UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

[X]	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
[  ]	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the transition period from _______ to _______.

Commission file number: 1-15087

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	22-3270799
(State or other jurisdiction of	(IRS Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

123 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey	07677
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(201) 996-9000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	The NASDAQ Global Market
(Title of class)	(Name of exchange on which registered)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [  ]	Accelerated filer [  ]
Non-accelerated filer [  ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ] No [X]

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”), held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the Common Stock was last sold as of June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $65.6 million.

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 28, 2019, was 18,213,978 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Document	Part of Form 10-K
Portions of the Proxy Statement For the Registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders	Part III

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I.
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	21
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	37
Item 2.	Properties	37
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	37
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	37
PART II.
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	38
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	40
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	41
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	56
Item 8.	Financial Statement and Supplementary Data	57
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	96
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	96
Item 9B.	Other Information	96
PART III.
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	97
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	97
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	97
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	98
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	98
PART IV.
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	99

2

PART I.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. contains “forward-looking statements” (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), which may include information concerning our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, strategies, anticipations, assumptions, estimates, intentions, future events, future revenues or performance, capital expenditures and other information that is not historical information. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may be beyond our control, and which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Many of these statements appear, in particular, under the headings “Business,” “Selected Financial Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. When used in this report, the words “seek,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “contemplate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “believe” and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based upon our current expectations and various assumptions. We believe there is a reasonable basis for our expectations and beliefs, but there can be no assurance that we will realize our expectations or that our beliefs will prove to be correct.

There are a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this report. Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed as forward-looking statements herein include, but are not limited, to:

● future economic and business conditions;

● the loss of any of our key customers or reduction in the purchase of our products by any such customers;

● the failure of the markets for our products to continue to develop;

● our inability to adequately protect our intellectual property;

● the possibility that we may not be able to integrate successfully the business, operations and employees of acquired businesses;

● the effects of competition from a wide variety of local, regional, national and other providers of wireless solutions;

● changes in laws and regulations or changes in generally accepted accounting policies, rules and practices;

● changes in technology or products, which may be more difficult or costly, or less effective, than anticipated; and

● those risks and uncertainties set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report.

There may be other factors of which we are currently unaware or which we currently deem immaterial that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf apply only as of the date they are made and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this report. Except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date they were made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, or otherwise.

Note Regarding Trademarks

I.D. Systems has, or has applied for, trademark protection for I.D. SYSTEMS® and Design, the I.D. SYSTEMS Logo®, VEHICLE ASSET COMMUNICATOR®, AVRAMP® and Design, POWERFLEET®, POWERFLEET VISION®, POWERFLEET IQ®, VERIWISE IQ®, ASSET INTELLIGENCE®, didBOX®, FREIGHTCAM®, and KEYTROLLER®.

Item 1. Business

Overview

I.D. Systems, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 1993. I.D. Systems, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “I.D. Systems,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) develops, markets and sells wireless machine-to-machine (“M2M”) solutions for managing and securing high-value enterprise assets. These assets include industrial vehicles such as forklifts and airport ground support equipment, rental vehicles, and transportation assets such as dry van trailers, refrigerated trailers, railcars and containers. Our patented systems utilize radio frequency identification (RFID), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, satellite or cellular communications, and sensor technology and software to address the needs of organizations to control, track, monitor and analyze their assets. Our solutions enable customers to achieve tangible economic benefits by making timely, informed decisions that increase the safety, security, revenue, productivity and efficiency of their operations.

3

On March 13, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Pointer Merger Agreement”), with PowerFleet, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Parent”), Pointer Telocation Ltd. (“Pointer”), Powerfleet Israel Holding Company Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“Pointer Holdco”), and Powerfleet Israel Acquisition Company Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pointer Holdco (“Pointer Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Pointer Merger Sub will merge with and into Pointer, with Pointer surviving as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Pointer Holdco (the “Pointer Merger”) in exchange for consideration consisting of cash and shares of common stock of Parent. Also on March 13, 2019, and in connection with the Pointer Merger Agreement, we entered into an Investment and Transaction Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with Parent, PowerFleet US Acquisition Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“IDS Merger Sub”), and ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P., pursuant to which we will reorganize into a new holding company structure by merging IDS Merger Sub with and into the Company, with the Company surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (the “IDS Merger”), and pursuant to which Parent will issue and sell in a private placement shares of Parent’s newly created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger. As a result of the transactions contemplated by the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement (the “Merger Transactions”), we and Pointer will each become wholly-owned subsidiaries of Parent. The Merger Transactions have been unanimously approved by the boards of directors of both companies, are subject to customary closing conditions, including approval by our stockholders and Pointer’s shareholders, and are expected to close in the summer of 2019. For further discussion on the Merger Transactions and related transactions, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 21 - Subsequent Events.”

On January 30, 2019, we completed the acquisition (the “CarrierWeb Acquisition”) of substantially all of the assets of CarrierWeb, L.L.C., an Atlanta-based provider of real-time in-cab mobile communications technology, electronic logging devices, two-way refrigerated command and control, and trailer tracking. The assets we acquired in the CarrierWeb Acquisition will be integrated into our logistics visibility solutions and products. The CarrierWeb Acquisition allows us to offer a full complement of highly-integrated logistics technology solutions to its current customers and prospects and immediately adds more than 70 customers and over 9,000 monthly subscriber units.

On July 31, 2017, we, together with our wholly-owned subsidiary Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Keytroller”), acquired substantially all of the assets of Keytroller, LLC, a Florida limited liability company (the “Keytroller Acquisition”). The business we acquired in the Keytroller Acquisition develops and markets electronic products for managing forklifts and construction vehicles. The Keytroller Acquisition gives us a full suite of industrial fleet management product offerings capable of covering any sized fleet and budget and provides our industrial truck business more scale, both from a product and revenue standpoint and markets its line of forklift management devices mainly through a network of lift truck dealers, offering solutions for different fleet sizes at a wide range of price points.

4

We have focused our business activities on three primary business solutions: (i) Industrial Truck Management Solutions (“PowerFleet for Industrial”), (ii) Logistics Visibility (LV) Solutions (“PowerFleet for Logistics”) (formerly “Transportation Asset Management”), and (iii) Connected Vehicle Solutions (“PowerFleet for Automotive”). Our solutions for industrial truck management allow our customers to reduce operating risks and improve operating efficiency including monitoring for unsafe activity, identifying facility equipment and goods damage, lowering operational costs and capital expenditures and ensuring compliance with certain safety regulations by accurately and reliably measuring and controlling fleet activity. This solution also enhances security at industrial facilities and areas of critical infrastructure, such as airports, by controlling access to, and restricting the use of, vehicles and equipment. Our solutions for logistics visibility allow our customers to increase revenue per asset deployed, optimize fleet size, and improve the monitoring and control of sensitive cargo. Our solutions for connected vehicles include unique Internet-of-Things (“IoT”) projects similar to projects we have delivered to Avis Budget Group Inc. (“Avis”). These engineering programs help our customers transform their operations. For Avis, our rental fleet management platform assists in generating higher revenue by more accurately tracking vehicle data, such as fuel consumption and odometer readings, and improving customer service by expediting the rental and return processes. In addition, our wireless solution for “car sharing” enables rental car companies to establish a network of vehicles positioned strategically around cities or on corporate campuses, control vehicles remotely with secure lock and unlock capability, manage member reservations by smart phone or Internet, and charge members for vehicle use by the hour.

To provide an even deeper layer of insights into asset operations, we have developed a cloud-based software application called I.D. Systems Analytics (“Analytics”), which is designed to provide a single, integrated view of asset activity across multiple locations, that provides enterprise-wide benchmarks and peer-industry comparisons for key performance indicators (“KPIs”) relating to the performance of managed assets. Analytics enables values for the KPIs to be calculated and used to identify cost benefit measurements which translate the KPI values into monetized metrics. On top of our Analytics and software-as-a-service platforms, we launched “Lucy” a deep learning, voice integrated virtual assistant. We expect that our growing database of operational data from monitored assets and operational workflows coupled with Lucy’s contextual learnings will allow us to create industry benchmarks that can be used to tell our customers how they are performing compared to their peers. We look for Analytics, as well as the data contained therein, to make a growing contribution to revenue, further differentiate and add value to our solutions, and help keep us at the forefront of the wireless asset management markets we serve.

We sell our solutions to both executive, division and site-level management within the enterprise. We also utilize channel partners such as independent dealers and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) who may opt for us to white label our product. Typically, our initial system deployment serves as a basis for potential expansion across the customer’s organization. We work closely with customers to help maximize the utilization and benefits of our system and demonstrate the value of enterprise-wide deployments. Post-implementation, we consult with our customers to further extend and customize the benefits to the enterprise by delivering enhanced analytics capabilities.

We market and sell our solutions to a wide range of customers in the commercial and government sectors. Our customers operate in diverse markets, such as automotive manufacturing, heavy industry, retail and wholesale distribution, transportation, aviation, aerospace and defense, homeland security and vehicle rental. Based on revenues for 2018, our top customers were Avis and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

5

Our Solutions

We design and implement wireless IoT and M2M asset management solutions that deliver both site-level and enterprise-level return on investment for our customers. Our solutions can be targeted to either campus-based assets or “over-the-road” assets.

Industrial Truck Management Solutions (“PowerFleet for Industrial”)

Our asset management solutions for campus-type and wide area-based assets incorporate wireless devices that provide on-board control, location tracking and data processing for enterprise assets, to provide real-time visibility of, and two-way communications with, such assets. These systems provide technological advantages that differentiate them from systems used for inventory, warehouse management and logistics tracking. For example, while inventory tracking systems rely on constant, continuous wireless connectivity to perform core functions, our systems require only periodic wireless communications and, our on-asset devices are designed to perform their core functions autonomously. Our enterprise-class software Analytics and Lucy can run in the cloud or behind our customer’s firewall.

Our campus-based asset management system consists of four principal elements:

● miniature wireless programmable computers attached to assets; these wireless devices may communicate via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, via the company’s proprietary IRF protocol, or via cellular link;

● optional, IRF-based, fixed-position communication infrastructure consisting of network devices with two-way wireless communication capabilities and, optional IRF-based location-emitting beacons for enhanced indoor location calculation;

● application-specific middleware servers, which are typically hosted in our data center, but may also be hosted on the customers’ local area network (LAN) or enterprise wide area network (WAN); and

● proprietary end-user software, which is a user-friendly web application that provides visibility and control of the system database, and which is hosted at the same data center as the middleware. As stated above, our enterprise software is flexible enough to run thousands of customers, sites or assets in either a customer hosted or in the cloud configuration.

Each of these system elements can process and store information independently to create a unique, patented system of “distributed intelligence,” which mitigates the risk that a single point of failure could compromise system integrity or data and asset security. Our on-asset hardware stores and processes information locally so that it can autonomously and automatically control the asset and monitor asset activity regardless of the status or availability of other system components. Our on-asset hardware performs its functions even when outside the wireless range of any other system component or if the middleware is unavailable.

Our optional IRF infrastructure devices also independently process data and execute programmable application logic, in addition to linking monitored mobile asset data automatically to our system’s middleware. The link to the system’s middleware may leverage secure cellular communication, thereby permitting remotely-hosted server software without access to local IT infrastructure.

Our cellular “Hotspot” option allows our products to be outfitted on assets that go beyond campus boundaries such as aviation and construction equipment.

Our middleware applications populate the system’s database and is designed to mitigate the effects of any computer outages that could affect real-time availability of the database.

Finally, our client software interfaces only with the database, not directly with our communication infrastructure or on-asset hardware, which restricts access to, and limits corruption of, system information and minimizes network bandwidth usage.

6

Our solutions for industrial truck management allow fleet operators to reduce operating costs and capital expenditures, comply with certain safety regulations and enhance security.

To help improve fleet safety and security, our solutions provide vehicle operator access control to ensure that only trained and authorized personnel are able to use material handling equipment, and impact sensing to assign responsibility for abusive driving.

Our solutions also provide: contactless operator identification; automatic wireless data communications; motion/idle detection, electronic vehicle inspection checklists for paperless compliance with governmental safety regulations; automatic reporting of emerging vehicle safety issues; automatic on-vehicle intervention, such as disabling equipment, in response to user-definable safety and security parameters; and remote vehicle deactivation capabilities, allowing a vehicle to be shut down manually or automatically under user-defined conditions.

In addition, our solutions are compatible with a wide range of electronic driver identification technologies and provide indoor and outdoor vehicle/operator visibility through a combination of global positioning system (GPS) and RFID technologies, and geo-fencing to restrict vehicles from operating in prohibited areas or issue alerts upon unauthorized entry to such areas. Our solutions also support optional sensing elements to provide additional vehicle utilization data, including load detection data, battery data and activity meter data.

To analyze and benchmark vehicle utilization and operator productivity, our solutions automatically record a wide range of activity and enable detailed performance comparisons to help management make informed decisions about vehicle and manpower allocations. This can lead to operating cost savings through fleet and personnel reductions as well as increases in productivity. Our solutions also provide real-time and historical visibility of vehicle movements and other advanced asset management options.

To help reduce fleet maintenance costs, our solutions can automate and enforce preventative maintenance scheduling by:

● wirelessly uploading usage data from each vehicle;

● defining various intervals and criteria for performing preventative maintenance;

● automatically prioritizing maintenance events based on weighted, user-defined variables;

● reporting in advance on vehicles with impending preventative maintenance events coming due;

● automatically sending reminders to individual vehicles or operators via the system’s text messaging module; and

● enabling remote lock-out of vehicles overdue for maintenance.

Our solutions also enable maintenance personnel to locate and retrieve vehicles due for service via the system’s optional graphical viewer software and can provide automatic data feeds to our customers’ existing enterprise maintenance software systems.

A specialized application of our solution in the industrial fleet management and security market is vehicle security, particularly at airports, seaports and other areas of critical infrastructure. The airport market-specific version of our system is called AvRamp®, referencing the aviation industry and the ramp area at airports in which aircraft servicing equipment operates. To date, the most significant commercial deployment of the AvRamp system has been on fleets of aircraft ground support equipment at Newark Liberty International Airport for United Airlines and Chicago O’Hare International Airport and Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport for AMR Corporation (American Airlines and American Eagle Airlines).

7

Logistics Visibility Solutions (“PowerFleet for Logistics”) (Formerly “Transportation Asset Management Solutions”)

Our mobile systems for managing remote, “over-the-road” assets are provided by our Asset Intelligence subsidiary. These systems provide mobile-asset tracking and condition-monitoring solutions to meet the transportation market’s desire for greater visibility, safety, security, and productivity throughout global supply chains. By leveraging a combination of cellular and satellite communications and web-based data management technologies, the Logistics Visibility (LV) product family provides shippers and carriers with tools to better manage their tractors, drivers, trucks, refrigerated (Reefer) trailers, dry van trailers, chassis and container fleets. Our LV solutions enable quick access to actionable intelligence that results in better utilization, control, and security of our customers’ freight-carrying assets.

Our LV solutions consist of five principal elements:

● cellular or satellite communicators and Bluetooth attached to assets;

● GPS receivers that provide latitude/longitude location fixes that are transmitted based on logic resident in the communicator;

● proprietary browser-based graphical user interface that provides visibility and two-way control of the system database (the data can also be transmitted to the customer via XML or web services data feed);

● patented power management intelligence to ensure reliable system performance in a power-starved environment; and

● several sensor types, including cargo, motion, light, and tire inflation, that provide additional status information for the remote asset.

To increase asset utilization, our LV solutions can improve overall operating efficiency, increase revenue niles and reduce the number of assets needed by:

● full two-way integrated workflow of control assignments and work changes to the truck tractor and driver;

● Electronic Driver Logging (ELD) and inspection reports for regulatory compliance

● monitoring asset pool size based on user-defined requirements;

● generating dormancy reports to flag under-utilized assets;

● alerting the driver to the location of the closest empty asset, resulting in a more rapid pick-up; and

● providing trailer detention alerts when an asset has exceeded the time allotted for unloading.

To better control remote assets, our LV solutions provides:

● change in cargo status of an asset via our patented full-length cargo sensor;

● geo-fencing that alerts the customer when an asset is approaching or leaving its destination; and

● on-board intelligence utilizing a motion sensor and proprietary logic that identifies the beginning of a drive and the end of a drive.

To help improve asset and cargo security, our LV solutions offers the following capabilities:

● asset lockdown, which automatically sends an e-mail or text message to the customer when movement is detected outside of user-defined time periods;

● emergency track functionality that can be enabled to track an asset at more frequent intervals if a theft condition is expected;

● geo-fencing, which can alert our customer when an asset enters a prohibited geography or location; and

● near real.time sensors that can alert based on upon changes to shock (vibe) sound, light, barometric pressure, temperature and humidity.

8

Connected Vehicle Solutions (“PowerFleet for Automotive”)

In our connected vehicle solutions, we engage customers on unique IoT, M2M challenges that enable them to have considerable competitive advantage or to improve revenue or decrease their costs of operations.

For traditional rental fleet management, our system is designed both to enhance the consumer’s rental experience and benefit the rental company by providing information that can be used to increase revenues, reduce costs and improve customer service. Our rental fleet management system automatically uploads vehicle identification number, mileage and fuel data as a vehicle enters and exits the rental lot, which can significantly expedite the rental and return processes for travelers and provide the rental company with more timely inventory status, more accurate billing data that can generate higher fuel-related revenue, and an opportunity to utilize customer service personnel for more productive activities, such as inspecting vehicles for damage and helping customers with luggage.

Our solution for “car sharing” permits a rental car company to remotely control, track and monitor their rental vehicles wherever they are parked. Whether for traditional ‘pod-based’ rental or for the emerging rent-anywhere model, the system also (i) manages member reservations by smart phone or Internet, and (ii) charges members for vehicle use by the hour. The entire process - from remotely controlling the car door locks to tracking car mileage and fuel consumption to billing for the transaction - is automatically conducted by an integration of wireless vehicle management technology and the rental company’s fleet management software.

Analytics, Image Deep Learning and Lucy

Our analytics platforms for both industrial trucks and logistics assets provide our customers with a holistic view of their asset activity across an enterprise supply chain. Our image deep learning system allow us to process images from FreightCAM and other sources and identify key aspects of operations and geospatial information such as location, work being accomplished, type of cargo, how cargo is loaded and if there are any visible issues such as damage. Lucy, our deep learning voice integrated virtual analyst can help make the data and alerts actionable and can assist our customers by giving them a tireless virtual assistant.

These cloud-based software applications provide a single, integrated view of industrial asset activity across multiple locations, generating enterprise-wide benchmarks, peer-industry comparisons, and deeper insights into asset operations. Our analytics platforms can enable management to make more informed, effective decisions, raise asset performance standards, increase productivity, reduce costs, and enhance safety.

Specifically, our analytics platforms allow users to:

● Quantify best-practice enterprise benchmarks for industrial asset utilization and safety;

● Reveal variations and inefficiencies in asset activity across both sites and geographic regions;

● Identify opportunities to eliminate or reallocate assets, with full enterprise awareness, to reduce capital and operating costs;

● Help balance asset mix and inform acquisition decisions;

● Uncover activity trends over time to forecast asset requirements;

● Enable performance comparisons to broad, industry-specific benchmarks; and

● Keeps track of actions and follow up items and communicates to appropriate persons to address problems or to escalate issues.

We look for analytics, image deep learning and Lucy and the data contained therein to make a growing contribution to revenue, further differentiate and add value to our solutions, and help keep us at the forefront of the wireless asset management markets we serve, although there can be no assurance if and to what extent analytics will do so.

9

Growth Strategy

Our objective is to become a leading global provider of wireless solutions for managing and securing enterprise assets. To achieve this goal, we intend to:

Increase sales in existing markets to existing customers and pursue opportunities with new customers by:

● focusing our business solutions by vertical markets to position ourselves as the innovative thought leader;

● maintaining a sales and marketing team that is focused on identifying, seizing and managing revenue opportunities, with the primary goal of expanding our customer base and achieving wider market penetration;

● Implementing improved marketing, sales and support strategies;

● utilizing our Analytics software offering to (i) shorten our initial sales cycles by helping prospective customers identify and quantify benefits expected from our solutions, (ii) accelerate transitions from initial implementation to roll-out programs by helping customers achieve and prove expected benefits, and (iii) build service revenue through long-term SaaS contracts;

● developing asset management-specific data analytics and image deep learning capabilities to differentiate our product offering, add value to our solutions for large enterprise customers, and produce incremental revenue at a high profit margin; and

● developing channel partners to provide new sales, marketing, distribution and support networks.

Expand into new applications and markets for our technology by:

● pursuing opportunities to integrate our system with computer hardware and software vendors, including original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), Transportation Management Systems (TMS), Warehouse management Systems (WMS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Yard Management Systems (YMS);

● establishing relationships with global distributors to market and sell our system internationally; and

● pursuing acquisitions of companies that we believe will enhance the functionality and broaden the applicability of our solutions.

10

Products and Services

We offer our customers integrated wireless solutions to control, monitor, track and analyze their enterprise assets. Our solutions are comprised of hardware and software, as well as hosting, maintenance, support and consulting services.

The following table sets forth our revenues by product line for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Industrial truck management solutions	$	19,842,000	$	23,705,000	$	30,001,000
Logistics visibility solutions		15,838,000		14,280,000		13,486,000
Connected vehicle solutions		1,142,000		2,973,000		9,577,000
	$	36,822,000	$	40,958,000	$	53,064,000

Industrial Truck Management

Hardware. With a variety of mounting and user-interface options, our on-asset hardware is designed to be installed quickly and easily and provide an autonomous means of asset control and monitoring. Our hardware:

● contains an integrated computer, programmed with a product-specific application, and an advanced wireless transceiver with a communication range of up to approximately one-half mile;

● controls equipment access with a variety of electronic interface options;

● is compatible with most existing facility access security systems;

● generates paperless electronic safety checklists via a built-in display and keypad;

● wirelessly and automatically uploads and downloads data to and from other system components;

● performs monitoring and control functions at all times, independent of RF or network connectivity; and

● incorporates a multi-voltage power supply designed to mitigate electrical anomalies.

Wireless Communication. Many of our system deployments leverage an existing Wi-Fi network for real-time wireless data communication and location tracking. For areas where Wi-Fi is not practical, the system requires at least one fixed-position communication device, referred to as a Wireless Asset Manager, to link the mobile assets being monitored with the customer’s computer network or to a remotely hosted server. Our Wireless Asset Managers conduct two-way RF communications with the assets being monitored and can communicate on a local area network, on a wide area network, or via cellular communications. The use of Wireless Asset Managers enables flexible system configuration options and scalability. A single Wireless Asset Manager is sufficient to operate an entire asset management system. For expanded, real-time data communication and location tracking, Wireless Asset Managers can be added incrementally as needed. Each of the wireless communication offerings also allows system settings and on-asset functionality to be changed without physically interfacing with on-asset hardware, which can save significant time and money.

Each of our Wireless Asset Managers:

● incorporates an integrated computer, programmed with a product specific application, and an advanced wireless transceiver with a communication range of more than one-half mile;

● accommodates an unlimited number of on-asset hardware devices;

● automatically uploads and downloads data to and from other system components;

● employs built-in self-diagnostic capabilities; and

● is configurable to achieve a wide range of asset management goals.

11

Private Cloud Services Software. Each of our system deployments requires at least one of our hosted allocation of our server software, which automatically manages data communications between our hosted system database and either the on-asset hardware via Wi-Fi or Wireless Asset Managers. Our private cloud services software:

● is a set of Windows services;

● automatically processes data between our devices and our hosted system databases;

● communicates with Wireless Asset Managers to send and retrieve system data;

● automates event scheduling, including database archiving and diagnostic notifications;

● interfaces with certain existing external systems, including maintenance, timecard and training systems;

● supports remote control/management of event processes;

● automatically performs diagnostics on system components; and

● automatically e-mails event alerts and customizable reports.

Private Cloud Web-Client Software. Our private cloud web-client software provides an intuitive, easy-to-use, user interface. The software is deployed as an I.D. Systems’ hosted web application. The software interfaces only with the system database, and not directly with our communication infrastructure or on-asset hardware, which restricts access to, and limits corruption of, system information and minimizes network bandwidth usage. An unlimited number of clients can be used on a network at any given time.

Our private cloud web-client software:

● is able to show the location, status and inventory of vehicles - in real time and historically - in each area of a facility;

● allows real-time, two-way text communications, including broadcast text paging to all operators simultaneously;

● searches, sorts and analyzes assets by usage/motion time, idle time, location, status, group, maintenance condition and other parameters;

● displays and prints predefined and ad hoc reports; and

● allows remote access by management, customers and vendors through any Internet based browser application.

Our vehicle management systems are available as to meet a wide range of customer needs and information technology requirements. Our Company-hosted solutions utilize our private commercial colocation center.

We also offer a public Cloud-based service for small to medium accounts. 

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Logistics Visibility Products

Hardware. We offer several hardware configurations to address different remote asset types (e.g., dry van trailers, refrigerated trailers, domestic containers, chassis, and railcars), as well as customer-specific requirements. Our hardware options contain:

● an integrated color mobile data terminal that integrates into the tractor/truck CAN bus and includes an integrated cellular, Bluetooth communications capability with integrated GPS;

● an integrated M2M computer programmed with a product-specific application, a cellular or satellite transceiver, Bluetooth and a GPS receiver;

● solar panels and circuitry to maintain the charge of the on-asset device’s power pack;

● sealed lead acid, lithium battery or supercap power packs to power the hardware when un-tethered from a power source; and

● some products have a wire harness to connect to an existing power source (e.g., on the tractor).

Client Website. We have a hosted website that provides Internet access to client asset information. Upon installation of the on-asset hardware, the customer is provided access to the VIP site where they can configure the hardware, establish user passwords, IDs, and access privileges. Our client website:

● displays a user-configurable dashboard highlighting the enterprise’s critical asset information;

● has the ability to e-mail the dashboard to a distribution list at a time interval established by the client;

● provides asset status, alerts and history, including location, landmark, and sensor information;

● provides latitude/longitude location information for each asset based on reverse geocodes;

● displays asset location on a geographic map;

● generates user configurable reports that can be accessed via the website or e-mailed to a distribution list at a time interval established by the client;

● allows the client to “ping” an asset to receive an updated location report; and

● allows the client to set a unit(s) to “Emergency Track”, which increases the reporting frequency for a specified time period.

Direct Data Feed. In addition to the asset information provided on the website, we also offer a direct feed of the data to the customer via XML or web services. The feed complies with established industry conventions, such as TTIS (trailer tracking interface standard), to allow for easy integration into the client’s legacy system or into third-party software packages.

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Connected Vehicle Solutions

Hardware. Our next-generation hardware is installed quickly, easily and covertly into a vehicle’s diagnostic port and provides an autonomous means of asset control and monitoring. Our on-asset hardware:

● contains an integrated computer programmed with a product-specific application, a cellular transceiver, and a GPS receiver;

● performs monitoring functions, such as fuel level, odometer, speed and key status at all times, independent of network connectivity;

● controls vehicle access and door locks;

● is compatible with most new-model motor vehicles; and

● wirelessly and automatically uploads and downloads data to and from other system components.

