SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of Business

Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in Japan and the United States (U.S.). The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. (ALIJ) in Japan and through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac), American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York), Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), Tier One Insurance Company (TOIC) and Aflac Benefits Solutions, Inc. (ABS) in the U.S. The Company’s operations consist of two reportable business segments: Aflac Japan, which includes ALIJ, and Aflac U.S., which includes Aflac, Aflac New York, CAIC, TOIC, and ABS. Aflac New York is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of the Aflac U.S. policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. With the exception of dental and vision products administered by ABS, and certain group life insurance products, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through CAIC, branded as Aflac Group Insurance. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets its consumer markets products through TOIC. The Company's insurance operations in the U.S. and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. The Parent Company, other operating business units that are not individually reportable, reinsurance activities, including internal reinsurance activity with Aflac Re Bermuda Ltd. (Aflac Re), and other business activities not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S., as well as intercompany eliminations, are included in Corporate and other.

Basis of Presentation

The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (ASC). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company, its subsidiaries, and those entities required to be consolidated under applicable accounting standards. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The most significant items on the Company's balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to changes in the future are the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits (LFPB) and income taxes. These accounting estimates and actuarial determinations are sensitive to market conditions, investment yields, interest rates, mortality, morbidity, commission and other acquisition expenses and terminations by policyholders. As additional information becomes available, or actual amounts are determinable, the recorded estimates are revised and reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, the Company believes the amounts provided are reasonable and reflective of the best estimates of management.

Significant Accounting Policies

Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement: The functional currency of Aflac Japan is the Japanese yen. The Company translates its Japanese yen-denominated financial statement accounts into U.S. dollars as follows.

•Assets and liabilities are translated at end-of-period foreign exchange rates.

•Realized gains and losses on security transactions are translated at the foreign exchange rate on the trade date of each transaction.

•Other revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated using average foreign exchange rates for the period.

The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Foreign currency gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency and realized foreign currency exchange gains and losses are included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings.

The Parent Company has designated a majority of its Japanese yen-denominated liabilities (Japanese yen-denominated notes payable and Japanese yen-denominated loans) as non-derivative hedges and foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Parent Company's net investment in Aflac Japan. The gains or losses on hedging derivative instruments and the foreign currency remeasurement gains or losses on the non-derivative hedging instruments that are designated as, and are effective as, an economic hedge of the net investment in Aflac Japan are reported as unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) in other comprehensive income and are included in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Insurance Revenue and Expense Recognition: Substantially all supplemental health and life insurance policies the Company issues are classified as long-duration contracts. The contract provisions generally cannot be changed or canceled during the contract period. However, the Company may adjust premiums for supplemental health policies issued in the U.S. within prescribed guidelines and with the approval of state insurance regulatory authorities.

Insurance premiums for most of the Company's health and life insurance policies are recognized as earned premiums over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. When earned premiums are reported, the related amounts of benefits and expenses are charged against such revenues. This association is accomplished by means of annual increases or decreases to the LFPB and the deferral and subsequent amortization of policy acquisition costs.

Premiums from the Company's products with limited-pay features are collected over a significantly shorter period than the contract term (i.e., the period during which benefits are provided). Premiums for these products are recognized as earned premiums over the premium-paying periods when due from policyholders. Any gross premium in excess of the net premium is deferred and reported as a deferred profit liability, which is subsequently amortized in net earned premiums such that profits are recognized in a constant relationship with insurance in force.

Net premium is calculated as gross premium multiplied by the net premium ratio (NPR) and represents the portion of gross premium required to provide for benefits and expenses. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred and LFPB is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net premium method.

Policyholders also have an option to pay discounted advanced premiums for certain of the Company's products. Advanced premiums are deferred and recognized when due from policyholders over the otherwise required contractual premium payment period.

Benefit expense is bifurcated between benefits and claims and reserve remeasurement (gains) losses. The NPR is used to measure benefit expense and is calculated as the ratio of the present value of actual and future expected benefits and expenses to the present value of actual and future expected gross premiums. A revised NPR is calculated as of the beginning of each reporting period using updated future cash flow expectations.

Benefits and claims represent the difference in the liability balance calculated as of the beginning of the current reporting period and the end of the current reporting period both using the revised NPR and the locked-in discount rates.

