement Line Item	Recognized on Derivatives						Attributable to Risk Being Hedged(2)
For the year ended December 31:		2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1)
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	(17)	$	(73)	$	(1)	$	(2)	$	85	$	18
	Interest expense	(83)		(257)		(2)		(11)		299		53
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense	(192)		(492)		(48)		N/A		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense	153		(249)		201		N/A		N/A		N/A
	Other (income) and expense	—		(83)		—		N/A		N/A		N/A
Total		$	(140)	$	(1,153)	$	150	$	(13)	$	384	$	71


($ in millions)
	Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
For the year ended	Recognized in OCI						Consolidated Income Statement Line Item	Reclassified from AOCI						Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing (3)
December 31:	2023		2022		2021			2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—	$	—	Cost of financing	$	(3)	$	(4)	$	(4)	$	—	$	—	$	—
							Interest expense	(15)		(14)		(13)		—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts							Cost of services	(5)		24		43		—		—		—
Amount included in the assessment of effectiveness	213		241		344		Cost of sales	22		99		(16)		—		—		—
Amount excluded from the assessment of effectiveness	(6)		—		—		Cost of financing	(11)		(21)		(18)		—		—		—
							SG&A expense	12		38		(24)		—		—		—
							Other (income) and expense	239		349		(157)		(29)		—		—
							Interest expense	(51)		(72)		(52)		—		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4)
Foreign exchange contracts	(397)		1,613		1,644		Cost of financing	—		—		—		22		14		6
							Interest expense	—		—		—		105		50		17
Total	$	(190)	$	1,854	$	1,989		$	189	$	400	$	(243)	$	98	$	64	$	23

For the years ending December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no material gains or losses excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (for fair value or cash flow hedges), or associated with an underlying exposure that did not or was not expected to occur (for cash flow hedges); nor are there any anticipated in the normal course of business.