Server Software. Our system deployment requires at least one installation of our server software, which automatically manages data communications between the system’s databases and the on-asset hardware. Our server software:

● is a set of Windows services;

● automatically processes data between our devices and system databases;

● communicates with on-asset hardware to send and retrieve system data;

● exposes interfaces for integrating with existing mobile applications, enabling end-customer vehicle control features;

● interfaces with external systems, including billing, geo-location, maintenance, and fleet management systems;

● automates event scheduling, including database archiving, performance monitoring and diagnostic notifications;

● automatically performs diagnostics on system components and manages firmware over the air upgrades; and

● automatically sends event alerts over an API and emails customizable reports.

Our connected vehicle management systems are available as either Company- or customer-hosted solutions to meet our customers’ needs and information technology requirements. Our Company-hosted solutions utilize our commercial colocation center.

Services

Hosting Services. We provide the use of our systems as a remotely hosted service, with the system server and application software residing in the Company’s colocation center. This approach helps the Company reduce support costs and improve quality control. It separates the system from the restrictions of the customers’ local IT networks, which helps reduce their system support efforts and makes it easier for them to receive the benefits of system enhancements and upgrades. Our hosting services are typically offered with extended maintenance and support services over a multi-year term of service, with automatic renewals following the end of the initial term.

Software as a Service (“SaaS”). We provide system monitoring, help desk technical support, escalation procedure development, routine diagnostic data analysis and software updates services as part of the ongoing contract term. These services ensure deployed systems remain in optimal performance condition throughout the contract term and provide access to newly developed features and functions on an annual basis.

Maintenance Services. We provide a warranty on the hardware components of our system. During the warranty period, we either replace or repair defective hardware. We also make extended maintenance contracts available to customers and offer ongoing maintenance and support on a time and materials basis.

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Customer Support and Consulting Services. We have developed a framework for the various phases of system training and support that offers our customers both structure and flexibility. Major training phases include hardware installation and troubleshooting, software installation and troubleshooting, “train-the-trainer” training on asset hardware operation, preliminary software user training, system administrator training, information technology issue training, ad hoc training during system launch and advanced software user training. Increasingly, training services are provided through scalable online interactive training tools. Support and consulting services are priced based on the extent of training that the customer requests.

To help our customers derive the most benefit from our system, we supply a broad range of documentation and support including videos, interactive online tools, hardware user guides, software manuals, vehicle installation overviews, troubleshooting guides, and issue escalation procedures.

We provide our consulting services both as a stand-alone service to study the potential benefits of implementing a wireless fleet management system and as part of the system implementation itself.

In some instances, customers prepay us for extended maintenance, support and consulting services. In those instances, the payment amount is recorded as deferred revenue and revenue is recognized over the service period.

New product development

In 2018, we continued to invest in research and development and released the following notable products:

● we initiated and largely developed our new line of Logistics Visibility platform products, including a new series of LTE- and Bluetooth-enabled tracking devices; a camera-based, wireless freight monitoring sensor; and several additional Bluetooth-enabled sensors;

● we completed the development and commercialization of the Unified Telematics Platform for Avis which is integrated into the Avis connected car rental management system. This is solution includes specialized hardware device, middleware for security and connectivity, cellular network utilization, server-side asset management and monitoring and full application programming interface support into Avis’s rental management system; and

● we introduced the OC53, a simplified Industrial Truck Management operator control system. This new product utilizes Bluetooth for data communication and a portable tablet and Android App as the software management platform, to create a fully-disconnected, IT-free control and management system, targeted at small customer sites.

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Sales and Marketing

Our sales and marketing objective is to achieve broad market penetration, with an emphasis both on expanding business opportunities with existing customers and on securing new customers.

We market our systems directly to commercial and government organizations and through indirect sales channels, such as original equipment manufacturers and industrial equipment dealers. In addition, we are actively pursuing strategic relationships with key companies in our target markets - including complementary hardware and software vendors and service providers - to further penetrate these markets by embedding our products in the assets our systems monitor and integrating our solutions with other systems.

We sell our systems to executive, division and site-level management within the enterprise. Typically, our initial system deployment serves as a basis for potential expansion across the customer’s organization.

We work closely with customers to help maximize the utilization and benefits of our system and demonstrate the value of enterprise-wide deployments.

Customers

We market and sell our wireless solutions to a wide range of customers in the commercial and government sectors. Our customers operate in diverse markets, such as automotive manufacturing, retail, shipping, freight transportation, heavy industry, wholesale distribution, aerospace and defense, homeland security, and vehicle rental.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we generated revenues of $53.1 million with Avis and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 18% and 10% of our revenues, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we generated revenues of $41.0 million with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 16% of our revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated revenues of $36.8 million with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 18% of our revenues.

The Company enters into master agreements with its customers in the normal course of its business. These agreements define the terms of any sales of products and/or services by the Company to the applicable customer, including, but not limited to, terms regarding payment, support services, termination and assignment rights. These agreements generally obligate the Company only when products or services are actually sold to the customer thereunder.

We strive to establish long-term relationships with our customers in order to maximize opportunities for new application development and increased sales.

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Competition

The market for our solutions is rapidly evolving, highly competitive and fragmented. Our target markets are also subject to quickly changing product technologies, shifting customer needs, regulatory requirements and frequent introductions of new products and services. A significant number of companies have developed or are developing and marketing software and hardware for wireless products that currently compete or will compete directly with our solutions. We compete with organizations varying in size, including many small, start-up companies as well as large, well-capitalized organizations. While some of our competitors focus exclusively on providing wireless asset management solutions, many are involved in wireless technology as an extension of a broader business. Many of our larger competitors are able to dedicate extensive financial resources to the research and development and deployment of wireless solutions. As government and commercial entities expand the use of wireless technologies, we expect that competition will continue to increase within our target markets.

We attempt to distinguish ourselves from our competitors by focusing on three primary business solutions: (i) industrial truck management solutions, (ii) logistics visibility solutions, and (iii) connected vehicle solutions. This focus has enabled us to direct product development efforts specifically suited for our target markets. Our on-asset devices are designed to operate independently of other system components, allowing for continuous asset control and data gathering even when the asset is out of wireless communication range. We believe that our proprietary technology as well as our experience in designing and developing products for our target markets distinguishes us within these markets.

In each of our markets, we encounter different competitors due to the dynamics of each market. In the industrial truck asset management market, we are not aware of any competitors that can provide the precise capabilities of our systems due to our intellectual property and proprietary solutions; however, competitors do provide similar solutions that seek to address the same customer needs that our products address. Those companies include both emerging companies with limited operating histories, such as Gem One Corp., TotalTrax Inc., and SpeedShield Technologies and companies with longer operating histories, greater name recognition and/or significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources than ours, such as Crown Equipment Corp.

In the logistics visibility solutions market, we compete against several established competitors, including Omnitracs, LLC, SkyBitz, Inc., Orbcomm Inc. and Spireon, Inc. We attempt to differentiate our solutions in this market by offering a choice of communication mode (satellite or cellular), patented battery management technology, sensor options, and installation configurations (tractors, trucks, refrigerated trailers, dry van trailers, domestic containers, flatbed trailers, covered hopper and tanker railcars, and chassis).

In the connected vehicles solutions market, our solutions for traditional airport-based rental fleet management compete primarily against OEM connected vehicle offerings, after-market connected vehicle technology providers, and existing handheld devices which are used widely by vehicle rental companies. Currently, the principal OEMs we compete against are OnStar Corporation a subsidiary of General Motors, Ford Sync, and Toyota Connected; the primary after-market connected vehicle technology provider we compete against is Continental AG; and principal handheld device providers we compete against include Motorola and Intermec which was acquired by Honeywell International Inc. Our solutions for remote, decentralized rental fleet management compete primarily with companies in the traditional car sharing market such as Hertz, Enterprise, and car2go and peer-to-peer car sharing services such as Turo. Large system integrators and several of the national cellular wireless providers have started to offer solutions, which package third party hardware, firmware and software, that compete with our solutions. In the markets for both types of rental fleet solutions, our competitive position is differentiated by our patented product offering - a fully automated, readily installed, secure, and cost-effective car rental system.

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Research and Development

Our research and development team has expertise in areas such as software and firmware development, database design and data analytics, wireless communications, mechanical and electrical engineering, and both product and project management. In addition, we utilize external contractors to supplement our team in the areas of software and firmware development, digital design, test development and product-level testing.

Generally, our research and development efforts are focused on: simplifying the implementation, support and utilization of our systems; reducing the cost of our systems; increasing the reliability of our products; expanding the functionality of our systems to meet customer and market requirements; applying new advances in technology to enhance existing products; and building further competitive advantages through our intellectual property portfolio.

In 2018, we also focused our research and development investments in several key areas:

● improving the reliability and performance of our legacy product line of over-the-road asset management solutions, including products tailored towards dry van trailers, intermodal containers and chassis;

● initiated new product functionality for Avis in preparation for the expansion of our program, to include key new features that enable expanded car rental capabilities;

● the optimization of our impact algorithm for industrial trucks, whereby the solution is fully self-calibrating and self-installing, and capable of distinguishing critical from non-critical impact events for safety and accountability purposes;

● Improving the performance and expanding features for our software for both industrial truck asset management and over-the-road asset management, designed to improve the customer experience and reduce support requirements; and

● improving business intelligence and data analytics tools to quantify and simplify customer benefit achievement, within a single deployed facility, across an enterprise, and compared to peers within the same industry.

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Intellectual Property

Patents

We attempt to protect our technology and products through a variety of intellectual property protections, including the pursuit of patent protection in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Because of the differences in patent laws and laws concerning proprietary rights, the extent of protection provided by U.S. patents or proprietary rights owned by us may differ from that of their foreign counterparts. Where strategically appropriate, we will attempt to pursue suspected violators of our patents and, whenever possible, monetize our intellectual property.

I.D. Systems has built a portfolio of patents and patent applications relating to various aspects of its technology and products. As of March 21, 2019, the I.D. Systems patent portfolio includes 24 U.S. patents, 4 pending U.S. patent applications, 1 pending foreign patent application, and 1 foreign patent. With the timely payment of all maintenance fees, the U.S. patents have expiration dates falling between 2019 and 2038. I.D. Systems also has foreign patents and pending applications relating to its wireless asset management system, connected car product, and new features added to our vehicle management system. No single patent or patent family is considered material to the I.D. Systems business.

I.D. Systems’ subsidiary, Asset Intelligence LLC (“AI”), also utilizes patents to protect aspects of its intellectual property assets. The AI patent portfolio focuses on methods, systems, and devices for managing mobile assets and reducing power consumption in mobile assets. As of March 18, 2019, the AI patent portfolio includes 24 U.S. patents. With timely payments of all maintenance fees, the granted U.S. patents have expiration dates falling between 2021 and 2034. No single patent or family of patents is considered material to the AI business.

Trademarks

We have, or have applied for, trademark protection for I.D. SYSTEMS® and Design, the I.D. SYSTEMS Logo®, VEHICLE ASSET COMMUNICATOR®, AVRAMP® and Design, POWERFLEET®, POWERFLEET VISION®, POWERFLEET IQ®, VERIWISE IQ®, ASSET INTELLIGENCE®, didBOX®, FREIGHTCAM®, and KEYTROLLER®.

We attempt to avoid infringing known proprietary rights of third parties in our product development and sales efforts. However, it is difficult to proceed with certainty in a rapidly evolving technological environment in which there may be numerous patent applications pending, many of which are confidential at the time of the application filing, with regard to similar technologies. If we were to discover that our products violate third-party proprietary rights, we may not be able to:

● obtain licenses to continue offering such products without substantial reengineering;

● reengineer our products successfully to avoid infringement;

● obtain licenses on commercially reasonable terms, if at all; or

● litigate an alleged infringement successfully or settle without substantial expense and damage awards.

Any claims against us relating to the infringement of third-party proprietary rights, even if without merit, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources or in injunctions preventing us from distributing certain products. Such claims could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our software products are susceptible to unauthorized copying and uses that may go undetected, and policing such unauthorized use is difficult. In general, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights through patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and contractual safeguards may not be effective to prevent misappropriation of our technology, or to prevent the development and design by others of products or technologies similar to, or competitive with, those developed by us. Our failure or inability to protect our proprietary rights could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Manufacturing

We outsource our hardware manufacturing operations to contract manufacturers. This strategy enables us to focus on our core competencies - designing hardware and software systems and delivering solutions to customers - and avoid investing in capital-intensive electronics manufacturing infrastructure. Outsourcing also provides us with the ability to ramp up deliveries to meet increases in demand without increasing fixed expenses.

Our manufacturers are responsible for obtaining the necessary components and supplies to manufacture our products. While components and supplies are generally available from a variety of sources, manufacturers generally depend on a limited number of suppliers. In the past, unexpected demand for communication products has caused worldwide shortages of certain electronic parts and allocation of such parts by suppliers that had an adverse impact on the ability of manufacturers to deliver products as well as on the cost of producing such products.

Due to the general availability of manufacturers for our products, we do not believe that the loss of any of our manufacturers would have a long-term material adverse effect on our business, although there could be a short-term adverse effect on our business.

We generally attempt to maintain sufficient inventory to meet customer demand for products, as well as to meet anticipated sales levels. If our product mix changes in unanticipated ways, or if sales for particular products do not materialize as anticipated, we may have excess inventory or inventory that becomes obsolete. In such cases, our operating results could be negatively affected.

Government Regulations

The use of radio emissions is subject to regulation in the United States by various federal agencies, including the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA. Various state agencies also have promulgated regulations which concern the use of lasers and radio/electromagnetic emissions standards.

Regulatory changes in the United States and other countries in which we may operate in the future could require modifications to some of our products in order for us to continue manufacturing and marketing our products in those areas.

Our products intentionally transmit radio signals, including narrow band and spread spectrum signals, as part of their normal operation. We have obtained certification from the FCC for our products that require certification. Users of these products in the United States do not require any license from the FCC to use or operate our products. To market and sell our integrated wireless solutions in the European Union, we also utilize unlicensed radio spectra, and have obtained the required European Norm (EN) certifications.

In addition, some of our operations use substances regulated under various federal, state and local laws governing the environment and worker health and safety, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the ground, air and water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Certain of our products are subject to various federal, state and local laws governing chemical substances in electronic products.

The adoption of unfavorable regulations, or unfavorable interpretations of existing regulations by courts or regulatory bodies, could require us to incur significant compliance costs, cause the development of the affected markets to become impractical or otherwise adversely affect our ability to produce or market our products.

Employees

As of March 15, 2019, we had 138 full-time employees, including 8 employees based in Germany and the United Kingdom. Of our 138 total employees, 31 were engaged in customer service, 30 in product development (which includes engineering), 5 in new product management, 20 in operations, 31 in sales and marketing, 5 in information technology and 16 in executive, administration and finance. We believe that our relationships with our employees are good.

Available Information

Our primary website is www.id-systems.com. We make available on this website, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such information to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We also make available on this website, free of charge, our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, which applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating the Company’s business. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. Additional risks not presently known to the Company or that the Company currently deems immaterial may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have incurred significant losses and have a substantial accumulated deficit. If we cannot achieve profitability, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and marketable securities of $15.0 million and working capital of $15.8 million. Our primary sources of cash are cash flows from operating activities and our holdings of cash, cash equivalents and investments from the sale of common stock. To date, we have not generated sufficient cash flow solely from operating activities to fund our operations.

We incurred net losses of approximately $6.4 million, $3.9 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, and have incurred additional net losses since inception. At December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $101.2 million. Our ability to increase our revenues from the sale of our products will depend on our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy and the continued expansion of our markets. If our revenues do not grow or if our operating expenses continue to increase, we may not be able to become profitable and the market price of our common stock could decline.

We may not be able to successfully execute our strategic initiatives or meet our long-term financial goals.

We have been engaged in strategic initiatives to refocus on our core business to maximize long-term stockholder value, to improve our cost structure and efficiency and to increase our selling efforts and developing new business. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to successfully execute these or other strategic initiatives or that we will be able to execute these initiatives on our expected timetable. We may not be successful in refocusing our core business and obtaining operational efficiencies or replacing revenues lost as a result of these strategic initiatives.

We may need to obtain additional capital to fund our operations that could have negative consequences on our business.

We may require additional capital in the future to develop and commercialize additional products and technologies or take advantage of other opportunities that may arise, including potential acquisitions. We may seek to raise the necessary funds through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, additional operating improvements, asset sales or strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We have on file a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective by the SEC on May 18, 2017. The shelf registration statement allows us to raise up to an aggregate of $60.0 million from the sale of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities and units or any combination of the foregoing. On July 17, 2017, we closed an underwritten public offering of approximately $17.3 million in aggregate gross proceeds, which was conducted pursuant to a prospectus supplement to our shelf registration statement. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, including pursuant to our shelf registration statement, our existing stockholders may experience substantial dilution. In addition, we may be required to relinquish rights to our technologies or systems, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us in order to raise additional funds through strategic alliance, joint venture and licensing arrangements. We cannot provide assurance that the additional sources of funds will be available, or if available, would have reasonable terms. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our development programs, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price could be materially and adversely affected.

We are highly dependent upon sales of our wireless asset management systems to a few customers. The loss of any of these customers, or any material reduction in the amount of our products they purchase, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we generated revenues of $53.1 million with Avis Budget Group Inc. and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 18% and 10% of our revenues, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we generated revenues of $41.0 million with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 16% of our revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated revenues of $36.8 million with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 18% of our revenues. The loss of these customers or any material reduction in the amount of our products that these customers purchase, or any material adverse change in the financial condition of such customers, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to replace such revenue from existing or new customers, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

If the market for our technology does not develop or become sustainable, expands more slowly than we expect or becomes saturated, our revenues will decline and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our success is highly dependent on the continued market acceptance of our wireless asset management system. The market for our wireless products and services is new and rapidly evolving. If the market for our products and services does not become sustainable, or becomes saturated with competing products or services, our revenues will decline and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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If we are unable to keep up with rapid technological change, we may be unable to meet the needs of our customers, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and reduce our ability to grow our market share.

Our market is characterized by rapid technological change and frequent new product announcements. Significant technological changes could render our existing technology obsolete. We are active in the research and development of new products and technologies and in enhancing our current products. However, research and development in our industry is complex and filled with uncertainty. For example, it is common for research and development projects to encounter delays due to unforeseen problems, resulting in low initial volume production, fewer product features than originally considered desirable and higher production costs than initially budgeted, any of which may result in lost market opportunities. In addition, these new products may not adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and may not achieve any significant degree of market acceptance. If our efforts do not lead to the successful development, marketing and release of new products that respond to technological developments or changing customer needs and preferences, our revenues and market share could be materially and adversely affected. We may expend a significant amount of resources in unsuccessful research and development efforts. In addition, new products or enhancements by our competitors may cause customers to defer or forego purchases of our products. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and reduce our ability to grow our market share.

We may incur additional charges for excess and obsolete inventory, which could adversely affect our cost of sales and gross profit.

While we strive to effectively manage our inventory, due to rapidly changing technology, and uneven customer demand, product cycles tend to be short and the value of our inventory may be adversely affected by changes in technology that affect our ability to sell the products in our inventory. If we do not effectively forecast and manage our inventory, we may need to write off inventory as excess or obsolete, which in turn, can adversely affect our cost of sales and gross profit.

We have previously experienced, and may in the future experience, reductions in sales of older generation products as customers delay or defer purchases in anticipation of new product introductions. The reserves we have established for potential losses due to obsolete inventory may, however, prove to be inadequate and may give rise to additional charges for obsolete or excess inventory.

The long and variable sales cycles for our solutions may cause our revenues and operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter or year to year, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We expect that many customers who utilize our solutions will do so as part of a large-scale deployment of these solutions across multiple or all divisions of their organizations. A customer’s decision to deploy our solutions throughout its organization will involve a significant commitment of its resources. Accordingly, initial implementations may precede any decision to deploy our solutions enterprise-wide. Throughout this sales cycle, we may spend considerable time and expense educating and providing information to prospective customers about the benefits of our solutions.

The timing of the deployment of our solutions may vary widely and will depend on the specific deployment plan of each customer, the complexity of the customer’s organization and the difficulty of such deployment. Customers with substantial or complex organizations may deploy our solutions in large increments on a periodic basis. Accordingly, we may receive purchase orders for significant dollar amounts on an irregular and unpredictable basis. Because of our limited operating history and the nature of our business, we cannot predict the timing or size of these sales and deployment cycles. Long sales cycles, as well as our expectation that customers will tend to place large orders sporadically with short lead times, may cause our revenue and results of operations to vary significantly and unexpectedly from quarter to quarter. These variations could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We rely significantly on channel partners to sell our products, and disruptions to, or our failure to develop and manage our channel partners would harm our business.

Recruiting and retaining qualified channel partners and training them in our technology and product offerings requires significant time and resources. In order to develop and expand our distribution channel, we must continue to scale and improve our processes and procedures that support our channel, including investment in systems and training. Those processes and procedures may become increasingly complex and difficult to manage as we grow our organization. We have no minimum purchase commitments from any of our channel partners, and our contracts with these channel partners do not prohibit them from offering products or services that compete with ours. Our competitors may provide incentives to existing and potential channel partners to favor their products or to prevent or reduce sales of our products. Our channel partners may choose not to offer our products exclusively or at all. Establishing relationships with channel partners who have a history of selling our competitors’ products may also prove to be difficult. Our failure to establish and maintain successful relationships with channel partners would harm our business and operating results.

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If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and contractual measures to protect our intellectual property rights. Third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate, circumvent or render unenforceable any patents or proprietary rights owned by us. If such challenges are successful, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

Our employees, consultants and advisors enter into confidentiality agreements with us that prohibit the disclosure or use of our confidential information. We also have entered into confidentiality agreements to protect our confidential information delivered to third parties for research and other purposes. Despite these efforts, we cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively enforce these agreements or our confidential information will not be disclosed, that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent confidential information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our confidential information or that we can meaningfully protect our confidential information.

Disputes may arise in the future with respect to the ownership of rights to any technology developed with advisors or collaborators. These and other possible disagreements could lead to delays in the collaborative research, development or commercialization of our systems, or could require or result in costly and time-consuming litigation that may not be decided in our favor. Any such event could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult, and we cannot assure you that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or other intellectual property, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Accordingly, we may not be able to protect our proprietary rights against unauthorized third party copying or use. If we are unsuccessful in protecting our intellectual property, we may lose any technological advantages we have over competitors and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may become involved in an intellectual property dispute that could subject us to significant liability, divert the time and attention of our management and prevent us from selling our products, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States and internationally involving claims of alleged infringement of patents and other intellectual property rights. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, defend ourselves against alleged infringement and determine the scope and validity of our intellectual property rights.

Any such litigation, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs, divert the time and attention of our management and prevent us from selling our products. If a claim of patent infringement was decided against us, we could be required to, among other things:

● pay substantial damages to the party making such claim;

● stop selling, making, having made or using products or services that incorporate the challenged intellectual property;

● obtain from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right a license to sell, make or use the relevant technology, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all; or

● redesign those products or services that incorporate such intellectual property.

The failure to obtain the necessary licenses or other rights could preclude the sale, manufacture or distribution of our products and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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The U.S. government’s right to use technology developed by us with government funds could limit our intellectual property rights.

We have developed, and may in the future develop, improvements to our technology that are funded in part by the U.S. government. As a result, we do not have the right to prohibit the U.S. government from using certain technologies developed by us with such government funds or to prohibit third parties from using those technologies to provide products and services at the request of the U.S. government. Although such government rights do not affect our ownership of the technology developed using such funds, the U.S. government has the right to royalty-free use of technologies that we have developed under such contracts. We are free to commercially exploit those government-funded technologies and may assert our intellectual property rights to seek to block other non-government users thereof, but there is no assurance we can successfully do so.

We rely on subcontractors to manufacture and deliver our products. Any quality or performance failures by our subcontractors or changes in their financial condition could disrupt our ability to supply quality products to our customers in a timely manner, resulting in business interruptions, increased costs, claims for damages, reputation damage and reduced revenue.

In order to meet the requirements under our customer contracts, we rely on subcontractors to manufacture and deliver our products to our customers. Any quality or performance failures by our subcontractors or changes in their financial or business condition could disrupt our ability to supply quality products to our customers in a timely manner. If we are unable to fulfill orders from our customers in a timely manner, we could experience business interruptions, increased costs, damage to our reputation and loss of our customers. In addition, we may be subject to claims from our customers for failing to meet our contractual obligations. Although we have several sources for production, the inability to provide our products to our customers in a timely manner could result in the loss of customers and our revenues could be materially reduced. In addition, there is great competition for the most qualified and competent subcontractors. If we are unable to hire qualified subcontractors, the quality of our services and products could decline. Furthermore, third-party manufacturers in the electronic component industry are consolidating. The consolidation of third-party manufacturers may give remaining manufacturers greater leverage to increase the prices that they charge, thereby increasing our manufacturing costs. If this were to occur and we are unable to pass the increased costs onto our customers, our profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Our manufacturers rely on a limited number of suppliers for several significant components and raw materials used in our products. If we or our manufacturers are unable to obtain these components or raw materials on a timely basis, we will be unable to meet our customers’ orders, which could reduce our revenues, subject us to claims for damages and adversely affect our relationships with our customers.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for the components and raw materials used in our products. Although there are many suppliers for most of our component parts and raw materials, we are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for many of our significant components and raw materials. This reliance involves a number of significant risks, including:

● unavailability of materials and interruptions in delivery of components and raw materials from our suppliers, which could result in manufacturing delays; and

● fluctuations in the quality and price of components and raw materials.

We currently do not have any long-term or exclusive purchase commitments with any of our suppliers. In addition, our suppliers may enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, be acquired by our competitors, or stop selling their products or components to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. We may not be able to develop alternative sources for the components and raw materials. Even if alternate suppliers are available to us or our manufacturers, identifying them is often difficult and time consuming. If we or our manufacturers are unable to obtain an ample supply of product or raw materials from our existing suppliers or alternative sources of supply, we may be unable to satisfy our customers’ orders, which could reduce our revenues, subject us to claims for damages and adversely affect our relationships with our customers.

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The industry in which we operate is highly competitive, and competitive pressures from existing and new companies could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The industry in which we operate is highly competitive and influenced by the following:

● advances in technology;

● new product introductions;

● evolving industry standards;

● product improvements;

● rapidly changing customer needs;

● intellectual property invention and protection;

● marketing and distribution capabilities;

● ability to attract and retain highly skilled professionals;

● competition from highly capitalized companies;

● entrance of new competitors;

● ability of customers to invest in information technology; and

● price competition.

The products marketed by us and our competitors are becoming more complex. As the technological and functional capabilities of future products increase, these products may begin to compete with products being offered by traditional computer, network and communications industry participants that have substantially greater financial, technical, marketing and manufacturing resources than we do.

Although we are not aware of any current competitors that provide the precise capabilities of our systems, we are aware of competitors that offer similar approaches to address the customer needs that our products address. Those companies include both emerging companies with limited operating histories, such as Gem One Corp., TotalTrax, Inc., and SpeedShield Technologies and companies with longer operating histories, greater name recognition and/or significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources than ours, such as Crown Equipment Corp.

In the logistics visibility market, we compete against several established competitors, including Omnitracs, LLC, SkyBitz, Inc., Orbcomm Inc. and Spireon, Inc. We attempt to differentiate our solutions in this market by offering a choice of communication mode (satellite or cellular), patented battery management technology, sensor options, and installation configurations (tractors, trucks, refrigerated trailers, dry van trailers, domestic containers, flatbed trailers, covered hopper and tanker railcars, and chassis).