Reserve remeasurement (gains) losses represent the difference between two reserve measures both calculated as of the beginning of the current reporting period using the same locked-in discount rates. One reserve measure uses the NPR as of the end of the prior reporting period, and the second uses the revised NPR.

The locked-in interest accretion rate utilized for accretion of interest expense on insurance reserves is the original discount rate used at contract issue date.

Advertising expense is reported as incurred and included in insurance and other expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, advertising expense was $160 million, $181 million and $188 million, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments, and other debt instruments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased.

Investments:

Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities

The Company's fixed maturity securities are classified as either held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. Fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity are securities that the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and are carried at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses.

All other fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. If the fair value is higher than the amortized cost, the excess is an unrealized gain, and if lower than cost, the difference is an unrealized loss. The net unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale, less related deferred income taxes, are reported in other comprehensive income and included in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Amortized cost of fixed maturity securities is based on the Company's purchase price adjusted for accrual of discount, or amortization of premium, and recognition of impairment charges, if any. The amortized cost of fixed maturity securities the Company purchases at a discount or premium will equal the face or par value at maturity or the call date, if applicable. Interest is reported as net investment income when earned and is adjusted for the amortization of any premium or discount.

For mortgage- and asset-backed securities, the Company recognizes income using a constant effective yield, which is based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When estimates of prepayments change, the effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and anticipated future payments.

The Company has investments in marketable equity securities which are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value of equity securities are included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings. Dividends are included in net investment income when declared.

The Company uses the specific identification method to determine the gain or loss from securities transactions. The realized gain or loss is included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings. Securities transactions are accounted for based on values as of the trade date of the transaction.

Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans

Commercial mortgage and other loans include transitional real estate loans (TREs), commercial mortgage loans (CMLs), middle market loans (MMLs), and other loans. The Company's investments in TREs, CMLs, MMLs, and other loans are accounted for as loan receivables and are reported at amortized cost on the acquisition date. The Company has the intent and ability to hold these loan receivables for the foreseeable future or until they mature; therefore, they are considered held for investment and are carried at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses, and included in commercial mortgage and other loans in the consolidated balance sheets. Income on commercial mortgage and other loans is recognized using the interest method and included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of earnings.

The Company designates nonaccrual status for a nonperforming fixed maturity security or loan receivable or a fixed maturity security or loan receivable that is not generating its stated interest rate because of nonpayment of periodic interest or principal by the borrower. The Company applies the cash basis method to record any payments received on nonaccrual assets. The Company resumes the accrual of interest on fixed maturity securities and loan receivables that are currently making contractual payments or for those that are not current where the borrower has paid timely (less than 30 days outstanding).

Other Investments

Other investments include limited partnerships, real estate owned (REO), short-term investments with maturities at the time of purchase of one year or less, but greater than 90 days, and policy loans.

Limited partnerships are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company reports its proportionate share of the investee's earnings or losses as a component of net investment income in the consolidated statements of earnings. The underlying investments held by the Company’s limited partnerships primarily consist of private equity and real estate.

In addition, the Company invests in partnerships that primarily specialize in rehabilitating historic structures or the installation of solar equipment that are tax equity investments. These investments derive investment returns in the form of income tax credits or other tax incentives. Beginning January 1, 2024, tax equity investments that meet certain criteria are accounted for using the proportional amortization method, where the initial cost of the investment is amortized in proportion to the tax credits received and recognized as a component of income tax expense (benefit). Tax equity investments that do not meet the qualification criteria for the proportional amortization method are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.

REO represents commercial properties obtained through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure of certain of the Company's loan receivables. REO is classified as held-and-used for the production of income or held-for-sale. When held-and-used for the production of income, REO is recorded at fair value upon acquisition, which establishes the property’s initial cost basis. Thereafter, it is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and written down to fair value for impairment losses. When held-for-sale, REO is initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell and is subsequently carried at the lower of the initial carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and is not depreciated.

