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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
 
The Company's effective tax rate was 32.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 6.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The effective tax rate of 32.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was higher than the current federal statutory rate of 21% due to a $5.7 million increase to our tax provision related to adjustments resulting from Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) audits for tax years 2011 through 2013. The effective tax rate of 6.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was lower than the then-statutory federal tax rate of 35% because the Company’s $358.2 million impairment of goodwill was not deductible for federal income tax purposes and therefore had no associated tax benefit. See Note 14 - Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the description of impairment.
 
The total gross unrecognized tax benefit as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $8.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively, excluding interest, penalties and related tax benefits. The increase in the unrecognized tax benefit of $2.4 million was primarily related to the IRS examination of tax years 2011 to 2013. The Company estimates the unrecognized tax benefit may decrease over the upcoming 12 months by an amount up to $5.1 million related to settlements with taxing authorities and the lapse of statutes of limitations. For the remaining liability, due to the uncertainties related to these tax matters, the Company is unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate as to when cash settlement with a taxing authority will occur.

As of September 30, 2018, accrued interest was $1.6 million and accrued penalties were less than $0.1 million, excluding any related income tax benefits. As of December 31, 2017, accrued interest was $1.1 million and accrued penalties were less than $0.1 million, excluding any related income tax benefits. The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as a component of its income tax provision recognized in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The Company files federal income tax returns and the Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in various state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to federal, state or non-United States tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2011. The IRS commenced examination of the Company’s U.S. federal income tax return for the tax years 2011 to 2013 in fiscal year 2016. The examination is anticipated to conclude during fiscal year 2018. The Company believes that adequate reserves have been provided relating to all matters contained in the tax periods open to examination.

The SEC has issued guidance which provides for a measurement period of one year from the enactment date to finalize the accounting for effects of the Tax Act. Consistent with that guidance, the Company provisionally recorded income tax benefit of $77.5 million related to the Tax Act in the fourth quarter of 2017.  As of September 30, 2018, the Company has not yet completed its accounting for the tax effects of the enactment of the Tax Act. The Internal Revenue Service is expected to issue additional guidance clarifying provisions of the Act. As additional guidance is issued, one or more of the provisional amounts may change.