In the connected vehicles solutions market, our solutions for traditional airport-based rental fleet management compete primarily against OEM connected vehicle offerings, after-market connected vehicle technology providers, and existing handheld devices which are used widely by vehicle rental companies. Currently, the principal OEMs we compete against are OnStar Corporation a subsidiary of General Motors, Ford Sync, and Toyota Connected; the primary after-market connected vehicle technology provider we compete against is Continental AG; and principal handheld device providers we compete against include Motorola and Intermec which was acquired by Honeywell International Inc. Our solutions for remote, decentralized rental fleet management compete primarily with companies in the traditional car sharing market such as Hertz, Enterprise, and car2go and peer-to-peer car sharing services such as Turo. Large system integrators and several of the national cellular wireless providers have started to offer solutions, which package third party hardware, firmware and software, that compete with our solutions. In the markets for both types of rental fleet solutions, our competitive position is differentiated by our patented product offering - a fully automated, readily installed, secure, and cost-effective car rental system.

If we do not keep pace with product and technology advances, including the development of superior products by our competitors, or if we are unable to otherwise compete successfully against our competitors, there could be a material adverse effect on our competitive position, revenues and prospects for growth. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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The federal government or independent standards organizations may implement significant regulations or standards that could adversely affect our ability to produce or market our products.

Our products transmit radio frequency waves, the transmission of which is governed by the rules and regulations of the FCC, as well as other federal and state agencies. Our ability to design, develop and sell our products will continue to be subject to these rules and regulations for the foreseeable future. In addition, our products and services may become subject to independent industry standards. The implementation of unfavorable regulations or industry standards, or unfavorable interpretations of existing regulations by courts or regulatory bodies, could require us to incur significant compliance costs, cause the development of the affected products to become impractical or otherwise adversely affect our ability to produce or market our products. The adoption of new industry standards applicable to our products may require us to engage in rapid product development efforts that would cause us to incur higher expenses than we anticipated. In some circumstances, we may not be able to comply with such standards, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues through the sale of our products.

Because our products are complex, they may have undetected errors or failures when they are introduced, which could seriously harm our business, and our product liability insurance may not adequately protect us.

Technical products like ours often contain undetected errors or failures when first introduced. Despite our efforts to eliminate these flaws, there still may be errors or failures in our products, even after the commencement of commercial shipments. We provide a warranty reserve at the time of shipment, which may not be sufficient to cover actual repair costs. Because our products are used in business-critical applications, we could be subject to product liability claims if our systems fail to perform as intended. Even unsuccessful claims against us could result in costly litigation and the diversion of management’s time and resources and could damage our reputation and impair the marketability of our systems. Although we maintain insurance, there are no assurances that:

● our insurance will provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities if our products cause harm or fail to perform as promised; or

● adequate product liability insurance will continue to be available to us in the future on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

If our insurance is insufficient to pay any product liability claims, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any such claims could permanently injure our reputation and customer relationships.

We may be subject to breaches of our information technology systems, which could damage our reputation, vendor, and customer relationships, and our customers’ access to our services.

Our business operations require that we use and store sensitive data, including intellectual property and proprietary business information in our secure data centers and on our networks. We face a number of threats to our data centers and networks in the form of unauthorized access, security breaches and other system disruptions. It is critical to our business strategy that our infrastructure remains secure and is perceived by customers and partners to be secure. We require user names and passwords in order to access our information technology systems. We also use encryption and authentication technologies to secure the transmission and storage of data. Despite our security measures, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or other disruptive problems. Any such security breach may compromise information used or stored on our networks and may result in significant data losses or theft of our, our customers’, or our business partners’ intellectual property or proprietary business information. A cybersecurity breach could negatively affect our reputation by adversely affecting the market’s perception of the security or reliability of our products or services. In addition, a cyber-attack could result in other negative consequences, including remediation costs, disruption of internal operations, increased cybersecurity protection costs, lost revenues or litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to utilize net operating loss carry-forwards may be limited.

The Company has U.S. net operating loss carry-forwards (“NOLs”) that expire through 2037. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes an annual limitation on a corporation’s ability to utilize NOLs if it experiences an “ownership change.” In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. Ownership changes in our stock, some of which are outside of our control, could result in a limitation in our ability to use our NOLs to offset future taxable income, could cause U.S. Federal income taxes to be paid earlier than otherwise would be paid if such limitation were not in effect and could cause such pre-2018 NOLs to expire unused, reducing or eliminating the benefit of such NOLs. We expect that, as a result of the Merger Transactions, the use of the Company’s NOLs will become limited under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and under similar provisions of state and local law.  In addition to the effects discussed above, any reduction in value of the tax benefits from the NOLs will also impact the Company’s tax assets and earnings as reported in its financial statements.

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If we lose our executive officers, or are unable to recruit additional personnel, our ability to manage our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We are dependent on the continued employment and performance of our executive officers. We currently do not have employment agreements with any of our executive officers. Like other companies in our industry, we face intense competition for qualified personnel. Many of our competitors have greater resources than we have to hire qualified personnel. Accordingly, if we are not successful in attracting or retaining qualified personnel in the future, our ability to manage our business could be materially and adversely affected.

If we do not adequately anticipate and respond to the risks inherent in growing our business internationally, our operating results and the market price of our common stock could be materially and adversely affected.

To date, we have not generated significant revenues outside of North America. As part of our growth strategy, we are seeking ways to expand our operations outside of North America by establishing offices in the United Kingdom and Germany and developing relationships with global distributors to market and sell our systems internationally. For example, as of March 15, 2019, we had five employees in Germany and three in the United Kingdom who market and sell our systems in Europe. There are a number of risks inherent in doing business in international markets, including:

● unexpected legal or regulatory changes;

● unfavorable political or economic factors;

● less developed infrastructure;

● difficulties in recruiting and retaining personnel, and managing international operations;

● fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

● lack of sufficient protection for intellectual property rights; and

● potentially adverse tax consequences.

If we do not adequately anticipate and respond to the risks inherent in international operations, our operating results and the market price of our common stock could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, although we intend to expand our business outside of North America, there are risks associated with conducting an international operation, including the risks listed above, and such expansion may not be successful or have a positive effect on, and could materially and adversely affect, our financial condition and results of operations.

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We provide no assurance that we will be able to successfully integrate any businesses, products, technologies or personnel that we have acquired or might acquire in the future.

We may, from time to time, continue to consider investments in or acquisitions of complementary companies, products or technologies. In the event of any future acquisitions, we could:

● issue stock that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership;

● incur debt;

● assume liabilities;

● incur expenses related to the impairment of goodwill; or

● incur large and immediate write-offs.

We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates, and if we do identify suitable candidates, we may not be able to make these acquisitions on acceptable terms, or at all.

Our operation of any acquired business will also involve numerous risks, including:

● problems integrating the acquired operations, personnel, technologies or products;

● unanticipated costs;

● diversion of management’s time and attention from our core businesses;

● adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers;

● risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience; and

● potential loss of key employees, particularly those of acquired companies.

In addition, if we make changes to our business strategy or if external conditions adversely affect our business operations, we may be required to record an impairment charge for goodwill or intangibles, which would lead to decreased assets and reduced net operating performance.

The concentration of common stock ownership among our executive officers and directors could limit the ability of other stockholders of the Company to influence the outcome of corporate transactions or other matters submitted for stockholder approval.

As of March 28, 2019, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned, in the aggregate, 14% of our outstanding common stock, not including 533,000 shares of common stock that our executive officers and directors may acquire upon the exercise of outstanding options or if they otherwise acquire additional shares of common stock in the future. As a result, our officers and directors may have the ability to influence the outcome of all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, irrespective of how our other stockholders may vote, including the following actions:

● the election of directors;

● adoption of stock option or other equity incentive compensation plans;

● the amendment of our organizational documents; and

● the approval of certain mergers and other significant corporate transactions, including a sale of substantially all of our assets.

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The unpredictability of our quarterly operating results could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our revenues and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and any of which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The main factors that may affect us include the following:

● variations in the sales of our products to our significant customers;

● variations in the mix of products and services provided by us;

● the timing and completion of initial programs and larger or enterprise-wide purchases of our products by our customers;

● the length and variability of the sales cycle for our products;

● the timing and size of sales;

● changes in market and economic conditions, including fluctuations in demand for our products; and

● announcements of new products by our competitors.

As a result of these and other factors, revenues for any quarter are subject to significant variation that could adversely affect the market price for our common stock.

Future sales of our common stock, including sales of our common stock acquired upon the exercise of outstanding options, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales by our existing stockholders of shares of common stock in the market, or sales of our common stock acquired upon the exercise of outstanding options, or the perception that these sales could occur. These sales also may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate.

We have 18,213,978 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 28, 2019, of which 15,695,978 shares are freely transferable without restriction, and 2,518,000 shares are held by our officers and directors and, as such, are subject to the applicable volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, options to purchase 1,220,000 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding, of which 695,000 were vested. The remaining options will vest ratably over a five-year period measured from the date of grant. The weighted-average exercise price of the vested stock options is $5.07. We also may issue additional shares of stock in connection with our business, including in connection with acquisitions, and may grant additional stock options to our employees, officers, directors and consultants under our stock option plans or warrants to third parties. If a significant portion of these shares of common stock were sold in the public market, the market value of our common stock could be adversely affected.

The issuance of equity or debt securities under our shelf registration statement could have a negative impact on the price of our common stock.

We have on file a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective by the SEC on May 18, 2017. The shelf registration statement allows us to raise up to an aggregate of $60.0 million from the sale of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities, and units, or any combination of the foregoing. If we issue all of the securities included in the shelf registration statement, there could be a substantial dilutive effect on our common stock and an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

On July 17, 2017, we closed an underwritten public offering of approximately $17.3 million in aggregate gross proceeds, which was conducted pursuant to a prospectus supplement to our shelf registration statement.

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We provide financing to our customers for the purchase of our products, which may increase our credit risks in the event of a deterioration in a customer’s financial condition or in global credit conditions.

We sell our products to a wide range of customers in the commercial and governmental sectors. We provide financing to customers for a portion of such sales which could be in the form of notes or leases receivable over two to five years. Although these customers are extended credit terms which are approved by us internally, our business could be materially and adversely affected in the event of a deterioration of the financial condition of one or more of our customers that results in such customers’ inability to repay us. This risk may increase during a general economic downturn affecting a large number of our customers or a widespread deterioration in global credit conditions, and in the event our customers do not adequately manage their businesses or properly disclose their financial condition.

Interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect our income and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and investments of $15.0 million. In a declining interest rate environment, reinvestment typically occurs at less favorable market rates, negatively impacting future investment income. Accordingly, interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect our income and results of operations.

Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely affected by a downturn in the financial and credit markets.

We maintain our cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions; however, our cash and cash equivalent balances with these institutions exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. While we monitor on a systematic basis the cash and cash equivalent balances in our operating accounts and adjust the balances as appropriate, these balances could be impacted if one or more of the financial institutions with which we deposit our cash and cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets. To date, we have experienced no loss of principal or lack of access to our invested cash or cash equivalents; however, we can provide no assurance that access to our invested cash and cash equivalents will not be affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail or the financial and credit markets deteriorate.

Goodwill impairment or intangible impairment charges may affect our results of operations in the future.

We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and more often if events occur or circumstances change that would likely reduce the fair value of a reporting unit to an amount below its carrying value. We also test for other possible acquisition intangible impairments if events occur or circumstances change that would indicate that the carrying amount of such intangible may not be recoverable. Any resulting impairment loss would be a non-cash charge and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations in any future period in which we record a charge.

Long-lived assets with determinable useful lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which they are recorded.

Declines in general economic conditions could result in decreased demand for our products and services, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations are affected by the levels of business activities of our customers, which can be affected by economic conditions in the United States and globally. During periods of economic downturns, our customers may decrease their demand for wireless technology solutions, as well as the maintenance, support and consulting services we provide. This slowdown may have an adverse effect on the wireless solutions industry in general and on demand for our products and services, but the magnitude of that impact is uncertain. Our future growth is dependent, in part, upon the demand for our products and services. Prolonged weakness in the economy may cause business enterprises to delay or cancel wireless solutions projects, reduce their overall wireless solutions budgets and/or reduce or cancel orders for our services. This, in turn, may lead to longer sales cycles, delays in purchase decisions, and payment and collection issues, and may also result in price pressures, causing us to realize lower revenues and operating margins. Additionally, if our customers cancel or delay their wireless solutions initiatives, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Provisions of Delaware law or our charter documents could delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, and could make it more difficult for our stockholders to change the Company’s management.

Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with any of our interested stockholders for three years after such stockholder became an interested stockholder unless certain specified conditions are met. As a result, these provisions and Delaware law could limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

In addition, provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. This is because these provisions may prevent or frustrate attempts by stockholders to replace or remove our current management or members of our Board of Directors. These provisions, among other things:

● permit our Board of Directors to issue, without further action by our stockholders, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate, including the right to approve an acquisition or other change in control;

● provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called only by (i) our Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the entire Board of Directors, either upon motion of a director or upon written request by the holders of at least 50% of the voting power of all the shares of our capital stock entitled to vote in the election of directors, voting as a single class, or (ii) our Chairman of the Board or our President; and

● require the affirmative vote of at least 75% of the voting power of all the shares of our capital stock entitled to vote in the election of directors, voting as a single class, to amend or repeal the provisions outlined above dealing with meetings of stockholders.

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Risk Factors Relating to the Merger Transactions

The risk factors below should be read in conjunction with the risk factors related to our operations set forth herein and other information contained in this report. In connection with the Merger Transactions, Parent will file a registration statement on Form S-4 with the SEC that will include a joint proxy statement/prospectus relating to the Merger Transactions. We urge you to read the registration statement on Form S-4 once it becomes available because it will contain important information about the Merger Transactions, including relevant risk factors.

We may not realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the Merger Transactions.

On March 13, 2019, we entered into the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement, pursuant to which, if the Merger Transactions are consummated, we and Pointer will each become wholly-owned subsidiaries of a new holding company. While we and Pointer will continue to operate independently until the completion of the Merger Transactions, the success of the Merger Transactions will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from combining our and Pointer’s businesses. Our ability to realize these anticipated benefits and cost savings is subject to certain risks, including, among others:

● our ability to successfully combine our and Pointer’s businesses;

● the risk that the combined businesses will not perform as expected;

● the extent to which we will be able to realize the expected synergies, which include realizing potential savings from re-assessing priority assets and aligning investments, eliminating duplication and redundancy, adopting an optimized operating model between both companies and leveraging scale, and creating value resulting from the combination of our and Pointer’s businesses;

● the possibility that the aggregate consideration being paid for Pointer is greater than the value we will derive from the Merger Transactions;

● the possibility that we will not achieve the free cash flow that we have projected;

● the reduction of our cash available for operations and other uses and the incurrence of indebtedness to finance the Merger Transactions;

● the assumption of known and unknown liabilities of Pointer, including potential tax and employee-related liabilities; and

● the possibility of costly litigation challenging the Merger Transactions.

If we are not able to successfully combine our and Pointer’s businesses within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated cost savings and other benefits of the Merger Transactions may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected, and the combined businesses may not perform as expected.

Integrating our and Pointer’s businesses may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected.

We and Pointer have operated and, until completion of the Merger Transactions will continue to operate, independently, and there can be no assurances that our and Pointer’s businesses can be integrated successfully. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of either company’s or both companies’ ongoing businesses or unexpected integration issues, such as higher than expected integration costs and an overall post-completion integration process that takes longer than originally anticipated. Specifically, issues that must be addressed in integrating our and Pointer’s operations in order to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger Transactions so the combined business performs as expected include, among others:

● combining the companies’ separate operational, financial, reporting and corporate functions;

● integrating the companies’ technologies, products and services;

● identifying and eliminating redundant and underperforming operations and assets;

● harmonizing the companies’ operating practices, employee development, compensation and benefit programs, internal controls and other policies, procedures and processes;

● addressing possible differences in corporate cultures and management philosophies;

● maintaining employee morale and retaining key management and other employees;

● attracting and recruiting prospective employees;

● consolidating the companies’ corporate, administrative and information technology infrastructure;

● coordinating sales, distribution and marketing efforts;

● managing the movement of certain businesses and positions to different locations;

● maintaining existing agreements with customers and vendors and avoiding delays in entering into new agreements with prospective customers and vendors;

● coordinating geographically dispersed organizations; and

● effecting potential actions that may be required in connection with obtaining regulatory approvals.

In addition, at times, the attention of certain members of each company’s management and each company’s resources may be focused on completion of the Merger Transactions and the integration of the businesses of the two companies and diverted from day-to-day business operations, which may disrupt each company’s ongoing business and, consequently, the business of the combined company.

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Failure to complete the Merger Transactions could negatively impact our stock price and our future business and financial results.

Our obligations and the obligations of Pointer to complete the Merger Transactions are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions. There can be no assurance that the conditions to completion of the Merger Transactions will be satisfied or waived or that the Merger Transactions will be completed. If the Merger Transactions are not completed for any reason, our ongoing business may be materially and adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the Merger Transactions, we would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

● we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on trading prices of our common stock and from our customers, vendors, regulators and employees;

● we may be required to pay Pointer a termination fee of $2,000,000 if we fail to consummate the Pointer Merger under specified circumstances;

● we will be required to pay certain transactions expenses incurred in connection with the Merger Transactions, whether or not the Merger Transactions are completed;

● the Pointer Merger Agreement and Investment Agreement place certain restrictions on the operation of our business prior to the closing of the Merger Transactions, and such restrictions, the waiver of which is subject to the consent of the other parties, may prevent us from making certain acquisitions, taking certain other specified actions or otherwise pursuing business opportunities during the pendency of the Merger Transactions that we would have made, taken or pursued if these restrictions were not in place; and

● matters relating to the Merger Transactions (including integration planning) will require substantial commitments of time and resources by our management and the expenditure of significant funds in the form of fees and expenses, which would otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to us as an independent company.

In addition, we could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the Merger Transactions or related to any proceeding to specifically enforce our obligations under the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement.

If any of these risks materialize, they may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, financial results and stock price.

We will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the Merger Transactions are pending.

Uncertainty about the effect of the Merger Transactions on employees, vendors and customers may have an adverse effect on us and consequently on the combined company after the closing of the Merger Transactions. These uncertainties may impair our ability to retain and motivate key personnel and could cause customers and others that deal with us to defer or decline entering into contracts with us or making other decisions concerning us or seek to change existing business relationships with us. In addition, if key employees depart because of uncertainty about their future roles and the potential complexities of the Merger Transactions, our business could be harmed. Furthermore, the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement place certain restrictions on the operation of our business prior to the closing of the Merger Transactions, which may delay or prevent us from undertaking certain actions or business opportunities that may arise prior to the consummation of the Merger Transactions.

Third parties may terminate or alter existing contracts or relationships with us.

We have contracts with customers, vendors and other business partners which may require us to obtain consents from these other parties in connection with the Merger Transactions. If these consents cannot be obtained, the counterparties to these contracts and other third parties with which we currently have relationships may have the ability to terminate, reduce the scope of or otherwise materially adversely alter their relationships with us in anticipation of the Merger Transactions, or with the combined company following the Merger Transactions. The pursuit of such rights may result in our suffering a loss of potential future revenue, incurring liabilities in connection with a breach of such agreements or losing rights that are material to our business. Any such disruptions could limit the combined company’s ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the Merger Transactions. The adverse effect of such disruptions could also be exacerbated by a delay in the completion of the Merger Transactions or the termination of the Merger Transactions.

In order to complete the Merger Transactions, we and Pointer must obtain certain governmental approvals, and if such approvals are not granted or are granted with conditions that become applicable to the parties, completion of the Merger Transactions may be jeopardized or prevented or the anticipated benefits of the Merger Transactions could be reduced.

Consummation of the Merger Transactions is conditioned upon, among other things, the receipt of certain governmental approvals, including approvals required under Israeli law. Although the parties have agreed in the Pointer Merger Agreement to use their reasonable best efforts to make certain governmental filings and obtain the required governmental approvals, there can be no assurance that the required approvals will be obtained and no assurance that the Merger Transactions will be completed.

In addition, the governmental authorities from which these approvals are required have broad discretion in administering the governing laws and regulations, and may take into account various facts and circumstances in their consideration of the Merger Transactions. These governmental authorities may initiate proceedings seeking to prevent, or otherwise seek to prevent, the Merger Transactions. As a condition to the approval of the Merger Transactions, these governmental authorities also may impose requirements, limitations or costs, require divestitures or place restrictions on the conduct of our business or Pointer’s business after completion of the Merger Transactions.

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The Merger Transactions are subject to a number of closing conditions and, if these conditions are not satisfied, the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement may be terminated in accordance with their respective terms and the Merger Transactions may not be completed. In addition, the parties have the right to terminate the Pointer Merger Agreement and Investment Agreement under other specified circumstances, in which case the Merger Transactions would not be completed.

The Merger Transactions are subject to a number of closing conditions and, if these conditions are not satisfied or waived (to the extent permitted by law), the Merger Transactions will not be completed. These conditions include, among others: (i) the absence of certain legal impediments, (ii) effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-4 relating to the Merger Transactions, (iii) obtaining all governmental authorizations, including the lapse of any applicable waiting period, (iv) approval by Pointer’s shareholders of the Pointer Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereunder, (v) approval by our stockholders of the Investment Agreement, the issuance of Parent common stock and Parent preferred stock in connection with the Merger Transactions and certain matters related to Parent’s new certificate of incorporation, (vi) the listing of the common stock of Parent on Nasdaq and (vii) the consummations of the transactions contemplated in the Investment Agreement. In addition, each party’s obligation to complete the Merger Transactions is subject to the accuracy of the other parties’ representations and warranties in the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement (subject in most cases to “material adverse effect” qualifications), the other parties’ compliance with their respective covenants and agreements in the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement in all material respects, and the maintenance of certain minimum cash levels.

The conditions to the closing may not be fulfilled and, accordingly, the Merger Transactions may not be completed. In addition, if the Merger is not completed by September 30, 2019, any party may choose not to proceed with the Merger Transactions. Moreover, the parties can mutually decide to terminate the Pointer Merger Agreement or the Investment Agreement at any time prior to the consummation of the Merger Transactions, before or after receipt of the required approval of our stockholders and Pointer shareholders. In addition, each party may elect to terminate the Pointer Merger Agreement or Investment Agreement in certain other circumstances. If either agreement is terminated, we may incur substantial fees and expenses in connection with termination of such agreement and we will not realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger Transactions.

We may waive one or more of the closing conditions to the Merger Transactions.

We have the right to waive certain of the closing conditions to the Merger Transactions. Any such waiver may not require re-solicitation of stockholders, in which case stockholders will not have the chance to change their votes as a result of any such waiver and we will have the ability to complete the Merger Transactions without seeking further stockholder approval. Any determination whether to waive any condition to the Merger Transactions, whether stockholder approval would be re-solicited as a result of any such waiver or whether the joint proxy statement/prospectus relating to the Merger Transactions would be amended as a result of any waiver will be made by us at the time of such waiver based on the facts and circumstances as they exist at that time, and any such waiver could have an adverse effect on Parent.

Both our stockholders and Pointer’s shareholders will have a reduced ownership and voting interest after the Merger Transactions and will exercise less influence over management.

After the completion of the Merger Transactions, our stockholders and Pointer’s shareholders will own a smaller percentage of Parent than they currently own of us and Pointer, respectively. Based on the trading price of our common stock as of the date of the Merger Agreement, the estimated number of shares of our common stock and Pointer ordinary shares that are currently expected to be outstanding immediately prior to the Merger Transactions on a fully-diluted basis, and after giving effect to the issuance of the Parent convertible preferred stock in the Merger Transactions, it is expected that our stockholders will own approximately 55.6%, and Pointer shareholders will own approximately 29.2%, of Parent immediately after consummation of the Merger Transactions on a fully-diluted basis. Consequently, our stockholders, as a group, and Pointer shareholders, as a group, will each have reduced ownership and voting power in the combined company compared to their ownership and voting power in us and Pointer, respectively.

In connection with the Merger Transactions, the combined company will incur significant indebtedness to finance the Pointer Merger as well as other transaction-related costs.

On March 13, 2019, we entered into a commitment letter with Bank Hapoalim B.M. (the “Debt Commitment Letter”) providing for two five-year senior secured term loan facilities to Pointer Holdco in an aggregate principal amount of $30 million and a five-year revolving credit facility to Pointer in an aggregate principal amount of $10 million. The term loan facilities will be used to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger and the revolving credit facility will be used by Pointer for general working capital purposes, or, at Pointer’s discretion, to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger. Such indebtedness will have the effect, among other things, of reducing the combined company’s flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions, will increase the combined company’s borrowing costs and, to the extent that such indebtedness is subject to floating interest rates, may increase the combined company’s vulnerability to fluctuations in market interest rates. The definitive documents relating to such indebtedness may also require us to satisfy various covenants, including negative covenants that restrict our or the combined company’s ability to engage in certain transactions without the consent of the lender. The increased levels of indebtedness could also reduce funds available to fund our efforts to combine our business with Pointer and realize expected benefits of the Merger Transactions and/or engage in investments in product development, capital expenditures and other activities and may create competitive disadvantages for us relative to other companies with lower debt levels. We may be required to raise additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate purposes. Our ability to arrange additional financing will depend on, among other factors, our financial position and performance, as well as prevailing market conditions and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all.

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There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure the funds necessary to pay the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger.

We intend to fund the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger with a combination of the net proceeds we receive from the sale of Parent’s newly created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement and debt financing contemplated by the Debt Commitment Letter. The obligations of the lender to provide the loans contemplated by the Debt Commitment Letter are subject to a number of conditions and there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure the debt financing pursuant to the Debt Commitment Letter.

In the event that the debt financing contemplated by the Debt Commitment Letter is not available, other financing may not be available on acceptable terms, in a timely manner or at all. If we are unable to secure debt financing, the Merger Transactions may be delayed or not be completed. In addition, we may be required, pursuant to the terms of the Pointer Merger Agreement, to pay Pointer a termination fee of $2 million if we fail to consummate the Pointer Merger related to a failure by us to obtain financing.

We and Pointer may have difficulty attracting, motivating and retaining executives and other key employees in light of the proposed Merger Transactions.

Our success after the Merger Transactions will depend in part on our ability to retain key executives and other employees. Uncertainty about the effect of the Merger Transactions on our and Pointer’s employees may have an adverse effect on each company separately and consequently the combined business. This uncertainty may impair our and/or Pointer’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel. Employee retention may be particularly challenging during the pendency of the Merger Transactions, as our and Pointer’s employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles in the combined business.

Additionally, Pointer’s officers and employees may hold ordinary shares and vested options to purchase ordinary shares of Pointer, and, if the Merger Transactions are completed, these officers and employees may be entitled to the merger consideration in respect of such ordinary shares and vested options. Certain officers may also hold options and restricted stock units of Pointer that are subject to accelerated vesting upon completion of the Merger Transactions. These factors, individually or in the aggregate, could make retention of Pointer officers and employees more difficult.