REO depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset and is included in net investment income. A review for impairment is performed whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is included in net investment gains (losses) when the carrying value of the property exceeds the expected undiscounted cash flows generated from the property. Net operating income earned on REO is included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Short-term investments are reported at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)

The Company has investments in VIEs, which consist of fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, limited partnerships and derivative instruments. The Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE if the Company has (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. If the Company determines that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, it consolidates these entities in its consolidated financial statements. Consolidated VIEs are segregated by the caption "consolidated variable interest entities" in the consolidated balance sheets.

While the consolidated VIEs generally operate within a defined set of contractual terms, there are certain powers that are retained by the Company that are considered significant in the conclusion that the Company is the primary beneficiary. These powers vary by structure but generally include:

•the initial selection of the underlying collateral;

•the ability to obtain the underlying collateral in the event of default; and

•the ability to appoint or dismiss key parties in the structure.

The Company's powers surrounding the underlying collateral were the most significant powers considered due to the impact these powers have on the economics of the VIE. The Company has no obligation to provide any continuing financial support to any of the entities in which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company's maximum loss is limited to its original investment and, in certain cases, to any unfunded commitment held in the VIE. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors have the ability to obtain the underlying collateral, nor does the Company have control over the instruments held in VIEs, unless there is an event of default.

Securities Lending and Pledged Assets

The Company lends fixed maturity securities and, from time to time, public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These short-term securities lending arrangements are primarily used to earn investment income. These securities continue to be reported as investment assets in the consolidated balance sheets during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. When the Company obtains non-cash collateral it amounts to 102% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. When unrestricted cash is received as collateral it is equivalent to 100% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses: The Company estimates an allowance for credit losses on the following financial assets:

•Fixed maturity securities

◦Available-for-sale securities

◦Held-to-maturity securities

•Loan receivables and loan commitments

•Short-term receivables

•Premiums receivable

•Reinsurance recoverables

For available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities, loan receivables, including collateral dependent assets and certain loan commitments, changes in the allowance for credit losses are included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings. Write-offs and partial write-offs are reported as a reduction to the amortized cost of the fixed maturity security or loan receivable with a corresponding reduction to the allowance for credit losses.

For available-for-sale securities, the Company evaluates estimated credit losses only when the fair value of the available-for-sale security is below its amortized cost basis.

The Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposure is primarily attributable to loan commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. The allowance for credit losses for these loan commitments is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

For premiums receivable, changes in the allowance for credit losses are included in net earned premiums in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company estimates an allowance for credit losses for premiums receivable utilizing an aging methodology based on historical loss information, adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Premiums receivable are reported net of the allowance for credit losses and included in receivables in the consolidated balance sheets.

For reinsurance recoverables, changes in the allowance for credit losses are included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings. Reinsurance recoverables are reported net of the allowance for credit losses and included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has elected not to estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest income for all asset types. The Company writes off accrued interest when it is more than ninety days past due by reducing interest income, which is included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of earnings.

For additional information on the Company's methodology for calculating allowance for credit losses, see Notes 3 and 8.

Derivatives and Hedging:

Freestanding Derivative Instruments

Freestanding derivative instruments are reported at fair value and included in other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. These instruments may include foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options, foreign currency swaps, interest rate swaps and interest rate swaptions. These derivative instruments are typically used to reduce exposure to risks such as foreign currency exchange or interest rate. The Company does not use derivatives for trading purposes.

Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments not designated as an accounting hedge or that do not qualify for hedge accounting are included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Accruals on derivatives are included in other assets or other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Hedge Accounting

From time to time, the Company designates as hedging instruments derivative and non-derivative instruments that meet the requirements for hedge accounting. To qualify for hedge accounting, the instrument must be highly effective in mitigating the designated risk attributable to the hedged item.

At the inception of hedging relationships, the Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments

and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objectives and strategies for undertaking the respective hedging relationship. The Company also documents its hedge accounting designation and the methodology that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedging relationship at and after hedge inception. The documentation process includes linking derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments that are designated in hedging relationships with specific assets or groups of assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets or to specific forecasted transactions, as well as defining the effectiveness testing methods to be used.

The Company formally assesses whether the derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments used in hedging activities have been, and are expected to continue to be, highly effective in offsetting their designated risk. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and on a quarterly basis throughout the life of the hedging relationship using qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods may include the comparison of critical terms of the derivative to the hedged item. Quantitative methods may include regression, dollar offset, or other statistical analysis of changes in fair value or cash flows associated with the hedging relationship.

The assessment of hedge effectiveness determines the accounting treatment of changes in fair value.

Hedge accounting designations are cash flow hedge, fair value hedge, or net investment hedge.

Cash Flow Hedge

A cash flow hedge is a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability or the hedge of a forecasted transaction.

For derivative instruments that are designated in cash flow hedging relationships, the gain or loss on the portion of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of effectiveness is included in unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings and are included in the same line item in the consolidated statements of earnings as the hedged item.

Fair Value Hedge

A fair value hedge is a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, attributable to a particular risk.

For derivative instruments that are designated in highly effective fair value hedge relationships, the effective portion of the gain or loss of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of effectiveness is included in the line item of the consolidated statements of earnings in which gain or loss on the hedged item is included.

Net Investment Hedge

A net investment hedge is a hedge of foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. The Company designates and accounts for certain foreign currency forwards and options as net investment hedges of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan when they meet the requirements for hedge accounting. The Company also designates the Parent Company’s Japanese yen-denominated liabilities as a non-derivative net investment hedge of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan. For additional information on the Parent Company’s Japanese yen-denominated liabilities, see Note 9.

At the beginning of each quarter, the Company makes its net investment hedge designation for foreign currency derivatives and Japanese yen-denominated liabilities. For foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges, the Company assesses hedge effectiveness using the spot-rate method. According to this method, the change in fair value of the hedging instrument due to fluctuations in the spot exchange rate is included in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) in the statements of comprehensive income (loss). For Japanese-yen denominated liabilities designated as net investment hedges, the foreign currency translation gain or loss determined by references to the spot foreign exchange rate is also included in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) in the statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to earnings only when the hedged net investment is sold or when a liquidation of the respective net investment in the foreign entity is substantially completed. When a sale or liquidation occurs, the deferred gain or loss is reclassified to earnings and included in the same line item in the consolidated statements of earnings as the gain or loss on the sale of the hedged net investment.

All other changes in fair value of the foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Should these designated net investment hedge positions exceed the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the foreign currency exchange effect on the excess portion is included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Hedge Accounting Termination

The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when (1) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated cash flows or fair value of a hedged item; (2) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument; or (3) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised.

When hedge accounting is discontinued on a cash flow or fair value hedge, the derivative is reported at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in the fair value included in net investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of earnings. For discontinued cash flow hedges, including those where the derivative is sold, terminated or exercised, changes in the fair value included in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to earnings when earnings are impacted by the cash flow of the hedged item.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company may purchase certain investments or enter into contracts that contain embedded derivatives. The Company assesses whether an embedded derivative is clearly and closely related to its host contract. If the Company determines that the embedded derivative is not clearly and closely related to the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from that contract and reported at fair value with the host instrument in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value are included in current period earnings. If the Company has elected the fair value option, the embedded derivative is not bifurcated, and the entire investment is held at fair value with changes in fair value included in current period earnings.

Pledged Collateral

The Company receives and pledges cash or other securities as collateral on open derivative positions.

Cash received as collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. Cash pledged as collateral is recorded as a reduction to cash, and a corresponding receivable is recognized for the return of the cash collateral.

The Company generally can repledge or resell collateral obtained from counterparties, although the Company does not typically exercise such rights. Securities received as collateral are not recognized unless the Company were to exercise its right to sell that collateral or exercise remedies on that collateral upon a counterparty default. Securities that the Company has pledged as collateral continue to be carried as investment assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company does not offset amounts recognized for derivative instruments and amounts recognized for the right to reclaim or the obligation to return cash collateral arising from derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement.

For additional information on the Company's derivative instruments, see Note 4. For additional information on the Company's valuation methodology for derivatives, see Note 5.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs: The Company incurs significant costs in connection with acquiring new and renewal insurance business. Costs that are related directly to the successful acquisition of new or the renewal of existing insurance contracts are capitalized as DAC. DAC primarily includes the excess of current-year commissions over ultimate renewal-year commissions and certain direct and incremental policy issue, underwriting and sales expenses directly related to successful policy acquisition.