Furthermore, if any of our or Pointer’s key employees depart or are at risk of departing, including because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration, financial security or a desire not to become employees of the combined business, we may have to incur significant costs in retaining such individuals or in identifying, hiring and retaining replacements for departing employees and may lose significant expertise and talent, and the combined company’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger Transactions may be materially and adversely affected. No assurance can be given that the combined company will be able to attract or retain key employees to the same extent that we or Pointer has been able to attract or retain employees in the past.

The Investment Agreement limits our ability to pursue alternatives to the Merger Transactions.

The Investment Agreement contains provisions that make it more difficult for us to enter into alternative transactions. The Investment Agreement contains certain provisions that restrict our ability to solicit or facilitate proposals from third parties with respect to transactions involving the financing or sale of the Company, or provide non-public information to, or otherwise participate or engage in discussions or negotiations with, third parties or take certain other actions that would reasonably be expected to lead to a third-party acquisition proposal. Further, there are only limited exceptions to our agreement that our Board of Directors will not change its recommendation in favor of the adoption of the Investment Agreement and certain other stockholder approvals required in connection with the Merger Transactions. However, at any time prior to the receipt of the required stockholder approvals, our Board of Directors may make an adverse recommendation change if it concludes in good faith, based on the advice of our outside financial advisors and outside legal counsel, that the failure to take such action would result in a violation of the fiduciary duties of our Board of Directors under applicable law. Regardless of whether our Board of Directors has made an adverse recommendation change, we may still be compelled to hold a special meeting of our stockholders relating to the Merger Transactions.

While we believe these provisions are reasonable, customary and not preclusive of other offers, the provisions might discourage a third party that has an interest in acquiring all or a significant part of the Company from considering or proposing such acquisition, even if such party were prepared to enter into an agreement that may be more favorable to us and/or our stockholders.

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We will incur significant transaction and merger-related transition costs in connection with the Merger Transactions. If the Pointer Merger Agreement is terminated, we may, under certain circumstances, be required to pay a termination fee to Pointer.

We expect that we will incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with consummating the Merger Transactions and integrating the operations of the two companies post-closing. We may incur additional costs to maintain employee morale and to retain key employees. We will also incur significant fees and expenses relating to financing arrangements and legal, accounting and other transaction fees and other costs associated with the Merger Transactions. Some of these costs are payable regardless of whether the Merger Transactions are completed. In addition, we may be required to pay Pointer a termination fee of $2,000,000 if we fail to consummate the Pointer Merger under specified circumstances. Though we continue to assess the magnitude of these costs, additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the Merger Transactions and the integration of our and Pointer’s businesses.

We may be the target of securities class action and derivative lawsuits which could result in substantial costs and may delay or prevent the Merger Transactions from being completed.

Securities class action lawsuits and derivative lawsuits are often brought against public companies that have entered into merger agreements. Even if the lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources. An adverse judgment could result in monetary damages, which could have a negative impact on our liquidity and financial condition. Additionally, if a plaintiff is successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting completion of the Merger Transactions, then that injunction may delay or prevent the Merger Transactions from being completed, which may adversely affect our or, if the Merger Transactions are completed but delayed, the combined company’s business, financial position and results of operations.

The combined company will be subject to the risks that we face, in addition to the risks faced by Pointer.

Following completion of the Merger Transactions, the combined company will be subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including the risks that we face and the risks faced by Pointer, which are described in the documents that Pointer has filed with the SEC. If any such risks actually occur, the business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the combined company could be materially adversely affected.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our executive and I.D. Systems administrative offices are located in Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey. In May 2010, we entered into a lease for this facility, consisting of approximately 21,400 square feet, which expires on February 28, 2021. The rent is approximately $37,000 per month.

Our Asset Intelligence administrative offices are located in Plano, Texas. In April 2015, we entered into a lease for this facility, consisting of approximately 11,482 square feet, which expires February 28, 2021. The rent is approximately $22,000 per month.

Our Keytroller administrative offices and storage space are located in Tampa, Florida. In July 2017, we entered into a lease for this facility, consisting of approximately 5,000 square feet, which expires July 31, 2019. The rent is approximately $3,600 per month. In December 2018, we entered into a new lease for administrative and warehouse space, consisting of approximately 25,000 square feet, which expires February 28, 2026. The rent is approximately $13,000 per month. The new lease commences upon the termination of the existing lease.

In connection with the CarrierWeb Acquisition, we entered into a lease in January 2019 for office space located in Smyrna, Georgia, consisting of approximately 8,800 square feet, which expires January 31, 2020. The rent is approximately $8,400 per month.

We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our existing needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of our business, we are at times subject to various legal proceedings. On June 12, 2017, ACF FinCo I LP (“ACF”) filed a lawsuit against us in the District Court for Dallas County, Texas. The complaint alleges that ACF is the successor-in-interest to McDonald Technologies International Inc. (“MTI”), one of our former suppliers, and alleges one cause of action for breach of a May 2015 Master Services Agreement pursuant to which we purchased certain products manufactured and services rendered by MTI. The complaint seeks approximately $2.0 million in damages for amounts allegedly due by us under this agreement, plus interest and attorney’s fees. On July 7, 2017, we filed our answer denying any liability to ACF and asserting various defenses to ACF’s claims against us. This lawsuit went to trial the week of November 13, 2018 and was settled for approximately $750,000 on November 15, 2018.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information.

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “IDSY.”

Performance Graph.

The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total shareholder return for (i) the Company, (ii) the NASDAQ Market Index, and (iii) the Morningstar Communication Equipment Index (the “Morningstar Index”).

The graph assumes that $100 was invested in each of the Company’s common stock, the NASDAQ Market Index and the Morningstar Index on December 31, 2013, and that any dividends were reinvested. Data points on the graph are annual. Note that historic stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. The following graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

	Fiscal Year Ended
COMPANY/INDEX/MARKET	12/31/2013		12/31/2014		12/31/2015		12/31/2016		12/31/2017		12/31/2018
I.D. Systems, Inc.	$	100.00	$	115.54	$	79.45	$	93.61	$	119.86	$	96.55
NASDAQ Market Index		100.00		114.75		122.74		133.62		173.22		168.30
Morningstar Industry Index		100.00		113.03		107.77		116.44		139.18		151.05

Prepared by Zacks Investment Research, Inc.

Index Data: Copyright NASDAQ OMX, Inc. Copyright Morningstar, Inc.

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Holders.

As of March 28, 2019, there were 22 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividends.

We have never paid a cash dividend on our common stock and do not expect to pay a cash dividend in the near future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance our operations and expand our business.

Sales of Unregistered Securities.

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer.

On November 4, 2010, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate value of up to $3,000,000 pursuant to a share repurchase program. The repurchases under the share repurchase program are made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions and are funded from the Company’s working capital. The amount and timing of such repurchases is dependent upon the price and availability of shares, general market conditions and the availability of cash, as determined at the discretion of the Company’s management. All shares of common stock repurchased under the Company’s share repurchase program are held as treasury stock (until such time, if ever, that they are re-issued by the Company). The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date, and the Company may discontinue or suspend the share repurchase program at any time.

The following table provides information regarding our common stock repurchases under our publicly announced share repurchase program and shares withheld for taxes due upon vesting of restricted stock for each month of the quarterly period ended December 31, 2018. As the table indicates, the Company did not make any share repurchases during the quarterly period ended December 31, 2018.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased			Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018		-			-		-	$	1,660,000
November 1, 2018 - November 30, 2018		-			-		-		1,660,000
December 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018		5,000	(1)	$	5.91		-		1,660,000
Total		5,000		$	5.91		-	$	1,660,000

(1) Represents shares of common stock withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock during December 2018.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth selected financial data for each of the five years ended December 31, 2018 derived from our audited financial statements. You should read the information in the table below together with the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” which discusses the 2016, 2017 and 2018 fiscal years, and our financial statements and related notes and the other financial data included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018
Statement of Operations Data:
Revenues	$	45,633,000		$	41,784,000		$	36,822,000		$	40,958,000		$	53,064,000
Cost of revenues		25,627,000			24,761,000			18,528,000			20,031,000			27,266,000
Gross profit		20,006,000			17,023,000			18,294,000			20,927,000			25,798,000
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		25,094,000			22,041,000			19,427,000			20,480,000			24,671,000
Research and development expenses		6,649,000			5,265,000			5,235,000			4,538,000			6,863,000
Loss on settlement of finance receivable		441,000			-			-			-			-
Loss from operations		(12,178,000	)		(10,283,000	)		(6,368,000	)		(4,091,000	)		(5,736,000	)
Interest income		595,000			360,000			285,000			253,000			262,000
Interest expense		(29,000	)		(18,000	)		(293,000	)		(342,000	)		(173,000	)
Other income (loss), net		37,000			(11,000	)		6,000			(1,000	)		(165,000	)
Net loss before income taxes		(11,575,000	)		(9,952,000	)		(6,370,000	)		(4,181,000	)		(5,812,000	)
Income tax benefit - sale of NJ net operating losses and R&D tax credits		-			-			-			311,000			-
Net loss	$	(11,575,000	)	$	(9,952,000	)	$	(6,370,000	)	$	(3,870,000	)	$	(5,812,000	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.96	)	$	(0.79	)	$	(0.49	)	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.34	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		12,098,000			12,614,000			12,984,000			14,961,000			17,233,000
Balance Sheet Data (at end of period):
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash)	$	6,277,000		$	4,793,000		$	5,277,000		$	5,403,000		$	10,466,000
Investments		7,315,000			1,598,000			1,614,000			11,479,000			4,525,000
Total assets		52,486,000			44,428,000			44,246,000			60,932,000			57,803,000
Long term debt		149,000			-			-			-			-
Total stockholders’ equity		27,255,000			20,570,000			16,002,000			32,971,000			31,534,000

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our financial condition and results of operations and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Many of the amounts and percentages in this section have been rounded for convenience of presentation, but actual recorded amounts have been used in computations. Accordingly, some information may appear not to compute accurately.

Overview

I.D. Systems, Inc. (“IDS”, and together with its subsidiaries, “I.D. Systems,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us”) develops, markets and sells wireless machine-to-machine solutions for managing and securing high-value enterprise assets. These assets include industrial vehicles, such as forklifts and airport ground support equipment; rental vehicles; and transportation assets, such as dry van trailers, refrigerated trailers, railcars and containers. Our patented wireless asset management systems utilize radio frequency identification (RFID), Wi-Fi, satellite or cellular communications, and sensor technology to address the needs of organizations to control, track, monitor and analyze their assets. Our solutions enable our customers to achieve tangible economic benefits by making timely, informed decisions that increase the safety, security, revenue, productivity and efficiency of their operations.

We have focused our business activities on three primary business solutions: (i) Industrial Truck Management Solutions, (ii) Logistics Visibility Solutions, and (iii) Connected Vehicle Solutions. Our solution for industrial truck management allows our customers to reduce operating risks including unsafe activity, facility equipment and goods damage, operational costs and capital expenditures and to comply with certain safety regulations by accurately and reliably measuring and controlling fleet activity. This solution also enhances security at industrial facilities and areas of critical infrastructure, such as airports, by controlling access to, and restricting the use of, vehicles and equipment. Our solution for logistics visibility allows our customers to increase revenue per asset deployed, reduce fleet size, and improve the monitoring and control of sensitive cargo. Our solutions for connected vehicles include unique Internet-of-Things (“IoT”) projects similar to projects we have delivered to Avis Budget Group Inc. (“Avis”). These engineering programs help our customers transform their operations. For Avis, our rental fleet management platform assists rental car companies in generating higher revenue by more accurately tracking vehicle data, such as fuel consumption and odometer readings, and improving customer service by expediting the rental and return processes. In addition, our wireless solution for “car sharing” enables rental car companies to establish a network of vehicles positioned strategically around cities or on corporate campuses, control vehicles remotely, manage member reservations by smart phone or Internet, and charge members for vehicle use by the hour.

We sell our solutions to both executive, division and site-level management within the enterprise. We also utilize channel partners such as independent dealers and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) who may opt for us to white label our product. Typically, our initial system deployment serves as a basis for potential expansion across the customer’s organization. We work closely with customers to help maximize the utilization and benefits of our system and demonstrate the value of enterprise-wide deployments. Post-implementation, we consult with our customers to further extend and customize the benefits to the enterprise by delivering enhanced analytics capabilities.

We market and sell our solutions to a wide range of customers in the commercial and government sectors. Our customers operate in diverse markets, such as automotive manufacturing, heavy industry, retail and wholesale distribution, transportation, aviation, aerospace and defense, homeland security and vehicle rental.

We incurred net losses of approximately $6.4 million, $3.9 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, and have incurred additional net losses since inception. As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and marketable securities of $15.0 million, working capital of $15.8 million, and an accumulated deficit of $101.2 million. Our primary sources of cash are cash flows from operating activities and our holdings of cash, cash equivalents and investments from the sale of common stock. To date, we have not generated sufficient cash flow solely from operating activities to fund our operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we generated revenues of $53.1 million with Avis and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 18% and 10% of our revenues, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we generated revenues of $41.0 million with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 16% of our revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated revenues of $36.8 million with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounting for 18% of our revenues.

On March 13, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Pointer Merger Agreement”), with PowerFleet, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Parent”), Pointer Telocation Ltd. (“Pointer”), Powerfleet Israel Holding Company Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“Pointer Holdco”), and Powerfleet Israel Acquisition Company Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pointer Holdco (“Pointer Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Pointer Merger Sub will merge with and into Pointer, with Pointer surviving as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Pointer Holdco (the “Pointer Merger”) in exchange for consideration consisting of cash and shares of common stock of Parent. Also on March 13, 2019, and in connection with the Pointer Merger Agreement, we entered into an Investment and Transaction Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with Parent, PowerFleet US Acquisition Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“IDS Merger Sub”), and ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P., pursuant to which we will reorganize into a new holding company structure by merging IDS Merger Sub with and into the Company, with the Company surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (the “IDS Merger”), and pursuant to which Parent will issue and sell in a private placement shares of Parent’s newly created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger. As a result of the transactions contemplated by the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement (the “Merger Transactions”), we and Pointer will each become wholly-owned subsidiaries of Parent. For further discussion on the Merger Transactions and related transactions, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 21 - Subsequent Events.”

On January 30, 2019, we completed the acquisition (the “CarrierWeb Acquisition”) of substantially all of the assets of CarrierWeb, L.L.C. (“CarrierWeb”), an Atlanta-based provider of real-time in-cab mobile communications technology, electronic logging devices, two-way refrigerated command and control, and trailer tracking. The assets we acquired in the CarrierWeb Acquisition will be integrated into our logistics visibility solutions and products. The CarrierWeb Acquisition allows us to offer a full complement of highly-integrated logistics technology solutions to its current customers and prospects and immediately adds more than 70 customers and over 9,000 subscriber units.

On July 31, 2017, we, together with our wholly-owned subsidiary Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Keytroller”), acquired substantially all of the assets of Keytroller, LLC, a Florida limited liability company (the “Keytroller Acquisition”). The business we acquired in the Keytroller Acquisition develops and markets electronic products for managing forklifts and construction vehicles. The Keytroller Acquisition gives us a full suite of industrial fleet management product offerings capable of covering any sized fleet and budget and provides our industrial truck business more scale, both from a product and revenue standpoint and markets its line of forklift management devices mainly through a network of lift truck dealers, offering solutions for different fleet sizes at a wide range of price points.

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On July 17, 2017, we closed an underwritten public offering consisting of 2,608,695 shares of common stock at a price per share of $5.75. In addition, the underwriters of the public offering exercised in full their option to purchase an additional 391,304 shares of common stock. Including this option exercise, the aggregate gross proceeds from the offering of a total of 2,999,999 shares of common stock, before deducting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, were approximately $17.3 million. Net proceeds from the public offering were approximately $16.1 million. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering to fund the Keytroller Acquisition and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.

In 2018, we improved our next generation vehicle management system on-vehicle platform and improved our product line of over-the-road asset management solutions, as described below:

● we initiated and largely developed our new line of Logistics Visibility platform products, including a new series of LTE- and Bluetooth-enabled tracking devices; a camera-based, wireless freight monitoring sensor; and several additional Bluetooth-enabled sensors;

● we completed the development and commercialization of the Unified Telematics Platform for Avis, which is integrated into the Avis connected car rental management system. This is solution includes specialized hardware device, middleware for security and connectivity, cellular network utilization, server-side asset management and monitoring and full application programming interface support into Avis’s rental management system; and

● we introduced the OC53, a simplified Industrial Truck Management operator control system. This new product utilizes Bluetooth for data communication and a portable tablet and Android App as the software management platform, to create a fully-disconnected, IT-free control and management system, targeted at small customer sites.

We are highly dependent upon sales of our system to a few customers. The loss of any of these key customers, or any material reduction in the amount of our products they purchase during a particular period, could materially and adversely affect our revenues for such period. Conversely, a material increase in the amount of our products purchased by a key customer (or customers) during a particular period could result in a significant increase in our revenues for such period, and such increased revenues may not recur in subsequent periods. Some of these key customers, as well as other customers of the Company, operate in markets that have suffered business downturns in the past few years or may so suffer in the future, particularly in light of the current global economic downturn, and any material adverse change in the financial condition of such customers could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to replace such revenue from existing or new customers, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

We expect that many customers who utilize our solutions will do so as part of a large-scale deployment of these solutions across multiple or all divisions of their organizations. A customer’s decision to deploy our solutions throughout its organization will involve a significant commitment of its resources. Accordingly, initial implementations may precede any decision to deploy our solutions enterprise-wide. Throughout this sales cycle, we may spend considerable time and expense educating and providing information to prospective customers about the benefits of our solutions.

The timing of the deployment of our solutions may vary widely and will depend on the specific deployment plan of each customer, the complexity of the customer’s organization and the difficulty of such deployment. Customers with substantial or complex organizations may deploy our solutions in large increments on a periodic basis. Accordingly, we may receive purchase orders for significant dollar amounts on an irregular and unpredictable basis. Because of our limited operating history and the nature of our business, we cannot predict the timing or size of these sales and deployment cycles. Long sales cycles, as well as our expectation that customers will tend to place large orders sporadically with short lead times, may cause our revenues and results of operations to vary significantly and unexpectedly from quarter to quarter.

Our ability to increase our revenues and generate net income will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to:

● increase sales of products and services to our existing customers;

● convert our initial programs into larger or enterprise-wide purchases by our customers;

● increase market acceptance and penetration of our products; and

● develop and commercialize new products and technologies.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have adopted various accounting policies that govern the application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States in the preparation of our financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by our management that can have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities. We consider such accounting policies to be our critical accounting policies. The judgments and assumptions used by our management in these critical accounting policies are based on historical experience and other factors that our management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because of the nature of these judgments and assumptions, actual results could differ significantly from these judgments and estimates, which could have a material impact on the carrying values of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations. Our critical accounting policies are described below.

42

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue from: (i) sales of our wireless asset management systems and spare parts; (ii) remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements; (iii) services, which includes training and technical support; and (iv) periodically, leasing arrangements. Amounts invoiced to customers which are not recognized as revenue are classified as deferred revenue and classified as short-term or long-term based upon the terms of future services to be delivered.

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our wireless asset management systems, spare parts, or services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The expected costs associated with our base warranties continue to be recognized as expense when the products are sold. We recognize revenue for remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements beyond our standard warranties over the life of the contract.

Our industrial truck and connected vehicle wireless asset management systems consist of on-asset hardware, communication infrastructure, SaaS, and hosting infrastructure. The Company’s system is typically implemented by the customer or a third party and, as a result, revenue related to the on-asset hardware is recognized when control of the hardware is transferred to the customer, which usually is upon delivery of the system and contractual obligations have been satisfied. Revenue related to the SaaS and hosting infrastructure performance obligation is recognized over time as access to the SaaS and hosting infrastructure is provided to the customer. In some instances, we are also responsible for providing installation services, training and technical support services which are short-term in nature and revenue for these services are recognized at the time of performance or right to invoice.

Our logistics visibility solutions systems (formerly “transportation asset management”) consist of on-asset hardware, communications and SaaS services. The logistics visibility solutions system does not have stand-alone value to the customer separate from the SaaS services provided and, therefore, we consider both hardware and SaaS services a bundled performance obligation. Under the applicable accounting guidance, all of the Company’s billings for equipment and the related cost are deferred, recorded, and classified as a current and long-term liability and a current and long-term asset, respectively. Deferred revenue and cost are recognized over the service contract life, ranging from one to five years, beginning at the time that a customer acknowledges acceptance of the equipment and service. The customer service contracts typically range from one to five years.

Spare parts sales are reflected in product revenues and recognized on the date of customer receipt of the part.

In addition, the service revenue for our logistics visibility monitoring equipment relates to charges for monthly messaging usage and value-added features charges. The usage fee is a monthly fixed charge based on the expected utilization according to the rate plan chosen by the customer. Service revenue generally commences upon equipment installation and customer acceptance and is recognized over the period such services are provided.

We also enter into remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements for its wireless asset management systems. Revenue is recognized ratably over the service periods and the cost of providing these services is expensed as incurred. Deferred revenue also includes prepayment of extended maintenance, hosting and support contracts.

We also derive revenue under leasing arrangements. Such arrangements provide for monthly payments covering the system sale, maintenance, support and interest. These arrangements meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases. Accordingly, an asset is established for the “sales-type lease receivable” at the present value of the expected lease payments and revenue is deferred and recognized over the service contract, as described above. Maintenance revenues and interest income are recognized monthly over the lease term.

Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on observable prices charged to customers or adjusted market assessment or using expected cost-plus margin when one is available. Adjusted market assessment price is determined based on overall pricing objectives taking into consideration market conditions and entity specific factors.

We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining the contract arising from the sales commissions to employees because we expect to recover those costs through future fees from the customers. We amortize the asset over three to five years because the asset relates to the services transferred to the customer during the contract term of three to five years.

Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

43

Financing Receivables

Notes receivable relate to interest-bearing product financing arrangements that exceed one year and are recorded at face value. Interest income is recognized over the life of the note. Amounts collected on notes receivable are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Unearned income is amortized to interest income over the life of the notes using the effective-interest method.

We also derive revenue under leasing arrangements. The arrangements provide for monthly payments covering the system sale, maintenance, support and interest. These arrangements meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases. Accordingly, an asset is established for the “sales-type lease receivable” at the present value of the future minimum lease payments. Revenue is deferred and recognized over the service contract, as described above. Maintenance revenue is recognized monthly over the lease term. Interest income is recognized monthly over the lease term using the effective-interest method.

The allowance for uncollectable minimum lease payments represents our best estimate of the amount of credit losses in the existing notes and sales-type lease receivable. The allowance is determined on an individual note and lease basis if it is probable that the Company will not collect all principal and interest contractually due. We consider our customers’ financial condition and historical payment patterns in determining the customers’ probability of default. The impairment is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the note’s effective interest rate. There were no impairment losses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. We do not accrue interest when a note or lease is considered impaired. When the ultimate collectability of the principal balance of the impaired note or lease is in doubt, all cash receipts on impaired notes or leases are applied to reduce the principal amount of such notes/leases until the principal has been recovered and are recognized as interest income thereafter. Impairment losses are charged against the allowance and increases in the allowance are charged to bad debt expense. Notes and leases are written off against the allowance when all possible means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. We resume accrual of interest when it is probable that we will collect the remaining principal and interest of an impaired note/lease. Notes and leases become past due based on how recently payments have been received.

Inventory

Inventory, which primarily consists of finished goods and components used in the Company’s products, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in first-out (FIFO) method.

Inventory valuation reserves are established in order to report inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value in the consolidated balance sheet. The determination of inventory valuation reserves requires management to make estimates and judgments on the future salability of inventories. Valuation reserves for obsolete and slow-moving inventory are estimated based on assumptions of future sales forecasts, product life cycle expectations, the impact of new product introductions, production requirements, and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance or engineering/material changes and by comparing the inventory levels to historical usage rates.

44

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based employee compensation for all share-based payments, including grants of stock options, as an operating expense, based on their fair values on the grant date. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $1,658,000, $2,437,000 and $2,163,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

We estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards on the grant date using an option pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period in our consolidated statement of operations. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant in order to estimate the amount of share-based awards that will ultimately vest. The estimate is based on our historical rates of forfeitures. Estimated forfeitures are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets and would be charged to earnings.

Business Combinations

Goodwill represents costs in excess of fair values assigned to the underlying net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives unless the lives are determined to be indefinite. Intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment charges. Intangible assets consist of trademarks and trade names, patents, customer relationships and other intangible assets. We test goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or when a triggering event occurs between annual impairment tests, to determine if impairment exists and if the use of indefinite lives is currently applicable.

The Company re-measures the fair value of the contingent consideration at each reporting period and any change in the fair value from either the passage of time or events occurring after the acquisition date, is recorded in earnings in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Actual results could differ from such estimates in future periods based on the re-measurement of the fair value.

Product Warranties

We generally provide a one-year warranty on our products. Estimated future warranty costs are accrued in the period that the related revenue is recognized. These estimates are derived from historical data and trends of product reliability and costs of repairing and replacing defective products.

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Income taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income taxes are measured by applying enacted statutory rates to net operating loss carryforwards and to the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. At December 31, 2017 and 2018, we had a valuation allowance on all of our deferred tax assets.

Fair Value Measurements

In determining fair value of financial instruments, we utilize a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those levels:

● Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

● Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

● Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s estimates of market participant assumptions.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth certain items related to our statement of operations as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our results reflect the operations of Keytroller from July 31, 2017, the effective date of the Keytroller Acquisition. A detailed discussion of the material changes in our operating results is set forth below.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Revenues:
Products		58.0	%		57.5	%		69.5	%
Services		42.0			42.5			30.5
		100.0			100.0			100.0
Cost of revenues:
Cost of products		38.1			32.8			42.7
Cost of services		12.2			16.1			8.7
Total gross profit		49.7			51.1			48.6
Selling, general and administrative expenses		52.8			50.0			46.5
Research and development expenses		14.2			11.1			12.9
Loss from operations		(17.3	)		(10.0	)		(10.8	)
Interest income		0.8			0.6			0.5
Interest expense		(0.8	)		(0.8	)		(0.3	)
Other income (loss), net		-			-			(0.3	)
Loss before income taxes		(17.3	)		(10.2	)		(10.9	)
Income tax benefit - sale of NJ R&D tax credits		-			0.8			-
Net loss		(17.3	)%		(9.4	)%		(10.9	)%

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Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

The following table sets forth our revenues by product line for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2018
Product revenue:
Industrial truck management	$	17,481,000	$	22,653,000
Logistics visibility		6,028,000		5,753,000
Connected vehicles		43,000		8,491,000
		23,552,000		36,897,000
Services revenue:
Industrial truck management		6,224,000		7,348,000
Logistics visibility		8,252,000		7,733,000
Connected vehicles		2,930,000		1,086,000
		17,406,000		16,167,000
	$	40,958,000	$	53,064,000

REVENUES. Revenues increased by approximately $12.1 million, or 29.6%, to $53.1 million in 2018 from $41.0 million in 2017. The increase in revenue is attributable to an increase in total industrial truck management revenue of approximately $6.3 million to $30.0 million in 2018 from $23.7 million in 2017 and connected vehicles revenue of approximately $6.6 million to $9.6 million in 2018 from $3.0 million in 2017, partially offset by a decrease in total logistics visibility revenue of approximately $0.8 million to $13.5 million in 2018 from $14.3 million in 2017.

Revenues from products increased by approximately $13.3 million, or 56.7%, to $36.9 million in 2018 from $23.6 million in 2017. Industrial truck management product revenue increased by approximately $5.2 million to $22.7 million in 2018 from $17.5 million in 2017. The increase in industrial truck management product revenue resulted principally from increased product sales of approximately $4.6 million from Keytroller. Connected vehicles product revenue increased to approximately $8.5 million in 2018 for units shipped during 2018 under a statement of work (“SOW#4”) we entered into with Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC (“ABCR”) in March 2017. Logistics visibility product revenue decreased by approximately $0.3 million to $5.8 million in 2018 from $6.0 million in 2017. The decrease in logistics visibility product revenue resulted principally from decreased product revenue of approximately $0.4 million from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

Revenues from services decreased by approximately $1.2 million, or 7.1%, to $16.2 million in 2018 from $17.4 million in 2017. Industrial truck management service revenue increased by approximately $1.1 million to $7.3 million in 2018 from $6.2 million in 2017, principally from increased service revenue from the General Motors Company and Toyota Industries Corporation. Connected vehicles service revenue decreased by approximately $1.8 million to $1.1 million in 2018 from $2.9 million in 2017 as the prior year included revenue for SOW#4 development work with ABCR that was not present in the current period. Logistics visibility service revenue decreased by approximately $0.5 million to $7.7 million in 2018 from $8.3 million in 2017 principally due to a decrease in revenue per active units.

The following table sets forth our cost of revenues by product line for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2018
Cost of products:
Industrial truck management	$	8,576,000	$	11,100,000
Logistics visibility		4,831,000		4,767,000
Connected vehicles		46,000		6,771,000
		13,453,000		22,638,000
Cost of services:
Industrial truck management		1,962,000		2,034,000
Logistics visibility		2,350,000		1,974,000
Connected vehicles		2,266,000		620,000
		6,578,000		4,628,000
	$	20,031,000	$	27,266,000

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COST OF REVENUES. Cost of revenues increased by approximately $7.2 million, or 36.1%, to $27.3 million in 2018 from $20.0 million in 2017. Gross profit was $25.8 million in 2017 compared to $20.9 million for the same period in 2017. As a percentage of revenues, gross profit decreased to 48.6% in 2018 from 51.1% in 2017.

Cost of products increased by approximately $9.2 million, or 68.3%, to $22.6 million in 2018 from $13.5 million in in 2017. Gross profit for products was $14.3 million in 2018 compared to $10.1 million in 2017. The increase in product revenue gross profit was attributable to an increase of approximately $2.6 million in the industrial truck management gross profit to $11.6 million in 2018 from $8.9 million in 2017 and an increase in the connected vehicles gross profit to $1.7 million in 2018 from units shipped under SOW#4 with ABCR. The logistics visibility gross profit decreased approximately $0.2 million to $1.0 million in 2018 from $1.2 in 2017. As a percentage of product revenues, gross profit decreased to 38.6% in 2018 from 42.9% in 2017. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of product revenue was principally due to the connected vehicles gross profit percentage of 20.3% in 2018. The logistics visibility gross profit percentage decreased to 17.1% in 2018 from 19.9% in 2017 principally due to lower hardware unit prices. The industrial truck management gross profit percentage of 51% in 2018 remained generally consistent with the 2017 gross profit percentage.

Cost of services decreased by approximately $2.0 million, or 29.6%, to $4.6 million in 2018 from $6.6 million in 2017. Gross profit for services was $11.5 million in 2018 compared to $10.8 million in 2017. The increase in the service revenue gross profit was attributable to an increase in the industrial truck management gross profit of approximately $1.1 million to $5.3 million in 2018 from $4.3 million in 2017, partially offset by a decrease in the connected vehicles gross profit of approximately $0.2 million to $0.5 million in 2018 from $0.7 million in 2017. The logistics visibility solutions gross profit of approximately $5.8 million in 2018 remained generally consistent with the gross profit of $5.9 million in 2017. As a percentage of service revenues, gross profit increased to 71.4% in 2018 from 62.2% in 2017. The industrial truck management gross profit percentage increased to 72.3% in 2018 from 68.5% in 2017 principally due to an increase in service revenue with fixed costs remaining constant. The logistics visibility solutions profit percentage increased to 74.5% in 2018 from 71.5% in 2017 principally due to lower communication expenses. The connected vehicles service revenue gross profit percentage increased to 42.9% in 2018 from 22.7% in 2017 as the prior year included SOW#4 development work with ABCR that was not present in the current period.

SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses increased by approximately $4.2 million, or 20.5%, to $24.7 million in 2018 compared to $20.5 million in 2017. The increase was principally due to approximately $1.7 million in SG&A expenses from Keytroller and increases of approximately $1.0 million in litigation and settlements costs, $0.4 million in acquisition related costs, $0.7 million in foreign currency transaction losses, and $0.5 million in sales and marketing expenses related to the introduction of new products. As a percentage of revenues, SG&A expenses decreased to 46.5% in 2018 from 50.0% in the same period in 2017, primarily due to the increase in revenues from 2017 to 2018.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES. Research and development expenses increased by approximately $2.3 million, or 51.2%, to $6.9 million in 2018 compared to $4.5 million in 2017 principally due to the 2017 reallocation of internal product development resources to cost of services for the Avis SOW#4 project as well as continued investment in our logistics visibility products. As a percentage of revenues, research and development expenses increased 12.9% in 2018 from 11.1% in the same period in 2017, primarily due to the increase in expenses noted above.

INTEREST EXPENSE. Interest expense decreased by $169,000, or 49.4%, to $173,000 in 2018 from $342,000 in the same period in 2017, principally due to a decrease in the accretion of the contingent consideration.

INCOME TAX BENEFIT. Income tax benefit decreased to $-0- in 2018 from $311,000 in 2017 from the sale of the New Jersey R&D tax credits during 2017.

NET LOSS. Net loss was $5.8 million, or $(0.34) per basic and diluted share, for 2018 as compared to net loss of $3.9 million, or $(0.26) per basic and diluted share, for the same period in 2017. The decrease in the net loss was due primarily to the reasons described above.

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Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

The following table sets forth our revenues by product line for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2017
Product revenue:
Industrial truck management	$	14,299,000	$	17,481,000
Logistics visibility		7,067,000		6,028,000
Connected vehicles		-		43,000
		21,366,000		23,552,000
Services revenue:
Industrial truck management		5,543,000		6,224,000
Logistics visibility		8,771,000		8,252,000
Connected vehicles		1,142,000		2,930,000
		15,456,000		17,406,000
	$	36,822,000	$	40,958,000

REVENUES. Revenues increased by approximately $4.1 million, or 11.2%, to $41.0 million in 2017 from $36.8 million in 2016. The increase in revenue is attributable to an increase in total industrial truck management revenue of approximately $3.9 million to $23.7 million in 2017 from $19.8 million in 2016 and connected vehicles revenue of approximately $1.8 million to $3.0 million in 2017 from $1.1 million in 2016, partially offset by a decrease in total logistics visibility revenue of approximately $1.6 million to $14.3 million in 2017 from $15.8 million in 2016.

Revenues from products increased by approximately $2.2 million, or 10.2%, to $23.6 million in 2017 from $21.4 million in 2016. Industrial truck management increased by approximately $3.2 million to $17.5 million in 2017 from $14.3 million in 2016. The increase in industrial truck management product revenue resulted principally from increased product sales of approximately $3.5 million in product sales from Keytroller. Logistics visibility product revenue decreased by approximately $1.0 million to $6.0 million in 2017 from $7.1 million in 2016. The decrease in logistics visibility product revenue resulted principally from decreased spare parts sales.

Revenues from services increased by approximately $2.0 million, or 12.6%, to $17.4 million in 2017 from $15.5 million in 2016. Industrial truck management increased by approximately $0.7 million to $6.2 million in 2017 from $5.5 million in 2016and connected vehicles service revenue increased by approximately $1.8 million to $2.9 million in 2017 from $1.1 million in 2016, principally due to increased service revenue pursuant to a statement of work (“SOW#4”) we entered into with Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC (“ABCR”) in March 2017. Logistics visibility service revenue decreased by approximately $0.5 million to $8.3 million in 2017 from $8.8 million in 2016 principally due to a decrease in revenue per active units.

The following table sets forth our cost of revenues by product line for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2017
Cost of products:
Industrial truck management	$	8,541,000	$	8,576,000
Logistics visibility		5,495,000		4,831,000
Connected vehicles				46,000
		14,036,000		13,453,000
Cost of services:
Industrial truck management		1,778,000		1,962,000
Logistics visibility		2,542,000		2,350,000
Connected vehicles		172,000		2,266,000
		4,492,000		6,578,000
	$	18,528,000	$	20,031,000

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COST OF REVENUES. Cost of revenues increased by approximately $1.5 million, or 8.1%, to $20.0 million in 2017 from $18.5 million for the same period in 2016. Gross profit was $20.9 million in 2017 compared to $18.3 million for the same period in 2016. As a percentage of revenues, gross profit increased to 51.1% in 2017 from 49.7% in 2016.

Cost of products decreased by approximately $0.6 million, or 4.2%, to $13.5 million in 2017 from $14.0 million in the same period in 2016. Gross profit for products was $10.1 million in 2017 compared to $7.3 million in 2016. The increase in gross profit was attributable to an increase of approximately $3.1 million in the industrial truck management gross profit to $8.9 million in 2017 from $5.8 million in 2016. The logistics visibility gross profit decreased approximately $0.4 million to $1.2 million in 2017 from $1.6 in 2016. As a percentage of product revenues, gross profit increased to 42.9% in 2017 from 34.3% in 2016. The increase in gross profit as a percentage of product revenue was due to an increase in the industrial truck management gross profit percentage to 50.9% in 2017 from 40.3% in 2016, which was principally due to improved customer pricing. The logistics visibility product revenue gross profit percentage decreased to 19.9% in 2017 from 22.2% in 2016 principally due to an increase in warranty expense.

Cost of services increased by approximately $2.1 million, or 46.4%, to $6.6 million in 2017 from $4.5 million in 2016. Gross profit for services was $10.8 million in 2017 compared to $11.0 million in 2016. The decrease in gross profit was attributable to a decrease in the logistics visibility gross profit of approximately $0.3 million to $5.9 million in 2017 from $6.2 million in 2016 and a decrease in the connected vehicles gross profit of approximately $0.3 million to $0.7 million in 2017 from $1.0 million in 2016, partially offset by increase of approximately $0.5 million in the industrial truck management gross profit to $4.3 million in 2017 from $3.8 million in 2016. As a percentage of service revenues, gross profit decreased to 62.2% in 2017 from 70.9% in 2016. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of service revenue was principally due to a decrease in the connected vehicles management gross profit percentage to 22.7% in 2017 from 84.9% in 2016 principally due to a lower gross margin on the development project portion of the SOW#4 we entered into with Avis. The logistics visibility gross profit percentage of 71.5% in 2017 remained generally consistent with the gross profit percentage of 71.0% in 2016.The industrial truck management gross profit percentage of 68.5% in 2017 remained generally consistent with the gross profit percentage of 67.9% in 2016.

SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES. SG&A expenses increased by approximately $1.1 million, or 5.4% to $20.5 million in 2017 compared to $19.4 million in the same period in 2016. The increase was principally due to approximately $1.0 million in in SG&A expenses from Keytroller, $0.7 million increase in stock-based compensation and $0.4 in acquisition related fees, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in severance costs and $0.8 million decrease in foreign currency transaction losses. As a percentage of revenues, SG&A expenses decreased to 50.0% in 2017 from 52.8% in the same period in 2016, primarily due to the increase in revenues from 2016 to 2017.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES. Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $0.7 million, or 13.3%, to $4.5 million in 2017 compared to $5.2 million in the same period in 2016 principally due to a reallocation of internal product development resources to cost of services for the Avis SOW#4 project. As a percentage of revenues, research and development expenses decreased to 11.1% in 2017 from 14.2% in the same period in 2016, primarily due to the decrease in expenses noted above and the increase in revenue from 2016 to 2017.

INTEREST INCOME. Interest income decreased by $32,000, or 11.2%, to $253,000 in 2017 from $285,000 in the same period in 2016 principally due to a decrease in interest income from financing receivables.

INTEREST EXPENSE. Interest expense increased by $49,000, or 16.7%, to $342,000 in 2017 from $293,000 in the same period in 2016, principally due to accretion of the contingent consideration.

INCOME TAX BENEFIT. Income tax benefit increased to $311,000 in 2017 from $-0- in 2016 due to the reversal of the valuation allowance in 2017 on the New Jersey R&D tax credits deferred tax asset sold during 2017.

NET LOSS. Net loss was $3.9 million, or $(0.26) per basic and diluted share, for 2017 as compared to net loss of $6.4 million, or $(0.49) per basic and diluted share, for the same period in 2016. The decrease in the net loss was due primarily to the reasons described above.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, our capital requirements have been funded primarily from the net proceeds from the issuance of our securities, including any issuances of our common stock upon the exercise of options. As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and marketable securities of $15.0 million and working capital of $15.8 million, compared to cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $16.9 million and working capital of $10.1 million as of December 31, 2017.

On May 12, 2017, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on May 18, 2017. Pursuant to the shelf registration statement, we may offer to the public from time to time, in one or more offerings, up to $60.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities, and units, or any combination of the foregoing, at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of any such offering. The specific terms of any future offering will be determined at the time of the offering and described in a prospectus supplement that will be filed with the SEC in connection with such offering.

On July 17, 2017, we closed an underwritten public offering consisting of 2,608,695 shares of common stock at a price per share of $5.75. In addition, the underwriters of the public offering exercised in full their option to purchase an additional 391,304 shares of common stock. Including this option exercise, the aggregate gross proceeds from the offering of a total of 2,999,999 shares of common stock, before deducting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, were approximately $17.3 million. Net proceeds from the public offering were approximately $16.1 million. We used approximately $7.1 million of the net proceeds from the offering to fund the Keytroller Acquisition and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.

On March 13, 2019, we entered into the Investment Agreement, pursuant to which, upon consummation of the transactions described therein, Parent will issue and sell in a private placement shares of Parent’s newly created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $50 million. The net proceeds received from such sale will be used to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger.

Also, on March 13, 2019, we entered into a commitment letter with Bank Hapoalim B.M. providing for two five-year senior secured term loan facilities to Pointer Holdco in an aggregate principal amount of $30 million and a five-year revolving credit facility to Pointer in an aggregate principal amount of $10 million. The term loan facilities will be used to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger and the revolving credit facility will be used by Pointer for general working capital purposes, or, at Pointer’s discretion, to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger. The term loan facilities and the revolving credit facility are subject to customary closing conditions. No amounts will be borrowed under either the term loan facilities or the revolving credit facility prior to the closing of the pending Merger Transactions.

Capital Requirements

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and marketable securities of $15.0 million and working capital of $15.8 million. Our primary sources of cash are cash flows from operating activities and our holdings of cash, cash equivalents and investments from the sale of common stock. To date, we have not generated sufficient cash flow solely from operating activities to fund our operations.

We believe our available working capital, anticipated level of future revenues and expected cash flows from operations will provide sufficient funds to cover capital requirements through at least March 31, 2020.

Our capital requirements depend on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the length of the sales cycle, the rate of increase or decrease in our existing business base, the success, timing, and amount of investment required to bring new products to market, revenue growth or decline and potential acquisitions. Failure to generate positive cash flow from operations will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

51

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $3.9 million for the same period in 2017. The net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflects a net loss of $5.8 million and includes non-cash charges of $2.2 million for stock-based compensation and $1.6 million for depreciation and amortization expense. Changes in working capital items included:

● an increase in accounts receivable of $0.6 million;

● a decrease in financing receivables of $0.6 million;

● an increase in deferred costs of $0.5 million; and

● an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $0.6 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $2.5 million for the same period in 2016. The net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflects a net loss of $3.9 million and includes non-cash charges of $2.4 million for stock-based compensation and $1.1 million for depreciation and amortization expense. Changes in working capital items included:

● a decrease in accounts receivable of $1.6 million;

● a decrease in financing receivables of $1.3 million;

● a decrease in deferred costs of $1.8 million; and

● a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1.1 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $17.7 million for the same period in 2017. The change from the same period in 2017 was primarily due to approximately $7.4 million used for the Keytroller Acquisition in 2017 and net proceeds from the sale of investment of approximately $6.8 million in 2018 versus net investment purchases of approximately $10.0 million in 2017.

Net cash used in investing activities was $17.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $0.5 million for the same period in 2016. The change from the same period in 2016 was primarily due to approximately $7.4 million used for the Keytroller Acquisition and net investment purchases of approximately $10.0 million in 2017.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $69,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $14.3 million for the same period in 2017. The change from the same period in 2017 was primarily due to net proceeds from a public offering of approximately $16.1 million in 2017 and net repayments of $3.0 million of the revolving credit facility in 2017.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $14.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $3.1 million for the same period in 2016. The change from the same period in 2016 was primarily due to net proceeds from a public offering of approximately $16.1 million, an increase in proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $1.2 million, partially offset by net repayments of $3.0 million of the revolving credit facility.

52

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018:

	Payment due by Period
			Less than						After 5
	Total		one year		1 to 3 years		3 to 5 years		Years
Operating leases	$	3,655,000	$	1,103,000	$	1,753,000	$	799,000	$	-

Purchase orders or contracts for the purchase of raw materials and other goods and services are not included in the table above. We are not able to determine the aggregate amount of such purchase orders that represent contractual obligations, as purchase orders may represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. Although we have entered into contracts for services, the obligations under these contracts were not significant and the contracts generally contain clauses allowing for cancellation without significant penalty.

The expected timing or payment of obligations discussed above is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different depending on changes to agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.

Inflation

We believe our operations have not been and, in the foreseeable future, will not be, materially and adversely affected by inflation or changing prices.

Business Acquisitions

In addition to focusing on our core applications, we adapt our systems to meet our customers’ broader asset management needs and seek opportunities to expand our solution offerings through strategic acquisitions. For example, in 2009 we acquired Didbox Ltd., a privately held, United Kingdom-based manufacturer and marketer of vehicle operator identification systems, which provides us with a wider range of industrial vehicle management solutions and expands our base of operations in Europe.

In 2010, we entered into a purchase agreement with General Electric Capital Corporation and GE Asset Intelligence, LLC (“GEAI”), pursuant to which we acquired GEAI’s telematics business through the purchase of Asset Intelligence, LLC (“AI”). AI combines web-based software technologies with satellite and cellular communications to deliver data-driven telematics solutions for supply chain asset management. These solutions help secure and optimize the performance of trailers, railcars, containers, and the freight they carry, enabling shippers and carriers to maximize security and efficiency throughout their supply chains.

On July 31, 2017, we completed the Keytroller Acquisition. The business we acquired in the Keytroller Acquisition develops and markets electronic products for managing forklifts and construction vehicles. The Keytroller Acquisition gives us a full suite of industrial fleet management product offerings capable of covering any sized fleet and budget and provides our industrial truck business more scale, both from a product and revenue standpoint and markets its line of forklift management devices mainly through a network of lift truck dealers, offering solutions for different fleet sizes at a wide range of price points.

On January 30, 2019, we completed the CarrierWeb Acquisition. The assets we acquired in the CarrierWeb Acquisition will be integrated into our logistics visibility solutions and products. The CarrierWeb Acquisition allows us to offer a full complement of highly-integrated logistics technology solutions to its current customers and prospects and immediately adds more than 70 customers and 9,000 subscriber units.

On March 13, 2019, we entered into the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement. If the pending Merger Transactions contemplated by such agreements are consummated, we and Pointer will each become wholly-owned subsidiaries of a new holding company. For further discussion on the Merger Transactions and related transactions, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 21 - Subsequent Events.”

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

53

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the SEC issued a final rule that amends certain of the SEC’s disclosure requirements, including requirements relating to disclosures about changes in stockholders’ equity. For Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, the final rule extends to interim periods the annual requirement in Rule 3-04 of Regulation S-X, to disclose (1) changes in stockholders’ equity and (2) the amount of dividends per share for each class of shares (as opposed to common stock only, as previously required). Pursuant to the final rule, registrants must now analyze changes in stockholders’ equity, in the form of a reconciliation, for “the current and comparative year-to-date [interim] periods, with subtotals for each interim period,” i.e., a reconciliation covering each period for which an income statement is presented. Rule 3-04 of Regulation S-X permits the disclosure of changes in stockholders’ equity (including dividend-per-share amounts) to be made either in a separate financial statement or in the notes to the financial statements. The final rule is effective for all filings made on or after November 5, 2018. SEC staff has indicated it would not object if a registrant’s first presentation of the changes in shareholders’ equity is included in its Form 10-Q for the quarter that begins after the effective date of the amendments. Therefore, the Company expects to conform to this rule in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending March 31, 2019. Inasmuch as the Company has not paid dividends, the Company believes that the final rule will not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-15, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Topic 350): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract”, which align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). ASU 2018-15 is effective for the Company beginning in the first fiscal quarter of 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Accounting”. This guidance aligns the accounting for share-based payment transactions with non-employees to accounting for share-based payment transactions with employees. Companies are required to record a cumulative-effect adjustment (net of tax) to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of the adoption. Upon transition, non-employee awards are required to be measured at fair value as of the adoption date. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)”. The objective of the ASU is to allow a reclassification from accumulated comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. This ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting”. The FASB issued the update to provide clarity and reduce the cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718. The amendments in this update provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This ASU was effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The updated guidance requires a prospective adoption. The guidance is effective beginning fiscal year 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires the inclusion of restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This ASU was effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.

54

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” which provides clarification on how companies present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This ASU was effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which amends the guidance on measuring credit losses on financial assets held at amortized cost. The amendment is intended to address the issue that the previous “incurred loss” methodology was restrictive for an entity’s ability to record credit losses based on not yet meeting the “probable” threshold. The new language will require these assets to be valued at amortized cost presented at the net amount expected to be collected with a valuation provision. This update standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), in order to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee should recognize a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 (including interim periods within those periods) using a modified retrospective approach and early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. An entity may choose to use either (1) its effective date or (2) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements as its date of initial application. If an entity chooses the second option, the transition requirements for existing leases also apply to leases entered into between the date of initial application and the effective date. The entity must also recast its comparative period financial statements and provide the disclosures required by the new standard for the comparative periods. The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2019 and use the effective date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company expects to elect the “package of expedients”, which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard the Company’s prior conclusions about lease identification and initial direct costs. The Company does not expect to elect the use-of hindsight or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements, the latter not being applicable to the Company. The new standard also provides practical expedients for the Company’s ongoing accounting. The Company currently expects to elect the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those leases that qualify, the Company will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities, and this includes not recognizing ROU assets or lease liabilities for existing short-term leases of those assets in transition. The Company also expects to elect the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all of its leases other than leases of real estate. The Company expects the most significant change will be related to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet for real estate operating leases. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s outstanding leases and expects that as a result of the adoption of this guidance that it will record right-of-use assets and lease liabilities totaling approximately $2.8 million to $3.2 million primarily related to its real estate operating leases. The Company also expects that the adoption of this guidance will result in additional lease-related disclosures in the footnotes to its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 (Topic 606) “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605 “Revenue Recognition” and requires entities to recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 and all related amendments (“new revenue standard”) to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. There was no adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings due to the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard determined to be immaterial.

55

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are subject to market risks in the form of changes in corporate income tax rates, which risks are currently immaterial to us.

The Company has international operations, giving rise to exposure to market risks from changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company faces both translation and transaction risks related to foreign currency exchange. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations in the Euro and British Pound Sterling against the United States Dollar (“USD”). Our statement of operations and balance sheet accounts are also impacted by the re-measurement of non-functional currency transactions such as USD denominated intercompany loans, cash accounts held by our overseas subsidiaries, accounts receivable denominated in foreign currencies, and accounts payable denominated in foreign currencies. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve and economic conditions change. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could have an adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows.

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 revenues denominated in foreign currencies were approximately 5.8%, 4.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Cumulative foreign currency translation gains (losses) of 408,000, $(473,000) and $77,000 related to the Company’s German and United Kingdom subsidiaries is included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the stockholders’ equity section of the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The aggregate foreign currency transaction exchange rate losses included in loss before income taxes were $(437,000), $456,000 and $(214,000) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

We also are subject to market risk from changes in interest rates which could affect our future results of operations and financial condition. We manage our exposure to these risks through our regular operating and financing activities. We also are subject to market risks from changes in equity prices of equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio, which risks currently are immaterial to us. As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and investments of $15.0 million.

As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents approximated fair value. Changes in interest rates affect the interest earned on the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and the fair value of those securities, We maintain our cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions; however, our cash and cash equivalent balances with these institutions exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. While we monitor on a systematic basis the cash and cash equivalent balances in our operating accounts and adjust the balances as appropriate, these balances could be impacted if one or more of the financial institutions with which we deposit our cash and cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets. To date, we have experienced no loss of principal or lack of access to our invested cash or cash equivalents; however, we can provide no assurance that access to our invested cash and cash equivalents will not be affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail or the financial and credit markets deteriorate.

56

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	58
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2018	59
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	61
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	63
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	64

57

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of

I.D. Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of I.D. Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedule identified in Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ EisnerAmper LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1999.