DAC is amortized on a grouped-contract basis over the expected term of the related contracts, using a constant-level basis, as follows:

Policy Type	Constant-level Basis
Life Products (U.S.)	Face Amount
Health Products (U.S.)	Number of Policies in Force
Health & Life Products (Japan)	Units in Force

Face amount is the stated dollar amount that the policy’s beneficiaries receive upon the death of the insured. For life and health products issued in Japan, the constant-level basis used is units in force, which is a proxy for the face amount and insurance in force, respectively.

Amortization is computed using the same contract groupings (also referred to as cohorts) and mortality and termination assumptions that are used in computing the LFPB. These assumptions are reviewed and updated at least annually. The effects of changes in assumptions are recognized prospectively over the remaining contract term as a revision of the future amortization pattern, while current period amortization is calculated based on the actual experience during the quarter.

Internal Replacements

For some products, policyholders can elect to modify product benefits, features, rights or coverages. These transactions are known as internal replacements and can occur by:

•exchanging a contract for a new contract, or

•amendment, endorsement, or rider to a contract, or

•the election of a feature or coverage within a contract.

The Company performs the following two-step analysis of the internal replacements to determine if the modification is substantive to the base policy: (1) determine if the modification is integrated with the base policy, and (2) if it is integrated, determine if the resulting contract is substantially changed. Contract modifications resulting in integrated contract features can be determined only in conjunction with the value of the base policy. Non-integrated features are not related to or dependent on the value of the base policy.

For an internal replacement transaction that results in a policy that is integrated and substantially changed, the policy is treated as lapsed for amortization purposes, and the costs of acquiring the new policy are capitalized and amortized in accordance with the Company's accounting policies for DAC.

For internal replacement transactions where the resulting contract is integrated and substantially unchanged, unamortized DAC from the original policy continue to be amortized over the expected life of the cohort, and the costs of replacing the policy are accounted for as policy maintenance costs and expensed as incurred.

Non-integrated internal replacement transactions are accounted for as separately issued contracts within the cohort open at the effective date of the non-integrated feature. Any DAC related to the non-integrated contract feature or coverage are accounted for in accordance with the Company's accounting policies for DAC.

Property and Equipment: The costs of buildings, furniture and equipment are depreciated principally on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (maximum of 50 years for buildings and 20 years for furniture and equipment). Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred; expenditures for betterments are capitalized and depreciated. Classes of property and equipment as of December 31 were as follows:

(In millions)	2025			2024
Property and equipment:
Land		$	168		$	168
Buildings		399			392
Equipment and furniture		451			478
Total property and equipment		1,018			1,038
Less accumulated depreciation		667			651
Net property and equipment		$	351		$	387

Depreciation and other amortization expenses, which are included in insurance and other expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were $36 million in 2025, compared with $40 million in 2024 and $39 million in 2023.

Goodwill: Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. The amount of goodwill recognized is also impacted by measurement differences resulting from certain assets and liabilities not recorded at fair value (e.g. income taxes, employee benefits). Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at a level of a reporting unit at least annually, in the same reporting period each year. Goodwill is included in the other assets line item in the consolidated balance sheets and was $260 million at December 31, 2025, compared with $263 million at December 31, 2024. A significant majority of the goodwill balance is attributable to business combinations within the Aflac U.S. segment, which represents the reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing.

Policy Liabilities: The Company's total policy liabilities consist of:

•Future policy benefits

•Unpaid policy claims

•Unearned premiums

•Other policyholders' funds

Future Policy Benefits

Long-duration insurance contracts issued by the Company are grouped into annual calendar-year cohorts based on the contract issue date, reportable segment, legal entity and product type. Limited-pay contracts are grouped into separate cohorts from other traditional products in the same manner and are further separated based on their premium payment structures. For long-duration insurance contracts, the Company calculates an integrated LFPB reserve that represents all payments under the contract including future expected claims, unpaid policy claims and related expenses.

The LFPB is determined using the net level premium method as the present value of expected future policy benefits to be paid to or on the behalf of policyholders and certain related expenses less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the Company’s insurance contracts, where expected future net premiums receivable are future gross premiums receivable under the contract multiplied by the NPR.

The LFPB is calculated using assumptions and estimates including, (1) cash flow assumptions (mortality, morbidity, and terminations, also referred to as lapses), (2) expense assumptions and (3) discount rates. The assumptions and estimates that the Company uses depend on its judgment regarding the likelihood of future events and are inherently uncertain.