EISNERAMPER LLP

Iselin, New Jersey

April 1, 2019

58

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	As of December 31,
	2017			2018
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,097,000		$	10,159,000
Restricted cash		306,000			307,000
Investments - short term		1,201,000			394,000
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $87,000 and $67,000 in 2017 and 2018, respectively		8,746,000			9,247,000
Financing receivables - current, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $-0- in 2017 and 2018		1,295,000			1,036,000
Inventory, net		4,586,000			4,649,000
Deferred costs - current		4,296,000			3,660,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,627,000			3,208,000
Total current assets		29,154,000			32,660,000
Investments - long term		10,278,000			4,131,000
Financing receivables - less current portion		1,557,000			1,254,000
Deferred costs - less current portion		4,302,000			5,409,000
Fixed assets, net		2,747,000			2,149,000
Goodwill		7,318,000			7,318,000
Intangible assets, net		5,417,000			4,705,000
Other assets		159,000			177,000
	$	60,932,000		$	57,803,000
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	7,440,000		$	8,027,000
Deferred revenue - current		9,711,000			7,902,000
Acquisition related contingent consideration and payable - current		1,923,000			946,000
Total current liabilities		19,074,000			16,875,000
Deferred revenue - less current portion		7,738,000			9,186,000
Acquisition related contingent consideration - less current portion		854,000			-
Deferred rent		295,000			208,000
		27,961,000			26,269,000
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 20)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock; authorized 5,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; none issued		-			-
Common stock; authorized 50,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; 18,327,000 and 19,178,000 shares issued at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively; shares outstanding, 17,440,000 and 18,166,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively		183,000			192,000
Additional paid-in capital		133,569,000			138,693,000
Accumulated deficit		(95,368,000	)		(101,180,000	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(578,000	)		(435,000	)
Treasury stock; 887,000 and 1,012,000 common shares at cost at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively		(4,835,000	)		(5,736,000	)
Total stockholders’ equity		32,971,000			31,534,000
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	60,932,000		$	57,803,000

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

59

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Revenues:
Products	$	21,366,000		$	23,552,000		$	36,897,000
Services		15,456,000			17,406,000			16,167,000
		36,822,000			40,958,000			53,064,000
Cost of Revenues:
Cost of products		14,036,000			13,453,000			22,638,000
Cost of services		4,492,000			6,578,000			4,628,000
		18,528,000			20,031,000			27,266,000
Gross Profit		18,294,000			20,927,000			25,798,000
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		19,427,000			20,480,000			24,671,000
Research and development expenses		5,235,000			4,538,000			6,863,000
		24,662,000			25,018,000			31,534,000
Loss from operations		(6,368,000	)		(4,091,000	)		(5,736,000	)
Interest income		285,000			253,000			262,000
Interest expense		(293,000	)		(342,000	)		(173,000	)
Other (expense) income, net		6,000			(1,000	)		(165,000	)
Net loss before income taxes		(6,370,000	)		(4,181,000	)		(5,812,000	)
Income tax benefit - sale of NJ R&D tax credits		-			311,000			-
Net loss	$	(6,370,000	)	$	(3,870,000	)	$	(5,812,000	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.49	)	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.34	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		12,984,000			14,961,000			17,233,000

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

60

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Net loss	$	(6,370,000	)	$	(3,870,000	)	$	(5,812,000	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net:
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments, net		(5,000	)		(103,000	)		(98,000	)
Reclassification of net realized investment (gains) losses included in net loss		(6,000	)		1,000			164,000
Foreign currency translation adjustment		408,000			(373,000	)		77,000
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net		397,000			(475,000	)		143,000
Comprehensive loss	$	(5,973,000	)	$	(4,345,000	)	$	(5,669,000	)

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

61

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

													Accumulated
	Common Stock						Additional						Other
	Number of						Paid-in			Accumulated			Comprehensive			Treasury			Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount			Capital			Deficit			(Loss) Income			Stock			Equity
Balance at January 1, 2016		14,211,000		$	129,000		$	110,116,000		$	(85,128,000	)	$	(500,000	)	$	(4,047,000	)	$	20,570,000
Net loss		-			-			-			(6,370,000	)		-			-			(6,370,000	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-			-			-			-			408,000			-			408,000
Unrealized loss on investments, net of realized amounts		-			-			-			-			(11,000	)		-			(11,000	)
Shares issued pursuant to exercise of stock options		20,000			-			70,000			-			-			-			70,000
Issuance of restricted stock		566,000			-			-			-			-			-			-
Forfeiture of restricted shares		(219,000	)		-			-			-			-			-			-
Shares withheld pursuant to exercise of stock options		-			-			-			-			-			(323,000	)		(323,000	)
Stock based compensation - restricted stock		-			-			908,000			-			-			-			908,000
Stock based compensation - options and performance shares		-			-			750,000			-			-			-			750,000
Balance at December 31, 2016		14,578,000		$	129,000		$	111,844,000		$	(91,498,000	)	$	(103,000	)	$	(4,370,000	)	$	16,002,000
Net loss		-			-			-			(3,870,000	)		-			-			(3,870,000	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-			-			-			-			(373,000	)		-			(373,000	)
Unrealized loss on investments, net of realized amounts		-			-			-			-			(102,000	)		-			(102,000	)
Shares issued pursuant to exercise of stock options		271,000			3,000			1,274,000			-			-			-			1,277,000
Shares issued pursuant to an underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs of $1,200,000		3,000,000			30,000			16,035,000												16,065,000
Shares issued pursuant to Keytroller acquisition		296,000			3,000			1,997,000												2,000,000
Issuance of restricted stock		240,000			19,000			(19,000	)		-			-			-			-
Forfeiture of restricted shares		(58,000	)		(1,000	)		1,000			-			-			-			-
Shares withheld pursuant to exercise of stock options		-			-			-			-			-			(465,000	)		(465,000	)
Stock based compensation - restricted stock		-			-			1,682,000			-			-			-			1,682,000
Stock based compensation - options and performance shares		-			-			755,000			-			-			-			755,000
Balance at December 31, 2017		18,327,000		$	183,000		$	133,569,000		$	(95,368,000	)	$	(578,000	)	$	(4,835,000	)	$	32,971,000
Net loss		-			-			-			(5,812,000	)		-			-			(5,812,000	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-			-			-			-			77,000			-			-77,000
Reclassification of realized losses on investments, net of unrealized amounts		-			-			-			-			66,000			-			66,000
Shares issued relating to acquisition contingent consideration		296,000			3,000			1,997,000			-			-			-			2,000,000
Issuance of restricted stock		434,000			4,000			(4,000	)		-			-			-			-
Forfeiture of restricted shares		(48,000	)		-			-			-			-			-			-
Shares issued pursuant to exercise of stock options		169,000			2,000			968,000												970,000
Shares repurchased pursuant to vesting of restricted stock		-						-			-			-			(652,000	)		(652,000	)
Shares withheld pursuant to exercise of stock options		-			-			-			-			-			(249,000	)		(249,000	)
Stock based compensation - restricted stock		-			-			1,803,000			-			-			-			1,803,000
Stock based compensation - options and performance shares		-			-			360,000			-			-			-			360,000
Balance at December 31, 2018		19,178,000		$	192,000		$	138,693,000		$	(101,180,000	)	$	(435,000	)	$	(5,736,000	)	$	31,534,000

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

62

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Cash flows from operating activities (net of net assets acquired):
Net loss	$	(6,370,000	)	$	(3,870,000	)	$	(5,812,000	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Inventory reserve		205,000			313,000			321,000
Stock based compensation expense		1,658,000			2,437,000			2,163,000
Depreciation and amortization		685,000			1,132,000			1,561,000
Bad debt expense		117,000			115,000			31,000
Change in contingent consideration		-			94,000			169,000
Other non-cash items		2,000			(69,000	)		85,000
Changes in:
Accounts receivable		1,174,000			1,597,000			(554,000	)
Financing receivables		832,000			1,344,000			562,000
Inventory		3,027,000			87,000			(384,000	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(1,120,000	)		(138,000	)		401,000
Deferred costs		(3,758,000	)		1,790,000			(471,000	)
Deferred revenue		2,939,000			186,000			(361,000	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(1,874,000	)		(1,099,000	)		587,000
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(2,483,000	)		3,919,000			(1,702,000	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition		-			(7,373,000	)		-
Capital expenditures		(505,000	)		(386,000	)		(251,000	)
Purchases of investments		(956,000	)		(11,083,000	)		(3,235,000	)
Proceeds from the sale and maturities of investments		932,000			1,113,000			10,082,000
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(529,000	)		(17,729,000	)		6,596,000
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from underwritten public offering					16,065,000			-
Borrowings under revolving credit facility		14,650,000			11,655,000			-
Repayments under revolving credit facility		(11,657,000	)		(14,648,000	)		-
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		70,000			1,277,000			721,000
Common stock repurchased		-			-			(652,000	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		3,063,000			14,349,000			69,000
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		433,000			(413,000	)		100,000
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		484,000			126,000			5,063,000
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period		4,793,000			5,277,000			5,403,000
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period	$	5,277,000		$	5,403,000		$	10,466,000
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,489,000		$	4,972,000		$	5,097,000
Restricted cash		304,000			305,000			306,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period	$	4,793,000		$	5,277,000		$	5,403,000
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,972,000		$	5,097,000		$	10,159,000
Restricted cash		305,000			306,000			307,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	5,277,000		$	5,403,000		$	10,466,000
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for:
Taxes		-			-			-
Interest	$	175,000		$	130,000			-
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments	$	(11,000	)	$	(102,000	)	$	66,000
Shares withheld pursuant to stock issuance	$	323,000		$	465,000		$	249,000
Value of shares issued relating to acquisition contingent consideration							$	2,000,000
Value of shares issued pursuant to acquisition				$	2,000,000			-
Contingent consideration relating to acquisition				$	2,683,000			-

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

63

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2017 and 2018

NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND LIQUIDITY

I.D. Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) develop, market and sell wireless machine-to-machine solutions for managing and securing high-value enterprise assets. These assets include industrial vehicles such as forklifts and airport ground support equipment, rental vehicles and transportation assets, such as dry van trailers, refrigerated trailers, railcars and containers. The Company’s patented wireless asset management systems utilize radio frequency identification (RFID), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, satellite or cellular communications, and sensor technology and software to address the needs of organizations to control, track, monitor and analyze their assets. Our cloud-based analytics software application for both industrial trucks and logistics assets is designed to provide a single, integrated view of asset activity across multiple locations, generating enterprise-wide benchmarks and peer-industry comparisons to provide an even deeper layer of insights into asset operations. Analytics determines key performance indicators relating to the performance of managed assets. The Company’s solutions enable customers to achieve tangible economic benefits by making timely, informed decisions that increase the safety, security, revenue, productivity and efficiency of their operations. The Company outsources its hardware manufacturing operations to contract manufacturers.

I.D. Systems, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in 1993 and commenced operations in January 1994.

Liquidity

On July 17, 2017, the Company closed an underwritten public offering consisting of 2,608,695 shares of common stock at a price per share of $5.75. In addition, the underwriters of the public offering exercised in full their option to purchase an additional 391,304 shares of common stock. Including this option exercise, the aggregate gross proceeds from the offering of a total of 2,999,999 shares of common stock, before deducting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, were approximately $17.3 million. Net proceeds from the public offering were approximately $16.1 million. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering to fund the Keytroller Acquisition (as defined below) and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash (including restricted cash), cash equivalents and marketable securities of $15.0 million and working capital of $15.8 million. The Company’s primary sources of cash are cash flows from operating activities and the Company’s holdings of cash, cash equivalents and investments from the sale of common stock. To date, the Company has not generated sufficient cash flows solely from operating activities to fund its operations.

We believe our available working capital, anticipated level of future revenues and expected cash flows from operations will provide sufficient funds to cover capital requirements through at least March 31, 2020.

Keytroller Acquisition

On July 31, 2017, we, together with our wholly-owned subsidiary Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Keytroller”), acquired substantially all of the assets of Keytroller, LLC, a Florida limited liability company (the “Keytroller Acquisition”). The business we acquired in the Keytroller Acquisition develops and markets electronic products for managing forklifts and construction vehicles. The Keytroller Acquisition gives us a full suite of industrial fleet management product offerings capable of covering any sized fleet and budget and provides our industrial truck business more scale, both from a product and revenue standpoint and markets its line of forklift management devices mainly through a network of lift truck dealers, offering solutions for different fleet sizes at a wide range of price points.

NOTE 2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

[A]	Principles of consolidation:
		The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of I.D. Systems, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Asset Intelligence, LLC (“AI”), I.D. Systems GmbH (“IDS GmbH”), I.D. Systems (UK) Ltd (formerly Didbox Ltd.) (“IDS Ltd”) and Keytroller (which, as noted above, are collectively referred to herein as the “Company”). All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
[B]	Use of estimates:
		The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company continually evaluates estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements for reasonableness. The most significant estimates relate to stock-based compensation arrangements, measurements of fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and acquisition-related contingent consideration, realization of deferred tax assets, the impairment of tangible and intangible assets, inventory reserves, allowance for doubtful accounts, warranty reserves and deferred revenue and costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
[C]	Cash and cash equivalents:
		The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents unless they are legally or contractually restricted. The Company’s cash and cash equivalent balances generally exceed FDIC limits.

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		Restricted cash at December 31, 2017 and 2018 consists of cash held in escrow for purchases from a vendor.
[D]	Investments:
		The Company’s investments include debt securities, U.S. Treasury Notes, government and state agency bonds, corporate bonds and commercial paper, which are classified as either available for sale, held to maturity or trading, depending on management’s investment intentions relating to these securities. All of the Company’s investments are currently classified as available for sale. Available for sale securities are measured at fair value based on quoted market values of the securities, with the unrealized gain and (losses) reported as comprehensive income or (loss). The Company has classified as short-term those securities that mature within one year and all other securities are classified as long-term. Realized gains and losses from the sale of available for sale securities are determined on a specific-identification basis. Net realized gains and losses from the sale of investment securities available for sale are included in “other income” in the consolidated statement of operations. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned.
[E]	Accounts receivable:
		Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Amounts collected on trade accounts receivable are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company maintains reserves against its accounts receivable for potential losses. Allowances for uncollectible accounts are estimated based on the Company’s periodic review of accounts receivable balances. In establishing the required allowance, management considers our customers’ financial condition, the amount of receivables in dispute, and the current receivables aging and current payment patterns. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Accounts receivable are net of an allowance for doubtful accounts in the amount of $87,000 and $67,000 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers.
[F]	Financing receivables:
		Financing receivables consists of sales-type lease receivables from the sale of the Company’s products and services. These arrangements meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases. Accordingly, an asset is established for the “sales-type lease receivable” at the present value of the future minimum lease payments. Amounts collected on sales-type leases are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Interest income is recognized monthly over the lease term using the effective-interest method.
		The allowance for uncollectable minimum lease payments represents the Company’s best estimate of the amount of credit losses in the Company’s existing notes and sales-type lease receivable. The allowance is determined on an individual lease basis if it is probable that the Company will not collect all principal and interest contractually due. The Company considers our customers’ financial condition and historical payment patterns in determining the customers’ probability of default. The impairment is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the note’s effective interest rate. There were no impairment losses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The Company does not accrue interest when a lease is considered impaired. When the ultimate collectability of the principal balance of the impaired lease is in doubt, all cash receipts on impaired lease are applied to reduce the principal amount of such lease until the principal has been recovered and are recognized as interest income thereafter. Impairment losses are charged against the allowance and increases in the allowance are charged to bad debt expense. Leases are written off against the allowance when all possible means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company resumes accrual of interest when it is probable that the Company will collect the remaining principal and interest of an impaired lease. Leases become past due based on how recently payments have been received.

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[G]	Revenue recognition:
		The Company’s revenue is derived from: (i) sales of our wireless asset management systems and spare parts; (ii) remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements; (iii) services, which includes training and technical support; and (iv) periodically, leasing arrangements. Amounts invoiced to customers which are not recognized as revenue are classified as deferred revenue and classified as short-term or long-term based upon the terms of future services to be delivered.
		Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our wireless asset management systems, spare parts, or services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The expected costs associated with our base warranties continue to be recognized as expense when the products are sold (see Note 13). We recognize revenue for remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements beyond our standard warranties over the life of the contract.
		Our industrial truck and connected vehicle wireless asset management systems consist of on-asset hardware, communication infrastructure, SaaS, and hosting infrastructure. The Company’s system is typically implemented by the customer or a third party and, as a result, revenue related to the on-asset hardware is recognized when control of the hardware is transferred to the customer, which usually is upon delivery of the system and contractual obligations have been satisfied. Revenue related to the SaaS and hosting infrastructure performance obligation is recognized over time as access to the SaaS and hosting infrastructure is provided to the customer. In some instances, we are also responsible for providing installation services, training and technical support services which are short-term in nature and revenue for these services are recognized at the time of performance or right to invoice.
		Our logistics visibility solutions systems (formerly “transportation asset management”) consist of on-asset hardware, communications and SaaS services. The logistics visibility solutions system does not have stand-alone value to the customer separate from the SaaS services provided and, therefore, we consider both hardware and SaaS services a bundled performance obligation. Under the applicable accounting guidance, all of the Company’s billings for equipment and the related cost are deferred, recorded, and classified as a current and long-term liability and a current and long-term asset, respectively. Deferred revenue and cost are recognized over the service contract life, ranging from one to five years, beginning at the time that a customer acknowledges acceptance of the equipment and service. The customer service contracts typically range from one to five years. Spare parts sales are reflected in product revenues and recognized on the date of customer receipt of the part. In addition, the service revenue for our logistics visibility monitoring equipment relates to charges for monthly messaging usage and value-added features charges. The usage fee is a monthly fixed charge based on the expected utilization according to the rate plan chosen by the customer. Service revenue generally commences upon equipment installation and customer acceptance and is recognized over the period such services are provided.
		The Company also enters into remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements for its wireless asset management systems. Revenue is recognized ratably over the service periods and the cost of providing these services is expensed as incurred. Deferred revenue also includes prepayment of extended maintenance, hosting and support contracts.
		The Company also derives revenue under leasing arrangements. Such arrangements provide for monthly payments covering the system sale, maintenance, support and interest. These arrangements meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases. Accordingly, an asset is established for the “sales-type lease receivable” at the present value of the expected lease payments and revenue is deferred and recognized over the service contract, as described above. Maintenance revenues and interest income are recognized monthly over the lease term.
		Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on observable prices charged to customers or adjusted market assessment or using expected cost-plus margin when one is available. Adjusted market assessment price is determined based on overall pricing objectives taking into consideration market conditions and entity specific factors.
		The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining the contract arising from the sales commissions to employees because the Company expects to recover those costs through future fees from the customers. The Company amortizes the asset over three to five years because the asset relates to the services transferred to the customer during the contract term of three to five years.
		Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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[H]	Deferred costs:
		Deferred product costs consist of logistics visibility solutions equipment costs deferred in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. The Company will continue to evaluate the realizability of the carrying amount of the deferred contract costs on a quarterly basis. To the extent the carrying value of the deferred contract costs exceed the contract revenue, an impairment loss will be recognized.
[I]	Inventory:
		Inventory, which primarily consists of finished goods and components used in the Company’s products, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in first-out (FIFO) method.
		Inventory valuation reserves are established in order to report inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value in the consolidated balance sheet. The determination of inventory valuation reserves requires management to make estimates and judgments on the future salability of inventories. Valuation reserves for obsolete and slow-moving inventory are estimated based on assumptions of future sales forecasts, product life cycle expectations, the impact of new product introductions, production requirements, and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance or engineering/material changes and by comparing the inventory levels to historical usage rates.
[J]	Fixed assets and depreciation:
		Fixed assets are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases, or their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter. For website development costs, the Company capitalizes costs incurred during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, generally three years.
[K]	Long-lived assets:
		Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets and would be charged to earnings. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.
[L]	Business Combinations:
		Goodwill represents costs in excess of fair values assigned to the underlying net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized. Intangible assets other than goodwill are amortized over their useful lives unless the lives are determined to be indefinite. Intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets consist of trademarks and trade name, patents, customer relationships and other intangible assets. The Company tests goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or when a triggering event occurs between annual impairment tests, to determine if impairment exists and if the use of indefinite lives is currently applicable. For purposes of the goodwill impairment test, the Company’s product lines are aggregated within one reporting unit. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Company has not incurred an impairment charge. The Company re-measures the fair value of the contingent consideration at each reporting period and any change in the fair value from either the passage of time or events occurring after the acquisition date, is recorded in earnings in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Actual results could differ from such estimates in future periods based on the re-measurement of the fair value.

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[M]	Product warranties:
		The Company typically provides a one-year warranty on its products. Estimated future warranty costs are accrued in the period that the related revenue is recognized. These estimates are derived from historical data and trends of product reliability and costs of repairing and replacing defective products.
[N]	Research and development:
		Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred and consists primarily of salaries and related expenses, supplies and contractor costs. Research and development costs were $5,235,000, $4,538,000 and $6,863,000 in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.
[O]	Patent costs:
		Costs incurred in connection with acquiring patent rights are charged to expense as incurred.
[P]	Benefit plan:
		The Company maintains a retirement plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, which covers all eligible employees. All employees with U.S. source income are eligible to participate in the plan immediately upon employment. The Company did not make any contributions to the plan during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.
[Q]	Rent expense:
		Expense related to the Company’s facilities leases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms. The difference between rent expense incurred and the amounts required to be paid in accordance with the lease term is recorded as deferred rent and is amortized over the lease term.
[R]	Stock-based compensation:
		The Company accounts for stock-based employee compensation for all share-based payments, including grants of stock options and restricted stock, as an operating expense based on their fair values on grant date. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $1,658,000, $2,437,000 and $2,163,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.
		The Company estimates the fair value of share-based option awards on the grant date using an option pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of grant in order to estimate the amount of share-based awards that will ultimately vest. The estimate is based on the Company’s historical rates of forfeitures. Estimated forfeitures are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.
[S]	Income taxes:
		The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income taxes are measured by applying enacted statutory rates to net operating loss carryforwards and to the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
		The Company recognizes uncertainty in income taxes in the financial statements using a recognition threshold and measurement attribute of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company applies the “more-likely-than-not” recognition threshold to all tax positions, commencing at the adoption date of the applicable accounting guidance, which resulted in no unrecognized tax benefits as of such date. Additionally, there have been no unrecognized tax benefits subsequent to adoption. The Company has opted to classify interest and penalties that would accrue according to the provisions of relevant tax law as selling, general, and administrative expenses, in the consolidated statement of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, there was no such interest or penalty.
		The Company files federal income tax returns and separate income tax returns in various states. For federal and certain states, the 2015 through 2018 tax years remain open for examination by the tax authorities under the normal three-year statute of limitations. For certain other states, the 2014 through 2018 tax years remain open for examination by the tax authorities under a four-year statute of limitations.

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[T]	Fair value of financial instruments:
		Cash and cash equivalents and investments in securities are carried at fair value. The carrying value of financing receivables approximates fair value due to the interest rate implicit in the instruments approximating current market rates. The carrying value of accounts receivable, accounts payable and other liabilities approximates their fair values due to the short period to maturity of these instruments.
[U]	Advertising and marketing expense:
		Advertising and marketing costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising and marketing expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 amounted to $510,000, $538,000 and $996,000, respectively.
[V]	Commitments and contingencies:
		Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

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[W]	Recently issued accounting pronouncements:
		In August 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) issued a final rule that amends certain of the SEC’s disclosure requirements, including requirements relating to disclosures about changes in stockholders’ equity. For Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, the final rule extends to interim periods the annual requirement in Rule 3-04 of Regulation S-X, to disclose (1) changes in stockholders’ equity and (2) the amount of dividends per share for each class of shares (as opposed to common stock only, as previously required). Pursuant to the final rule, registrants must now analyze changes in stockholders’ equity, in the form of a reconciliation, for “the current and comparative year-to-date [interim] periods, with subtotals for each interim period,” i.e., a reconciliation covering each period for which an income statement is presented. Rule 3-04 of Regulation S-X permits the disclosure of changes in stockholders’ equity (including dividend-per-share amounts) to be made either in a separate financial statement or in the notes to the financial statements. The final rule is effective for all filings made on or after November 5, 2018. SEC staff has indicated it would not object if a registrant’s first presentation of the changes in shareholders’ equity is included in its Form 10-Q for the quarter that begins after the effective date of the amendments. Therefore, the Company expects to conform to this rule in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending March 31, 2019. Inasmuch as the Company has not paid dividends, the Company believes that the final rule will not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
		In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-15, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Topic 350): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract”, which align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). ASU 2018-15 is effective for the Company beginning in the first fiscal quarter of 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.
		In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Accounting”. This guidance aligns the accounting for share-based payment transactions with non-employees to accounting for share-based payment transactions with employees. Companies are required to record a cumulative-effect adjustment (net of tax) to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of the adoption. Upon transition, non-employee awards are required to be measured at fair value as of the adoption date. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
		In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)”. The objective of the ASU is to allow a reclassification from accumulated comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. This ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
		In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting”. The FASB issued the update to provide clarity and reduce the cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718. The amendments in this update provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This ASU was effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.
		In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The updated guidance requires a prospective adoption. The guidance is effective beginning fiscal year 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.

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		In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires the inclusion of restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This ASU was effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.
		In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” which provides clarification on how companies present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This ASU was effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.
		In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which amends the guidance on measuring credit losses on financial assets held at amortized cost. The amendment is intended to address the issue that the previous “incurred loss” methodology was restrictive for an entity’s ability to record credit losses based on not yet meeting the “probable” threshold. The new language will require these assets to be valued at amortized cost presented at the net amount expected to be collected with a valuation provision. This update standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.
		In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), in order to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee should recognize a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 (including interim periods within those periods) using a modified retrospective approach and early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. An entity may choose to use either (1) its effective date or (2) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements as its date of initial application. If an entity chooses the second option, the transition requirements for existing leases also apply to leases entered into between the date of initial application and the effective date. The entity must also recast its comparative period financial statements and provide the disclosures required by the new standard for the comparative periods. The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2019 and use the effective date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company expects to elect the “package of expedients”, which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard the Company’s prior conclusions about lease identification and initial direct costs. The Company does not expect to elect the use-of hindsight or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements, the latter not being applicable to the Company. The new standard also provides practical expedients for the Company’s ongoing accounting. The Company currently expects to elect the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those leases that qualify, the Company will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities, and this includes not recognizing ROU assets or lease liabilities for existing short-term leases of those assets in transition. The Company also expects to elect the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all of its leases other than leases of real estate. The Company expects the most significant change will be related to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet for real estate operating leases. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s outstanding leases and expects that as a result of the adoption of this guidance that it will record right-of-use assets and lease liabilities totaling approximately $2.8 million to $3.2 million primarily related to its real estate operating leases. The Company also expects that the adoption of this guidance will result in additional lease-related disclosures in the footnotes to its consolidated financial statements.
		In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 (Topic 606) “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605 “Revenue Recognition” (Topic 605) and requires entities to recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 and all related amendments (“new revenue standard”) to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The comparative information was not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. There was no adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings due to the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard determined to be immaterial.
[X]	Reclassifications:
		Certain amounts included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the prior years’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to research and development expenses to conform to the current period presentation for comparative purposes. In addition, the reconciliation of cash and restricted cash in the consolidated statement of cash flows has been included for the prior years.

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NOTE 3 - INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company’s investments include debt securities, U.S. Treasury Notes, government and state agency bonds, corporate bonds and commercial paper which are classified as either available for sale, held to maturity or trading, depending on management’s investment intentions relating to these securities. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, all of the Company’s investments are classified as available for sale. Available for sale securities are measured at fair value based on quoted market values of the securities, with the unrealized gain and (losses) reported as comprehensive income or (loss). For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Company reported unrealized losses, net of realized amounts, of $(5,000), $(103,000) and $(98,000), respectively, on available for sale securities in total comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses from the sale of available for sale securities are determined on a specific-identification basis. The Company has classified as short-term those securities that mature within one year. All other securities are classified as long-term.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of investment securities designated as available for sale, classified by the contractual maturity date of the security as of December 31, 2018:

	Fair Value
Due within one year	$	394,000
Due one year through three years		1,501,000
Due after three years		2,630,000
	$	4,525,000

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The cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value of available for sale securities by major security type at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

			Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
December 31, 2018	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
Investments - short term
U.S. Treasury Notes	$	302,000	$	1,000		-		$	303,000
Corporate bonds and commercial paper		91,000		-		-			91,000
Total investments - short term		393,000		1,000					394,000
Investments - long term
U.S. Treasury Notes		1,569,000		-		(2,000	)		1,567,000
Government agency bonds		1,548,000		-		(23,000	)		1,525,000
Corporate bonds		1,062,000		-		(23,000	)		1,039,000
Total investments - long term		4,179,000		-		(48,000	)		4,131,000
Total investments - available for sale	$	4,572,000	$	1,000	$	(48,000	)	$	4,525,000

			Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
December 31, 2017	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
Investments - short term
U.S. Treasury Notes	$	1,066,000		-		(1,000	)	$	1,065,000
Corporate bonds and commercial paper		136,000		-		-			136,000
Total investments - short term		1,202,000		-		(1,000	)		1,201,000
Investments - long term
U.S. Treasury Notes		3,367,000		-		(37,000	)		3,330,000
Government agency bonds		4,279,000		-		(40,000	)		4,239,000
Corporate bonds		2,744,000		-		(35,000	)		2,709,000
Total investments - long term		10,390,000		-		(112,000	)		10,278,000
Total investments - available for sale	$	11,592,000	$	-	$	(113,000	)	$	11,479,000

The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those levels:

● Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

● Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

● Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s estimates of market participant assumptions.

At December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company’s investments described above are classified as Level 1 for fair value measurement.

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NOTE 4 - REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company’s revenue is derived from: (i) sales of our wireless asset management systems and spare parts; (ii) remotely hosted SaaS agreements and post-contract maintenance and support agreements; (iii) services, which includes training and technical support; and (iv) periodically, leasing arrangements. Amounts invoiced to customers which are not recognized as revenue are classified as deferred revenue and classified as short-term or long-term based upon the terms of future services to be delivered.

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by revenue source for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Industrial truck management
Products	$	14,299,000	$	17,481,000	$	22,653,000
Services		5,543,000		6,224,000		7,348,000
		19,842,000		23,705,000		30,001,000

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Connected vehicles
Products	$	-	$	43,000	$	8,491,000
Services		1,142,000		2,930,000		1,086,000
		1,142,000		2,973,000		9,577,000

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Logistics visibility solutions
Products	$	7,067,000	$	6,028,000	$	5,753,000
Services		8,771,000		8,252,000		7,733,000
		15,838,000		14,280,000		13,486,000

The balances of contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

	December 31,
	2017		2018
Current assets:
Deferred sales commissions to employees	$	-	$	585,000
Deferred costs	$	8,598,000	$	9,069,000
Current liabilities:
Deferred revenue -other (1)	$	2,589,000	$	305,000
Deferred maintenance and SaaS revenue (1)		3,296,000		4,607,000
Deferred logistics visibility solutions product revenue (1)		11,564,000		12,176,000
		17,449,000		17,088,000
Less: Current portion		9,711,000		7,902,000
Deferred revenue - less current portion	$	7,738,000	$	9,186,000

(1) We record deferred revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company recognized revenue of 10,751,000 and $11,813,000, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period. The Company expects to recognize as revenue before year 2023, when it transfers those goods and services and, therefore, satisfies its performance obligation to the customers. We do not separately account for activation fees since no good or service is transferred to the customer. Therefore, the activation fee is included in the transaction price and allocated to the performance obligations in the contract and deferred/amortized over the life of the contract.

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Development projects with Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC

In April 2015, we entered into a development project with Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC (“ABCR”), a subsidiary of Avis Budget Group Inc. (“Avis”), that included certain contractual milestones. This development project was completed during 2016 and the Company recognized milestone revenue of $255,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 from the completion of milestones in accordance with the milestone method of revenue recognition. Milestone payments are recognized as revenue upon achievement of the milestone only if the following conditions are met: (i) there is substantive uncertainty at the date of entering into the arrangement that the milestone would be achieved; (ii) the milestone is commensurate with either the vendor’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item by the vendor; (iii) the milestone relates solely to past performance; and (iv) be reasonable in relation to the effort expended to achieve the milestone.

On March 18, 2017 (the “SOW#4 Effective Date”), the Company entered into a statement of work (the “SOW#4”) with ABCR for 50,000 units of the Company’s cellular-enabled rental fleet car management system (the “System”) and maintenance and support of the System (“Maintenance Services”) for sixty months from installation of the equipment for the consideration of approximately $21,270,000. ABCR has an option to purchase additional units and has the option to renew the Maintenance Services period for an additional twelve months upon its expiry, and then after such 12-month period, ABCR can purchase additional Maintenance Services on a month-to-month basis (during which ABCR can terminate the Maintenance Services) for up to forty-eight additional months.

The SOW#4 may be terminated by ABCR for cause (which is generally the Company’s material breach of its obligations under the SOW#4), for convenience (subject to a termination fee), upon a material adverse change to the Company, or for intellectual property infringement. The Company does not have the right to unilaterally terminate the SOW#4. In the event that ABCR terminates the SOW#4, then ABCR would be liable to the Company for the net present value of all future remaining charges under the SOW#4 at a negotiated discount rate per annum, with the payment due on the effective date of termination.

The SOW#4 provides for a period of exclusivity commencing on the SOW#4 Effective Date and ending fourteen months after the SOW#4 Effective Date, which may be extended in six-month increments by Avis under certain conditions. Exclusivity under the SOW#4 ended on May 18, 2018. Avis has the right to cancel or accept the System and pay a lower price if the System cannot retrieve the necessary vehicle data from twenty-five makes and models six months after the SOW#4 Effective Date.

The Company received an upfront payment of $3,290,000, consisting of a $2,000,000 initial payment for the units to be delivered, $902,000 for development of additional system enhancements and $388,000 for production readiness development. The upfront payment for the units is included in current deferred revenue at December 31, 2017. In September 2017, the Company and ABCR amended SOW#4 for out-of-scope system enhancements performed by the Company. The Company recognizes revenue on the development project, which was completed and approved in December 2017, on a proportional method performance basis, as determined by the relationship of actual labor and material costs incurred to date compared to the estimated total project costs. Estimates of total project costs are reviewed and revised during the term of the project. Revisions to project costs estimates, where applicable, are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to such changes become known. The Company recognized SOW#4 development project revenue of $2,470,000 and $-0- during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The Company recognized SOW#4 product revenue of $-0- and $8,491,000 during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

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The following is the amount of the transaction price that has not yet been recognized as revenue as of December 31, 2018, which is expected to be recognized by year 2023:

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Total
Revenue expected to be recognized December 31,	$	1,887,000	$	1,887,000	$	1,887,000	$	1,887,000	$	801,000	$	8,349,000

Part of the performance credit earnbacks and incentive payments (“performance bonus”) have been excluded from the disclosure table above because it was not included in the transaction price. That part of the performance bonus was excluded from the transaction price in accordance with the accounting guidance in Topic 606 on constraining estimates of variable consideration, including the following factors:

● The susceptibility of the consideration amount to factors outside the Company’s influence, including weather conditions and the risk of obsolescence of the promised goods and services.

● Whether the uncertainty about the consideration amount is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time.

● The Company’s experience with similar types of contracts.

● Whether the Company expects to offer price concessions or change the payment terms.

● The range of possible consideration amounts.

On December 3, 2018 (the “SOW#5 Effective Date”), the Company entered into a statement of work (the “SOW#5”) with ABCR for 75,000 units of the Company’s System, Maintenance Services for sixty months from installation of the equipment and the development of additional features and functionality for the consideration of approximately $33,000,000. ABCR has an option to purchase additional units and has the option to renew the Maintenance Services period for an additional twelve months upon its expiry, and then after such 12-month period, ABCR can purchase additional Maintenance Services on a month-to-month basis (during which ABCR can terminate the Maintenance Services) for up to forty-eight additional months.

The SOW#5 may be terminated by ABCR for cause (which is generally the Company’s material breach of its obligations under the SOW#5), for convenience (subject to a termination fee), upon a material adverse change to the Company, or for intellectual property infringement. The Company does not have the right to unilaterally terminate the SOW#5. In the event that ABCR terminates the SOW#4, then ABCR would be liable to the Company for the net present value of all future remaining charges under the SOW#5 at a negotiated discount rate per annum, with the payment due on the effective date of termination.

The SOW#5 provides for a period of exclusivity commencing on the SOW#5 Effective Date and ending twelve months after the SOW#5 Effective Date, which may be extended in six-month increments by Avis under certain conditions.

The Company did not recognize SOW#5 revenue during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Arrangements with multiple performance obligations

Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on observable prices charged to customers or adjusted market assessment or using expected cost-plus margin when one is available. Adjusted market assessment price is determined based on overall pricing objectives taking into consideration market conditions and entity specific factors.

Practical expedients and exemptions

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.

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NOTE 5 - FINANCING RECEIVABLES

Financing receivables include notes and sales-type lease receivables from the sale of the Company’s products and services. The present value of net investment in sales-type lease receivable is principally for three to five-year leases of the Company’s product and is reflected net of unearned income of $164,000 and $114,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, at a weighted-average discount rate of 4%

Scheduled maturities of minimum lease payments outstanding as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

Year ending December 31:
2019	$	1,036,000
2020		741,000
2021		333,000
2022		128,000
2023		52,000
		2,290,000
Less: Current portion		1,036,000
Total	$	1,254,000

NOTE 6 - ACQUISITION

On July 31, 2017, the Company completed the Keytroller Acquisition pursuant to an asset purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) by and among the Company, Keytroller, Keytroller, LLC, a Florida limited liability company (n/k/a Sparkey, LLC) (“Sparkey”) and the principals of Sparkey party thereto. Consideration for the Keytroller Acquisition included (i) $7,098,000 in cash paid at closing, (ii) 295,902 shares of our common stock issued at closing with a fair value of $2,000,000 and (iii) up to $3,000,000 of shares of our common stock as potential earn-out payments to be made on the first and second anniversaries of the closing date of the Keytroller Acquisition, computed in accordance with the terms of the Purchase Agreement. The potential earn-out payments were estimated at a fair value of $2,683,000. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company paid a post-closing working capital adjustment of $275,000. On September 14, 2018, the Company issued 296,000 shares for the earn-out payment for the for the twelve-month period ending on the first anniversary of the closing date of the Keytroller Acquisition. On September 14, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to the Purchase Agreement effective as of August 1, 2018, which, among other things, fixed the second anniversary earn-out payment that Sparkey will be entitled to receive at 147,951 shares of the Company’s common stock as an earn-out payment for the twelve-month period ending on the second anniversary of the closing date of the Keytroller Acquisition and removes certain restrictions on the operations of the Company during such twelve-month period. As a result of this amendment, the second anniversary earn-out payment is no longer considered contingent consideration.

The Company incurred acquisition-related expenses of approximately $301,000, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC805, Business Combinations, was applied for the Keytroller Acquisition. This requires the total cost of an acquisition to be allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values at the date of acquisition with the excess cost accounted for as goodwill. Goodwill arising from the acquisition is attributable to expected product and sales synergies from combining the operations of the acquired business with those of the Company. The Company recorded $2,683,000 of contingent consideration based on the estimated financial performance for the two years following closing. The contingent consideration was discounted at an interest rate of 14.6%, which represents the Company’s weighted-average discount rate. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company measured the intangibles acquired in the Keytroller Acquisition at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Contingent consideration related to acquisitions are recorded at fair value (level 3) with changes in fair value recorded in other (expense) income, net.

The changes in contingent consideration through December 31, 2018 is as follows:

Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	2,777,000
Change in contingent consideration		169,000
Payment of contingent consideration via issuance of shares		(2,000,000	)
Settlement of contingent consideration		(946,000	)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	-

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The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation based on estimated fair values of the net assets acquired at the acquisition date:

Accounts receivable	$	835,000
Inventory		1,066,000
Other assets		42,000
Intangibles		5,086,000
Goodwill		5,481,000
Less: Current liabilities assumed		(454,000	)
Net assets acquired	$	12,056,000

The goodwill is fully deductible for tax purposes, except the contingent consideration which is deductible only when paid.

The results of operations of Keytroller have been included in the consolidated statement of operations as of the effective date of acquisition. The following revenue and operating income of Keytroller are included in the Company’s consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017:

	Year Ended
	December 31, 2017
Revenues	$	3,468,000
Operating income	$	708,000

The following table represents the unaudited combined pro forma revenue and earnings for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017: The combined pro forma revenue and earnings for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 were prepared as though the Keytroller Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2016. The pro forma results do not include any anticipated cost synergies or other effects of the planned integration of Keytroller. This summary is not necessarily indicative of what the results of operations would have been had the Keytroller Acquisition occurred during such period, nor does it purport to represent results of operations for any future periods.

	Year Ended						Year Ended
	December 31, 2016						December 31, 2017
	Historical			Pro Forma Combined			Historical			Pro Forma Combined
				(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Revenues	$	36,822,000		$	43,446,000		$	40,958,000		$	44,796,000
Operating loss		(6,368,000	)		(5,505,000	)		(4,091,000	)		(3,617,000	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.49	)	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.24	)

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NOTE 7 - INVENTORIES

Inventory, which primarily consists of finished goods and components used in the Company’s products, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in first-out (FIFO) method. Inventory is shown net of valuation reserves of $266,000 and $119,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Inventories consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2017		2018
Components	$	1,083,000	$	2,218,000
Finished goods, net		3,503,000		2,431,000
	$	4,586,000	$	4,649,000

NOTE 8 - FIXED ASSETS

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and are summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2017			2018
Equipment	$	1,054,000		$	1,114,000
Computer software and website development		5,610,000			5,633,000
Computer hardware		2,560,000			2,664,000
Furniture and fixtures		416,000			466,000
Automobiles		60,000			60,000
Leasehold improvements		181,000			181,000
		9,881,000			10,118,000
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(7,134,000	)		(7,969,000	)
	$	2,747,000		$	2,149,000

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company had expenditures of approximately $13,000 and $-0-, respectively, for computer software and website development which had not been placed in service. Depreciation expense is not recorded for such assets until they are placed in service.

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was $549,000, $757,000 and $849,000, respectively. This includes amortization of costs associated with computer software and website development for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 of $165,000, $410,000 and $528,000, respectively.

The Company capitalizes in fixed assets the costs of software development and website development. Specifically, the assets comprise an implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software, enhancements to the VeriWise systems, and a customer interface website (which is the primary tool used to provide data to our customers). The website employs updated web architecture and improved functionality and features, including, but not limited to, customization at the customer level, enhanced security features, custom virtual electronic geofencing of landmarks, global positioning system (“GPS”)-based remote mileage reporting, and richer mapping capabilities. The Company capitalized the costs incurred during the “development” and “enhancement” stages of the software and website development. Costs incurred during the “planning” and “post-implementation/operation” stages of development were expensed. The Company capitalized $100,000 and $5,000 for such projects for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

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NOTE 9 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

The following table summarizes identifiable intangible assets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

December 31, 2018	Useful Lives (In Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Amortized:
Customer relationships	10	$	3,123,000		(442,000	)		2,681,000
Trademark and tradename	10 - 15		1,367,000		(178,000	)		1,189,000
Patents	11		1,489,000		(1,218,000	)		271,000
Favorable contract interest	5		388,000		(137,000	)		251,000
Covenant not to compete	4		208,000		(60,000	)		148,000
			6,575,000		(2,035,000	)		4,540,000
Unamortized:
Customer list			104,000		-			104,000
Trademark and Tradename			61,000		-			61,000
			165,000		-			165,000
Total		$	6,740,000	$	(2,035,000	)	$	4,705,000

December 31, 2017	Useful Lives (In Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Amortized:
Customer relationships	10	$	3,123,000		(130,000	)		2,993,000
Trademark and tradename	10 - 15		1,367,000		(52,000	)		1,315,000
Patents	11		1,489,000		(1,083,000	)		406,000
Favorable contract interest	5		388,000		(40,000	)		348,000
Covenant not to compete	4		208,000		(18,000	)		190,000
			6,575,000		(1,323,000	)		5,252,000
Unamortized:
Customer list			104,000		-			104,000
Trademark and Tradename			61,000		-			61,000
			165,000		-			165,000
Total		$	6,740,000	$	(1,323,000	)	$	5,417,000

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The Company tests the goodwill and other intangible assets on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company determined that no impairment existed to the goodwill, customer list and trademark and trade name of its acquired intangibles.

The Company also determined that the use of indefinite lives for the customer list and remaining trademark and trade name remains applicable at December 31, 2017 and 2018, as the Company expects to continue to derive future benefits from these intangible assets.

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was $136,000, $375,000 and $712,000, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years for these intangible assets is as follows:

Year ending December 31:
2019		712,000
2020		712,000
2021		536,000
2022		462,000
2023		438,000
Thereafter		1,680,000
	$	4,540,000

There have been no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018.

NOTE 10 - NET LOSS PER SHARE

	December 31,
Basic and diluted loss per share	2016			2017			2018
Net loss	$	(6,370,000	)	$	(3,870,000	)	$	(5,812,000	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		12,984,000			14,961,000			17,233,000
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.49	)	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.34	)

Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution assuming common shares were issued upon the exercise of outstanding options and the proceeds thereof were used to purchase outstanding common shares. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, warrants and restricted stock and performance share awards. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding are the same, since the effect from the potential exercise of outstanding stock options, warrants and vesting of restricted stock and performance shares totalling 1,896,000, 1,831,000 and 1,788,000, respectively, would have been anti-dilutive due to the loss.

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NOTE 11 - STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

In June 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2018 Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) pursuant to which the Company may grant stock options, restricted stock and other equity-based awards with respect to up to an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of common stock with a vesting period of approximately four to five years. There were 1,207,000 shares available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan at December 31, 2018. Upon the adoption of the 2018 Plan, the Company’s 2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan and the 2015 Equity Compensation Plan were frozen, and no new awards can be issued pursuant to such plans.

The 2018 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, which has the authority to determine, among other things, the term during which an option may be exercised (not more than 10 years), the exercise price of an option and the vesting provisions.

The Company recognizes all employee share-based payments in the statement of operations as an operating expense, based on their fair values on the applicable grant date.

Effective August 15, 2018, Ron Konezny resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors. In connection with Mr. Konezny’s resignation, the Board of Directors accelerated the vesting of certain restricted shares and stock options granted to Mr. Konezny. The stock-based compensation expense resulting from the modification of the terms of the stock options and restricted stock was not material.

On December 20, 2016, the Company and Kenneth Ehrman, its former Chief Executive Officer, entered into Amendment No. 2 to Severance Agreement, which amends the Severance Agreement dated September 22, 2009 (as amended, the “Ehrman Severance Agreement”). Under the terms of the Ehrman Severance Agreement, a pro-rata portion of Mr. Ehrman’s unvested stock options and restricted stock were partially vested based on the number of months elapsed since the date of grant as compared to the scheduled vesting date. Due to the modification of the terms of the stock option and restricted stock agreements, the Company recognized a $(26,000) reduction of stock-based compensation expense in the fourth quarter of 2016 which is included in the stock option and restricted stock stock-based compensation expense.

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[A] Stock options:

A summary of the status of the Company’s stock options as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and changes during the years then ended, is presented below:

	2016					2017					2018
				Weighted -					Weighted -					Weighted -
				Average					Average					Average
	Number of			Exercise		Number of			Exercise		Number of			Exercise
	Shares			Price		Shares			Price		Shares			Price
Outstanding at beginning of year		1,212,000		$	6.94		1,243,000		$	5.08		1,290,000		$	5.33
Granted		395,000			4.75		350,000			6.00		120,000			6.41
Exercised		(20,000	)		3.44		(271,000	)		4.72		(169,000	)		5.73
Forfeited or expired		(344,000	)		11.36		(32,000	)		8.26		(21,000	)		5.96
Outstanding at end of year		1,243,000		$	5.08		1,290,000		$	5.33		1,220,000		$	5.37
Exercisable at end of year		822,000		$	5.07		667,000		$	5.11		695,000		$	5.07

The following table summarizes information about stock options at December 31, 2018:

	Options Outstanding						Options Exercisable
			Weighted -
			Average
			Remaining		Weighted-				Weighted-
Exercise	Number		Contractual		Average		Number		Average
Prices ($)	Outstanding		Life in Years		Exercise Price		Outstanding		Exercise Price
2.06 - 4.87		320,000		4	$	4.03		240,000	$	3.85
4.88 - 5.70		235,000		7		5.37		162,000		5.46
5.71 - 5.97		210,000		4		5.81		210,000		5.81
5.98 – 6.90		455,000		8		6.11		83,000		6.00
		1,220,000		6	$	5.37		695,000	$	5.07

	As of December 31, 2018
			Weighted Average Remaining
	Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Contractual Life in Years
Options outstanding	$	558,000		6
Options exercisable	$	448,000		5

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The fair value of each option grant on the date of grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model reflecting the following weighted-average assumptions:

	December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Expected volatility		43.6	%		42.4	%		42.8	%
Expected life of options		4.0 years			4.0 years			4.4 years
Risk free interest rate		1.27	%		1.69	%		2.72	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%		0	%
Weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year	$	1.68		$	2.11		$	2.46

Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and the expected life of options is based on historical data with respect to employee exercise periods.

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Company recorded $270,000, $411,000 and $397,000, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense in connection with the stock option grants.

The fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was $280,000, $291,000 and $413,000, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was $33,000, $375,000 and $162,000, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, there was $843,000 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested options granted under the Company’s stock option plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.43 years.

The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of valuation and reduces expense ratably over the vesting period. This estimate is adjusted periodically based on the extent to which actual forfeitures differ, or are expected to differ, from the previous estimate.

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[B] Restricted Stock Awards:

The Company grants restricted stock to employees, whereby the employees are contractually restricted from transferring the shares until they are vested. The stock is unvested at the time of grant and, upon vesting, there are no legal restrictions on the stock. The fair value of each share is based on the Company’s closing stock price on the date of the grant. A summary of the non-vested shares for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

				Weighted -
				Average
	Number of			Grant
	Non-vested			Date
	Shares			Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2016		575,000		$	5.79
Granted		271,000			4.80
Vested		(272,000	)		5.34
Forfeited		(182,000	)		5.72
Non-vested at December 31, 2016		392,000		$	5.45
Granted		240,000			6.26
Vested		(194,000	)		5.42
Forfeited		(8,000	)		5.69
Non-vested at December 31, 2017		430,000		$	5.91
Granted		434,000			7.02
Vested		(266,000	)		6.07
Forfeited		(30,000	)		6.54
Non-vested at December 31, 2018		568,000		$	6.65

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Company recorded $908,000, $1,682,000 and $1,803,000 respectively, of stock-based compensation expense in connection with the restricted stock grants. As of December 31, 2018, there was $2,615,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested shares. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

[C] Performance Shares:

In January 2016, the Company granted 295,000 performance shares to employees pursuant to the 2015 Equity Compensation Plan. The shares are unvested at the time of grant and, upon vesting, there are no contractual restrictions on the shares. The vesting of the shares is subject to the achievement of performance goals during a two-year period from the date of issuance, with the ability to achieve prorated vesting of the shares during interim annual measurement periods. If the performance goals are not met, the performance shares will not vest and will automatically be returned to the plan. If the performance goals are met, then the shares will be issued to the employees.

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The following table summarizes the activity relating to the Company’s performance shares for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018:

				Weighted-
	Number of			Average
	Non-vested			Grant Date
	Shares			Fair Value
Performance shares, non-vested, at January 1, 2016		-			-
Granted		295,000		$	4.07
Vested		-			-
Forfeited		(34,000	)		4.07
Performance shares, non-vested, at December 31, 2016		261,000			4.07
Granted		-		$	-
Vested		(100,000	)		4.07
Forfeited		(50,000	)		4.07
Performance shares, non-vested, at December 31, 2017		111,000			4.07
Granted		-		$	-
Vested		(93,000	)		4.07
Forfeited		(18,000	)		4.07
Performance shares, non-vested, December 31, 2018		-		$	-

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Company recorded $480,000 $344,000 and $(37,000) respectively, of stock-based compensation expense in connection with the performance shares.

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NOTE 12 - REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY

On December 18, 2015, the Company and AI entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Revolver”) with Siena Lending Group LLC. The Revolver provided a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $7.5 million and a maturity date of December 18, 2017. Effective August 30, 2017, the Company terminated the Revolver. The Company did not incur an early termination penalty as a result of terminating the Revolver.

NOTE 13 - ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2017		2018
Accounts payable	$	6,233,000	$	6,644,000
Accrued warranty		535,000		422,000
Accrued severance		100,000		-
Accrued compensation		507,000		870,000
Other current liabilities		65,000		91,000
	$	7,440,000	$	8,027,000

Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses at December 31, 2017 is accrued severance of $100,000 to Kenneth Ehrman, the former Chief Executive Officer of the Company.

The Company’s products are warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 12 months from the date of acceptance of the product by the customer. The customers may purchase an extended warranty providing coverage up to a maximum of 60 months. A provision for estimated future warranty costs is recorded for expected or historical warranty matters related to equipment shipped and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

The following table summarizes warranty activity during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018:

	Year Ended
	2017			2018
Accrued warranty reserve, beginning of year	$	472,000		$	535,000
Accrual for product warranties issued		253,000			192,000
Product replacements and other warranty expenditures		(68,000	)		(182,000	)
Expiration of warranties		(122,000	)		(123,000	)
Accrued warranty reserve, end of period	$	535,000		$	422,000

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NOTE 14 - CONCENTRATION OF CUSTOMERS

For the year ended December 31, 2018 two customers accounted for 18% and 10% of the Company’s revenue and one customer accounted for 11% of the Company’s accounts receivable. Two customers accounted for 19% and 13% of finance receivables as of December 31, 2018.

One customer accounted for 16% the Company’s revenue during the year ended and as of December 31, 2017 and two customers accounted for 14% and 11% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2017. One customer accounted for 14% of finance receivables as of December 31, 2017.

One customer accounted for 18% the Company’s revenue during the year ended and as of December 31, 2016 and one customer accounted for 12% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2016.

NOTE 15 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

[A]	Public Offering:
		On July 17, 2017, the Company closed an underwritten public offering consisting of 2,608,695 shares of common stock at a price per share of $5.75. In addition, the underwriters of the public offering exercised in full their option to purchase an additional 391,304 shares of common stock. Including this option exercise, the aggregate gross proceeds from the offering of a total of 2,999,999 shares of common stock, before deducting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, were approximately $17.3 million. Net proceeds from the public offering were approximately $16.1 million. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering to fund the Keytroller Acquisition and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.
[B]	Preferred stock:
		The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. The Company’s Board of Directors has the authority to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and terms of those shares. No shares of preferred stock are issued and outstanding.
[C]	Stock repurchase program:
		On November 3, 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate value of up to $3,000,000 pursuant to a share repurchase program. The repurchases under the share repurchase program are made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions and are funded from the Company’s working capital. The amount and timing of such repurchases is dependent upon the price and availability of shares, general market conditions and the availability of cash, as determined at the discretion of the Company’s management. All shares of common stock repurchased under the Company’s share repurchase program are held as treasury stock. The Company did not purchase any shares of its common stock under the share repurchase program during the years ended December 31, 2016 through 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has purchased a total of approximately 310,000 shares of its common stock in open market transactions under the share repurchase program for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1,340,000, or an average cost of $ 4.33 per share.