Cash flow assumptions are established at policy inception and are evaluated each quarter to determine if an update is needed.

Actual experience is reflected in the calculation of future policy benefits each quarter, and changes in the liability due to actual experience are included in reserve remeasurement (gains) losses in the consolidated statements of earnings.

To facilitate a more detailed review of cash flow assumptions, experience studies are performed annually during the third quarter. Changes in cash flow assumptions are the result of applying the updated best estimate assumptions as of the beginning of the reporting period and are included as a cumulative catch-up adjustment in reserve remeasurement (gains) losses in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Expense assumptions are established at policy inception and determined for each issue-year cohort as a percentage of paid claims. These expense assumptions are locked in and remain unchanged over the term of the insurance policy.

Discount rates used to calculate net premiums are locked in at policy inception and represent the basis to recognize interest expense accreted on insurance reserves included in benefits and claims, excluding reserve remeasurement in the consolidated statements of earnings. These locked-in discount rates are determined separately for each issue-year cohort as a single discount rate that reflects the duration characteristics of the corresponding insurance contracts and will remain unchanged after the calendar year of issue.

Discount rates used to measure the carrying value of the LFPB in the consolidated balance sheets are updated each reporting period, and the difference between the liability balances calculated using the locked-in discount rates and the updated discount rates is included in the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company's discount rate methodology involves constructing a current discount rate curve separately for discounting cash flows used to calculate the Japan and U.S. LFPB, reflective of the characteristics of the insurance liabilities, such as currency and tenor. For additional information on the Company's discount rate methodology, see Note 7.

The difference in the liability balance calculated as of the beginning of the current reporting period and the end of the current reporting period both using the revised NPR and the locked-in discount rates is included in benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of earnings.

For internal replacements that are determined to be substantially changed, policy liabilities related to the original policy that was replaced are immediately released, and policy liabilities are established for the new insurance contract. The policy reserves are evaluated based on the new policy features, and changes are recognized at the date of contract change/modification. For internal replacements that are substantially unchanged, no changes to the reserves are recognized. For modifications that are not integrated with the base policy, new coverage is recognized as a separately issued contract within the current cohort.

Unpaid Policy Claims

Unpaid policy claims primarily represent unpaid policy claims on the Company’s short-duration insurance contracts.

Unearned Premiums

Unearned premiums consist of unearned premiums and advance premiums.

Unearned premiums represent the portion of premium related to the unexpired coverage as of a balance sheet date and are deferred and recognized in net earned premiums when earned.

Advance premiums consist primarily of discounted advance premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan limited-payment insurance products. Advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as earned premiums over the contractual premium payment period.

Other Policyholders' Funds

The other policyholders’ funds liability consists primarily of the fixed annuity line of business in Aflac Japan which has fixed benefits and premiums.

Reinsurance: The Company enters into reinsurance agreements in the normal course of business. For each reinsurance agreement, the Company determines if the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums, benefits and acquisition costs are reported net of insurance ceded.

Income Taxes: Income tax provisions are generally based on pretax earnings reported for financial statement purposes, which differ from those amounts used in preparing the Company's income tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. The Company records deferred tax assets for tax positions taken based on its assessment of whether the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that an amount will not be realized.

Policyholder Protection Corporation and State Guaranty Association Assessments: In Japan, the government has required the insurance industry to contribute to a policyholder protection corporation. The Company recognizes a charge for its estimated share of the industry's obligation once it is determinable. The Company reviews the estimated liability for policyholder protection corporation contributions on an annual basis and reports any adjustments in Aflac Japan's expenses.

In the U.S., each state has a guaranty association that supports insolvent insurers operating in those states. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity to which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the

assessment is based is written. See Note 15 for further discussion of the guaranty fund assessments charged to the Company.

Treasury Stock: Treasury stock is reflected as a reduction of shareholders' equity at cost. The Company uses the weighted-average purchase cost to determine the cost of treasury stock that is reissued. The Company includes any gains and losses in additional paid-in capital when treasury stock is reissued.

Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures compensation cost related to its share-based payment transactions at fair value on the grant date, and the Company recognizes those costs in the financial statements over the vesting period during which the employee provides service in exchange for the award. The Company has made an entity-wide accounting policy election to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest and the corresponding forfeitures.

Earnings Per Share: The Company computes basic earnings per share (EPS) by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of unrestricted shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the period plus the shares representing the dilutive effect of share-based awards.

Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications have been made to prior-year amounts to conform to current-year reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings or total shareholders' equity.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued amendments that require enhanced income tax disclosures including (1) disclosure of specific categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures.

The Company adopted this guidance for the annual period beginning January 1, 2025 and elected a prospective implementation. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. See Note 10 for expanded disclosures required as a result of the amended guidance.

ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued amendments that add certain segment disclosures related to significant segment expenses and require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.

The Company adopted this guidance for the annual period beginning January 1, 2024, and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. See Note 2 for expanded disclosures required as a result of the amended guidance.

ASU 2023-02 Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method

In March 2023, the FASB issued amendments to permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received and recognizes the net amortization and income tax credits and other income tax benefits in the income statement as a component of income tax expense (benefit).

The Company early adopted this guidance on July 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or disclosures.

ASU 2022-02 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

In March 2022, the FASB issued amendments that eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) for creditors, required enhanced disclosures for creditors about loan modifications when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and required public business entities to include current-period gross write-offs in the vintage disclosure tables. As a result of eliminating the TDR guidance for creditors, all loan modifications will follow the existing loan refinancing or restructuring guidance.

The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2023 on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2018-12 Financial Services - Insurance: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, as clarified and amended by:

ASU 2019-09 Financial Services - Insurance: Effective Date

ASU 2020-11 Financial Services - Insurance: Effective Date and Early Application

In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments that significantly changed how insurers account for long-duration contracts. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2023 using a modified retrospective transition method which resulted in applying the amended guidance as of the beginning of the earliest period presented on the January 1, 2021 transition date (Transition Date). The modified retrospective transition method generally results in applying the guidance to contracts on the basis of existing carrying values as of the Transition Date. On the Transition Date, the Company calculated the ratio of the present value of expected future policy benefits and expenses less existing carrying values to the present value of expected future gross premiums (Transition Date NPR) using updated assumptions and the discount rate immediately before the Transition Date. The Company capped the Transition Date NPR at 100% for any cohorts with a Transition Date NPR greater than 100%. The Company calculated the LFPB using the Transition Date NPR (capped at 100% if required) and two different discount rates: (i) the discount rate used immediately before the Transition Date, and (ii) the discount rate determined by reference to the Transition Date market level yields for upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed income instruments (as of December 31, 2020). For cohorts with their Transition Date NPR capped at 100%, the Company recorded as an adjustment (decrease) to opening retained earnings any difference between the LFPB calculated using the discount rate immediately before the Transition Date and the existing carrying value as of the Transition Date. For all cohorts on the Transition Date, the Company recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income net of tax, the difference in the LFPB calculated using the two different discount rates (i.e., the discount rate used immediately before the Transition Date and the updated discount rate as of the Transition Date).

Upon adoption, the Company adjusted opening equity for the Transition Date impacts to accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earnings and adjusted prior periods then presented (years 2021 and 2022) following the updated standard. Based upon the modified retrospective transition method, the Transition Date impact from adoption resulted in a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income of approximately $18.6 billion and a decrease in retained earnings (RE) of approximately $0.3 billion.

The adoption of ASU 2018-12 did not have an impact on the Company's balance for deferred policy acquisition costs upon adoption.

In conjunction with the adoption of ASU 2018-12, the Company changed its practice of recording the change in the deferred profit liability on products with limited-payment features from the benefits and claims, net line item to the net earned premiums line item in the consolidated statements of earnings. This reclassification had no impact on net earnings. The change in presentation has been made for all comparative periods presented.

Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

ASU 2024-03 Income Statement (Topic 220) - Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued amendments that require disaggregated disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses including (1) the amounts of employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization; (2) certain expense, gain, or loss amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements; (3) qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated

quantitatively, and (4) the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, the Company’s definition of selling expenses.

The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance has no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. The Company is evaluating the impact of adoption on its disclosures.

Recent accounting guidance not discussed above is not applicable, did not have, or is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's business.