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NOTE 16 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

Comprehensive loss includes net loss and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale investments and foreign currency translation gains and losses. Cumulative unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments are reflected as accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The accumulated balances for each classification of other comprehensive loss are as follows:

				Unrealized			Accumulated
	Foreign			gain (losses)			other
	currency			on			comprehensive
	items			investments			income
Balance at January 1, 2016	$	(500,000	)	$	-		$	(500,000	)
Net current period change		408,000			(11,000	)		397,000
Balance at December 31, 2016		(92,000	)	$	(11,000	)		(103,000	)
Net current period change		(373,000	)		(102,000	)		(475,000	)
Balance at December 31, 2017		(465,000	)	$	(113,000	)		(578,000	)
Net current period change		77,000			66,000			143,000
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(388,000	)	$	(47,000	)		(435,000	)

Income and expense accounts of foreign operations are translated at actual or weighted-average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations that operate in a local currency environment are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Translation gains or losses are reported as components of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in consolidated stockholders’ equity. Net translation gains or losses resulting from the translation of foreign currency financial statements and the effect of exchange rate changes on intercompany transactions of a long-term investment nature with IDS GmbH resulted in translation gains (losses) of $408,000, $(373,000) and $77,000 at December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which are included in comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. Effective December 1, 2015, the intercompany transactions with IDS GmbH are not considered of a long-term investment nature and the effect of the exchange rate changes subsequent to December 1, 2015 on the intercompany transactions are included selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in determining net income or loss. Foreign currency transaction (losses) gains for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 of $(437,000), $456,000 and $(214,000), respectively, are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

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NOTE 17 - INCOME TAXES

At December 31, 2018, the Company had an aggregate net operating loss carryforward of approximately $84,702,000 for U.S. federal income tax purposes. At December 31, 2018, the Company had an aggregate net operating loss carryforward of approximately $65,359,000 for state income tax purposes and a foreign net operating loss carryforward of approximately $3,452,000. Substantially all of the net operating loss carryforwards expire from 2021 through 2037 for pre-2018 federal net operating loss carryforwards and from 2019 through 2038 for state purposes. The net operating loss carryforwards may be limited to use in any particular year based on Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382 related to change of ownership restrictions. Section 382 of the IRC imposes an annual limitation on the utilization of NOL carryforwards based on long-term bond rates and the value of the corporation at the time of a change in ownership as defined by Section 382 of the IRC. In addition, future stock issuances may subject the Company to further limitations on the utilization of its net operating loss carryforwards under the same Internal Revenue Code provision.

At December 31, 2018, the Company has New Jersey net operating loss carryforwards (“NJ NOLs”) included above in the approximate amount of $40,104,000 expiring through 2038, which are available to reduce future earnings which would otherwise be subject to state income tax. In 2017, the Company sold approximately $332,000 of NJ research and development tax credits, subject to a 6.2% seller’s allocation factor for approximately $311,000.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. President signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) into law. Effective January 1, 2018, among other changes, the Tax Act (1) reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, (2) changes the rules relating to net operating loss carryforwards and carrybacks, (3) eliminates the corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and changes how existing AMT credits can be realized; and (4) requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Company has elected to account for the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax as a period cost in the year the tax is incurred.

The Tax Act did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements since our deferred temporary differences in the United States are fully offset by a valuation allowance and we do not have any significant off shore earnings from which to record the mandatory transition tax.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC issued guidance under Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”) directing taxpayers to consider the impact of the Tax Act as “provisional” when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in tax law. The changes in the Tax Act are broad and complex. The final impacts of the Tax Act may differ from the Company’s estimates due to, among other things, changes in interpretations of the Tax Act, further legislation related to the Tax Act, changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act, or any updates to estimates the Company has utilized to calculate the impacts of the Tax Act. The SEC has issued rules that would allow for a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment date of the Tax Act to finalize the related tax impacts. The Company completed its SAB 118 analysis and the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 was immaterial, primarily because the Company has a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets.

The Company has deferred tax assets of approximately $29,588,000 and $31,449,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The increase in the deferred tax assets is primarily attributable to the net operating losses. The Company had other temporary differences between financial and tax reporting for stock-based compensation, fixed asset depreciation expense, deferred revenue, deferred expenses, bad debt reserves, inventory reserves, warranty reserves and acquisition-related expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s valuation allowance increased to $27,568,000 compared to $26,112,000 as of December 31, 2017. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against the full amount of its deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance was established because of the uncertainty of realization of the deferred tax assets due to lack of sufficient history of generating taxable income. Realization is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the net operating loss carryforwards in future periods. The valuation allowance increased (decreased) in 2016, 2017 and 2018 by $2,287,000, $(5,641,000) (net of the decrease of $10,848,000 due to the decrease in federal corporate tax rate to 21% as a result of the Tax Act) and $1,505,000, respectively.

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Loss before income taxes consists of the following:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
U.S. operations	$	(5,547,000	)	$	(4,425,000	)	$	(5,066,000	)
Foreign operations		(823,000	)		244,000			(746,000	)
	$	(6,370,000	)	$	(4,181,000	)	$	(5,812,000	)

The difference between income taxes at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is attributable to the following:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Income tax benefit at the federal statutory rate	$	(2,166,000	)	$	(1,316,000	)	$	(1,221,000	)
State and local income taxes, net of effect on federal taxes		(848,000	)		(441,000	)		(800,000	)
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance		2,287,000			(8,509,000	)		1,861,000
Incentive stock options/forfeitures		624,000			(11,000	)		(22,000	)
Change in Federal tax rate					10,848,000			-
Research and development tax credits		-			(1,390,000	)		-
Permanent differences and other		103,000			508,000			182,000
	$	-		$	(311,000	)	$	-

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2018 are presented below:

	December 31,
	2017			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	21,007,000		$	22,988,000
Deferred revenue		4,629,000			4,717,000
Stock-based compensation		839,000			732,000
Federal research and development tax credits		1,058,000			1,058,000
Intangibles, amortization		973,000			938,000
Inventories		175,000			149,000
Acquisition related expenses		321,000			318,000
Bad debt reserve		30,000			62,000
Other deductible temporary differences		556,000			487,000
Total gross deferred tax assets		29,588,000			31,449,000
Less: Valuation allowance		(26,112,000	)		(27,568,000	)
		3,476,000			3,881,000
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred expenses		(2,978,000	)		(3,153,000	)
Goodwill amortization		(298,000	)		(395,000	)
Fixed assets, depreciation		(200,000	)		(333,000	)
		(3,476,000	)		(3,881,000	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	-		$	-

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NOTE 18 - WHOLLY OWNED FOREIGN SUBSIDIARIES

The financial statements of the Company’s wholly owned German subsidiary, IDS GmbH, and United Kingdom subsidiary, IDS Ltd, are consolidated with the financial statements of I.D. Systems, Inc.

The net revenue and net loss for IDS GmbH included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Net revenue	$	1,852,000	$	1,365,000	$	1,270,000
Net income (loss)		211,000		103,000		(406,000	)

Total assets of IDS GmbH were $1,086,000 and $1,430,000 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. IDS GmbH operates in a local currency environment using the Euro as its functional currency.

The net revenue and net loss for IDS Ltd included in the consolidated statement of operations are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2017		2018
Net revenue	$	296,000		$	577,000	$	186,000
Net (loss) income		(612,000	)		141,000		(340,000	)

Total assets of IDS Ltd were $1,187,000 and $1,054,000 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. IDS Ltd operates in a local currency environment using the British Pound as its functional currency.

NOTE 19 - REDUCTION IN WORK FORCE

The Company entered into a Separation and General Release Agreement (the “Ellis Separation Agreement”) with Norman L. Ellis, its former Chief Operating Officer, on December 16, 2016 and Amendment No. 2 to Severance Agreement (together with the Ellis Separation Agreement, the “Separation Agreements”) with Kenneth Ehrman, its former Chief Executive Officer, on December 20, 2016. Under the terms of the Separation Agreements, the Company recognized severance costs of $637,000 which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations for 2016.

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NOTE 20 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Except for normal operating leases, the Company is not currently subject to any material commitments.

[A]	Contingencies:
		On June 12, 2017, ACF FinCo I LP (“ACF”) filed a lawsuit against the Company in the District Court for Dallas County, Texas. The complaint alleges that ACF is the successor-in-interest to McDonald Technologies International Inc. (“MTI”), one of our former suppliers, and alleges one cause of action for breach of a May 2015 Master Services Agreement pursuant to which the Company purchased certain products manufactured and services rendered by MTI. The complaint seeks approximately $2.0 million in damages for amounts allegedly due by the Company under this agreement, plus interest and attorney’s fees. On July 7, 2017, the Company filed its answer denying any liability to ACF and asserting various defenses to ACF’s claims against the Company. This lawsuit went to trial the week of November 13, 2018 and was settled for approximately $750,000 on November 15, 2018 and is included selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
[B]	Severance agreements:
		As of December 31, 2018, the Company has entered into severance agreements with three executive officers. The severance agreements for Ned Mavrommatis, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, and Michael L. Ehrman, the Company’s former Chief Technology Officer, are substantially identical in form and provide each of Messrs. Mavrommatis and Ehrman with certain severance and change in control benefits upon the occurrence of a “Trigger Event,” which will have occurred if the Company terminates the executive without cause or the executive resigns for good reason within six months following a change in control event. The severance agreement for Chris Wolfe, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, provides Mr. Wolfe with certain severance and change in control benefits upon the occurrence of a “Trigger Event,” which will have occurred if the Company terminates Mr. Wolfe without cause, or upon the occurrence of a “Change in Control Trigger Event,” which will have occurred if the Company terminates Mr. Wolfe without cause or Mr. Wolfe resigns for good reason, each within six months following a change in control event. As a condition to the Company’s obligations under the severance agreements, each executive has executed and delivered to the Company a restrictive covenants agreement.
		Under the terms of the severance agreements with Messrs. Mavrommatis and Ehrman, each executive is entitled to the following: (i) a cash payment at the rate of the executive’s annual base salary as in effect immediately prior to the Trigger Event for a period of 12 months, (ii) a waiver of any remaining portion of the executive’s healthcare continuation payments under COBRA for the twelve-month severance period, provided that the executive timely elects COBRA coverage and continues to make contributions for such coverage equal to his contribution amount in effect immediately preceding the date of his termination of employment, (iii) partial accelerated vesting of the executive’s previously granted stock options and restricted stock awards, and (iv) as applicable, an award of “Performance Shares” under the Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement previously entered into between the Company and the executive. Under the terms of the severance agreement with Mr. Wolfe, Mr. Wolfe is entitled to the following: (i) a cash payment either (A) in the event of a Trigger Event, at the rate of his annual base salary, or (B) in the event of a Change in Control Trigger Event, at twice the rate of his annual base salary, in each case as in effect immediately prior to the Trigger Event or Change in Control Trigger Event, as the case may be, for a period of 12 months, (ii) a waiver of any remaining portion of Mr. Wolfe’s healthcare continuation payments under COBRA for the twelve-month severance period, provided that he timely elects COBRA coverage and continues to make contributions for such coverage equal to his contribution amount in effect immediately preceding the date of his termination of employment, (iii) partial accelerated vesting of Mr. Wolfe’s previous granted stock options and restricted stock awards, and (iv) in the event of a Change in Control Trigger Event, a pro-rata portion of any bonus that would have been payable to Mr. Wolfe with respect to the year of termination based on the achievement of predetermined Company objectives used to determine the Company’s performance.
		The Company entered into the Ellis Separation Agreement on December 16, 2016 and amended the Ehrman Severance Agreement on December 20, 2016. Under the terms of the Separation Agreements, the Company recognized severance costs of $637,000 which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. In addition, a pro-rata portion of Mr. Ehrman’s unvested stock options and restricted stock were partially vested based on the number of months elapsed since the date of grant as compared to the scheduled vesting date. Due to the modification of the terms of the stock option and restricted stock agreements, the Company recognized a $(26,000) reduction of stock-based compensation expense in the fourth quarter of 2016 which is included in the stock option and restricted stock stock-based compensation expense.
[C]	Operating leases:
		The office leases for the Company’s executive offices in Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey and sales and administrative office in Plano, Texas, which expire in February 2021 also provide for escalations relating to increases in real estate taxes and certain operating expenses. The Company leases office and warehouse space in Tampa, Florida which will expire in February 2026 and provides for escalations relating to increases in real estate taxes. In addition, the Company leases sales and administrative offices in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom and Dusseldorf, Germany. The Company’s operating leases provide for minimum annual rental payments as follows:

Year Ending December 31,
2019	$	1,103,000
2020		1,125,000
2021		386,000
2022		242,000
2023		247,000
Thereafter		552,000
	$	3,655,000

Minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease including any periods of free rent. Rental expense for operating leases was approximately $1,057,000, $1,021,000 and $1,061,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

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NOTE 21 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

[A]	CarrierWeb Acquisition:
		On January 30, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition (the “CarrierWeb Acquisition”) of substantially all of the assets of telematics provider CarrierWeb, L.L.C. (“CarrierWeb”), an Atlanta-based provider of real-time in-cab mobile communications technology, electronic logging devices (ELDs), two-way refrigerated command and control, and trailer tracking. Aggregate consideration for the CarrierWeb Acquisition was $3,500,000, consisting of (i) a closing cash payment of $2,800,000, less (ii) a credit bid by the Company in the amount of the aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest outstanding under a $650,000 debtor-in-possession loan made by the Company to CarrierWeb, plus (iii) an additional $700,000, if CarrierWeb Services Ltd., an affiliate of CarrierWeb, is restored to the Register of Companies in Ireland on or before May 1, 2019, payable upon such restoration. The CarrierWeb Acquisition was subject to the entry of a sale order by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Georgia approving such acquisition. The sale order was entered on January 28, 2019. The assets the Company acquired in the CarrierWeb Acquisition will be integrated into the Company’s logistics visibility solutions and products. In connection with the transaction, the Company offered employment to all of the former employees of CarrierWeb. The CarrierWeb Acquisition allows the Company to offer a full complement of highly-integrated logistics technology solutions to its current customers and prospects, and immediately adds more than 70 customers and 9,000 subscriber units. The acquisition will be accounted for using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The Company is in the process of finalizing the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred acquisition-related expenses of approximately $101,000 which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.
[B]	Merger Transactions:
		On March 13, 2019, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Pointer Merger Agreement”), with PowerFleet, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Parent”), Pointer Telocation Ltd. (“Pointer”), Powerfleet Israel Holding Company Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“Pointer Holdco”), and Powerfleet Israel Acquisition Company Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pointer Holdco (“Pointer Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Pointer Merger Sub will merge with and into Pointer, with Pointer surviving as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Pointer Holdco (the “Pointer Merger”) in exchange for consideration consisting of cash and shares of common stock of Parent. Also on March 13, 2019, and in connection with the Pointer Merger Agreement, the Company entered into an Investment and Transaction Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with Parent, PowerFleet US Acquisition Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“IDS Merger Sub”), and ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P., pursuant to which the Company will reorganize into a new holding company structure by merging IDS Merger Sub with and into the Company, with the Company surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (the “IDS Merger”), and pursuant to which Parent will issue and sell in a private placement shares of Parent’s newly created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger. As a result of the transactions contemplated by the Pointer Merger Agreement and the Investment Agreement (the “Merger Transactions”), the Company and Pointer will each become wholly-owned subsidiaries of Parent. The Merger Transactions have been unanimously approved by the boards of directors of both companies, are subject to customary closing conditions, including approval by our stockholders and Pointer’s shareholders. The Merger Transactions are expected to close in the summer of 2019.
		Additionally, on March 13, 2019, the Company entered into a commitment letter with Bank Hapoalim B.M. providing for two five-year senior secured term loan facilities to Pointer Holdco in an aggregate principal amount of $30 million and a five-year revolving credit facility to Pointer in an aggregate principal amount of $10 million. The term loan facilities will be used to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger and the revolving credit facility will be used by Pointer for general working capital purposes, or, at Pointer’s discretion, to finance a portion of the cash consideration payable in the Pointer Merger. The term loan facilities and the revolving credit facility are subject to customary closing conditions.
		Pointer is a provider of telematics and mobile IoT solutions to the automotive, insurance and logistics (cargo, assets and containers) industries. Pointer’s cloud-based software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform extracts and captures data from an organization’s mobility points, including drivers, routes, points-of-interest, logistics network, vehicles, trailers, containers and cargo. The pending Merger Transactions are expected to provide the Company with operational synergies and access to a broader base of customers.
		The pending Merger Transactions will be accounted for as a business combination and the Company has been identified as the accounting acquirer. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred acquisition-related expenses of approximately $705,000 which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

94

NOTE 22 - QUARTERLY SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

The following tables contain selected quarterly financial data for each quarter for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. We believe the following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future periods.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
	1st Quarter			2nd Quarter			3rd Quarter			4th Quarter
Revenues:
Products	$	9,898,000		$	10,784,000		$	9,044,000		$	7,171,000
Services		3,481,000			4,025,000			4,341,000			4,320,000
		13,379,000			14,809,000			13,385,000			11,491,000
Cost of revenues:
Cost of products		5,842,000			7,408,000			5,287,000			4,101,000
Cost of services		1,075,000			986,000			1,301,000			1,266,000
		6,917,000			8,394,000			6,588,000			5,367,000
Gross Profit		6,462,000			6,415,000			6,797,000			6,124,000
Selling, general and administrative expenses		5,696,000			5,993,000			5,921,000			7,061,000
Research and development expenses		1,743,000			1,542,000			1,696,000			1,882,000
Other income, net		(13,000	)		4,000			(77,000	)		10,000
Net loss	$	(990,000	)	$	(1,116,000	)	$	(897,000	)	$	(2,809,000	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.16	)

	Year Ended December 31, 2017
	1st Quarter			2nd Quarter			3rd Quarter			4th Quarter
Revenues:
Products	$	4,334,000		$	6,375,000		$	6,490,000		$	6,353,000
Services		3,665,000			4,331,000			4,596,000			4,814,000
		7,999,000			10,706,000			11,086,000			11,167,000
Cost of revenues:
Cost of products		2,815,000			3,427,000			3,475,000			3,736,000
Cost of services		1,034,000			1,738,000			1,984,000			1,822,000
		3,849,000			5,165,000			5,459,000			5,558,000
Gross Profit		4,150,000			5,541,000			5,627,000			5,609,000
Selling, general and administrative expenses		4,653,000			5,046,000			5,063,000			5,718,000
Research and development expenses		1,367,000			997,000			1,108,000			1,066,000
Other income, net		(16,000	)		(22,000	)		(42,000	)		(10,000	)
Net loss before income tax benefit		(1,886,000	)		(524,000	)		(586,000	)		(1,185,000	)
Income tax benefit - sale of NJ R&D tax credits		-			-			-			311,000
Net loss	$	(1,886,000	)	$	(524,000	)	$	(586,000	)	$	(874,000	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.14	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.05	)

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Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Due to the inherent limitations of control systems, not all misstatements may be detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Controls and procedures can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the above objectives have been met.

As of December 31, 2018, we carried out an evaluation, with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at the reasonable assurance level, in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness, as of December 31, 2018, of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under this framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our system of internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

96

PART III.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The Company incorporates by reference herein information to be set forth in its definitive proxy statement for its 2019 annual meeting of stockholders that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 10; provided, however, that such information shall not be incorporated herein:

● if the information that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 10 is provided by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC prior to the filing of such definitive proxy statement; or

● if such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year, in which case the Company will provide such information by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC within such 120-day period.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The Company incorporates by reference herein information to be set forth in its definitive proxy statement for its 2019 annual meeting of stockholders that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 11; provided, however, that such information shall not be incorporated herein:

● if the information that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 11 is provided by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC prior to the filing of such definitive proxy statement; or

● if such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year, in which case the Company will provide such information by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The Company incorporates by reference herein information to be set forth in its definitive proxy statement for its 2019 annual meeting of stockholders that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 12; provided, however, that such information shall not be incorporated herein:

● if the information that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 12 is provided by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC prior to the filing of such definitive proxy statement; or

● if such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year, in which case the Company will provide such information by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC within such 120-day period.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.

The following table provides certain information with respect to the Company’s equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2018:

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected under column (a))
Plan category	(a)		(b)		(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1)		1,220,000	$	5.37		1,207,000
Total		1,220,000	$	5.37		1,207,000

(1) These plans consist of the Company’s 1999 Stock Option Plan, 2007 Equity Compensation Plan, 2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan, 2015 Equity Compensation Plan and 2018 Incentive Plan, which were our only equity compensation plans under which awards were outstanding as of December 31, 2018. Each of our 1999 Stock Option Plan and 1999 Director Option Plan expired in 2009, and no additional awards may be granted thereunder. The 2007 Equity Compensation Plan expired in 2017, and no additional awards may be granted thereunder. Upon the adoption of the 2018 Incentive Plan, the 2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan and the 2015 Equity Compensation Plan were frozen, and no new awards can be issued pursuant to such plans.

97

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The Company incorporates by reference herein information to be set forth in its definitive proxy statement for its 2019 annual meeting of stockholders that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 13; provided, however, that such information shall not be incorporated herein:

● if the information that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 13 is provided by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC prior to the filing of such definitive proxy statement; or

● if such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year, in which case the Company will provide such information by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC within such 120-day period.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The Company incorporates by reference herein information to be set forth in its definitive proxy statement for its 2019 annual meeting of stockholders that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 14; provided, however, that such information shall not be incorporated herein:

● if the information that is responsive to the information required with respect to this Item 14 is provided by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC prior to the filing of such definitive proxy statement; or

● if such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year, in which case the Company will provide such information by means of an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC within such 120-day period.

98

PART IV.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) List of Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules, and Exhibits.

(1) Financial Statements. The following financial statements of I.D. Systems, Inc. are included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	58
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2018	59
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	61
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	63
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	64

(2) Financial Statement Schedule.

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

All other financial statement schedules are omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as they are not required or applicable or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference, as indicated.

2.1	Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2010, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., General Electric Capital Corporation and GE Asset Intelligence, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on January 13, 2010).
2.2.1	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 11, 2017, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Keytroller, LLC, a Florida limited liability company, and the individuals listed on the signature page thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on July 12, 2017).†
2.2.2	Amendment No. 1 to Asset Purchase Agreement, effective as of August 1, 2018, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Sparkey, LLC, a Florida limited liability company, and the individuals listed on the signature page thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on September 19, 2018).
2.3	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 13, 2019, by and among PowerFleet, Inc., Powerfleet Israel Holding Company Ltd., Powerfleet Israel Acquisition Company Ltd., I.D. Systems, Inc. and Pointer Telocation Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).†
2.4	Investment and Transaction Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., PowerFleet, Inc., PowerFleet US Acquisition Inc. and ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V., L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).†
3.1.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 28, 1999).
3.1.2	Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-144709) filed with the SEC on July 19, 2007).
3.1.3	Certificate of Correction to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-144709) filed with the SEC on July 19, 2007).
3.1.4	Certificate of Designation for the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on July 8, 2009).
3.1.5	Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on June 25, 2015).
3.2.1	Restated By-Laws of I.D. Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 28, 1999).
3.2.2	Amendment No. 1 to Restated Bylaws of I.D. Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on December 8, 2016).

99

4.1	Specimen Certificate of I.D. Systems, Inc.’s Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 28, 1999).
10.1	1995 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on April 23, 1999).*
10.2	1999 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on April 23, 1999).*
10.3.1	1999 Director Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 8, 1999).*
10.3.2	Amendment, dated March 15, 2012, to 1999 Director Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2012 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on May 14, 2012).*
10.4	I.D. Systems, Inc. 2007 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-185085) filed with the SEC on November 21, 2012).*
10.5.1	2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009).*
10.5.2	Amendment, dated March 16, 2012, to 2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2012 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on May 14, 2012).*
10.6	I.D. Systems, Inc. 2015 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on June 25, 2015).*
10.7	I.D. Systems, Inc. 2018 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on June 14, 2018).*
10.8	Severance Agreement, dated September 11, 2009, by and between the Company and Ned Mavrommatis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2009 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009).*
10.9	Severance Agreement, dated September 11, 2009, by and between the Company and Michael Ehrman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2009 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009).*
10.10	Office Lease Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2010, by and between IPC New York Properties, LLC, as Landlord, and I.D. Systems, Inc., as Tenant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2010 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on May 17, 2010).

100

10.11	Employment Offer Letter, dated December 6, 2016, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Chris A. Wolfe (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on December 8, 2016).*
10.12	Sublease Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2011, by and between AirSure Limited, LLC, as Sublessor, and Asset Intelligence, LLC, as Sublessee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2011 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2011).
10.13	Amendment No. 1 to Sublease Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2011, by and between AirSure Limited, LLC, as Sublessor, and Asset Intelligence, LLC, as Sublessee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2011 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2011).
10.14	Guaranty of Sublease, dated as of July 14, 2011, made by I.D. Systems, Inc., in favor of AirSure Limited, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2011 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2011).
10.15	Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2011, by and between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Avis Budget Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 23, 2011).
10.16	Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 23, 2011).
10.17	Lease Agreement, dated April 9, 2015, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and GP Park II, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on April 10, 2015).
10.18	Severance Agreement, dated August 20, 2018, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Chris Wolfe (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 21, 2018).*
10.19	Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on September 13, 2018).*
10.20	Indemnity Agreement, dated September 12, 2018, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Charles Frumberg (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on September 13, 2018).*
10.21	Commitment Letter, dated March 13, 2019, by and between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Bank Hapoalim B.M. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).
10.22	Voting and Support Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and among Emancipation Management LLC, Emancipation Capital Master, Ltd., Emancipation Capital SPV IV LLC and Emancipation Capital LLC, as the Stockholder, and I.D. Systems, Inc., ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P., ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P. and Pointer Telocation Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).
10.23	Voting and Support Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and among DBSI Investments Ltd., as the Stockholder, and Pointer Telocation Ltd., I.D. Systems, Inc., ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).

101

21.1	List of Subsidiaries (filed herewith).
23.1	Consent of EisnerAmper LLP (filed herewith).
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

†	We have omitted certain schedules and exhibits to this agreement in accordance with Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, and we will supplementally furnish a copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
*	Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

(b) Exhibits. The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference. Please see the Index to Exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated into this Item 15(b) by reference.

102

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

103

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: April 1, 2019

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC.
By:	/s/ Chris A. Wolfe
	Chris A. Wolfe
	Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
By:	/s/ Ned Mavrommatis
	Ned Mavrommatis
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report is signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Chris A. Wolfe	Chief Executive Officer	April 1, 2019
Chris A. Wolfe	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Ned Mavrommatis	Chief Financial Officer	April 1, 2019
Ned Mavrommatis	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Kenneth Brakebill	Director	April 1, 2019
Kenneth Brakebill
/s/ Michael Brodsky	Director	April 1, 2019
Michael Brodsky
/s/ Michael Casey	Director	April 1, 2019
Michael Casey
/s/ Chris Formant	Director	April 1, 2019
Chris Formant
/s/ Charles Frumberg	Director	April 1, 2019
Charles Frumberg

104

I.D. SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

(In thousands)

			Charged to
	Balance at		(Write-off)					Balance at
	Beginning		Costs and		Other Additions			End of
Description	Period		Expenses		Or (Deductions)			Period
Inventory reserve
Year ended December 31, 2018	$	266	$	321		(468	)	$	119
Year ended December 31, 2017	$	208	$	313		(255	)	$	266
Year ended December 31, 2016	$	374	$	205		(371	)	$	208

			Charged to
	Balance at		(Write-off)					Balance at
	Beginning		to Costs and		Other Additions			End of
Description	Period		Expenses		Or (Deductions)			Period
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Year ended December 31, 2018	$	87	$	31		(51	)	$	67
Year ended December 31, 2017	$	341	$	115		(369	)	$	87
Year ended December 31, 2016	$	1,512	$	117		(1,288	)	$	341

			Charged to
	Balance at		(Write-off)					Balance at
	Beginning		to Costs and		Other Additions			End of
Description	Period		Expenses		Or (Deductions)			Period
Warranty reserve
Year ended December 31, 2018	$	535	$	69		(182	)	$	422
Year ended December 31, 2017	$	472	$	131		(68	)	$	535
Year ended December 31, 2016	$	614	$	110		(252	)	$	472

105

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

2.1	Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2010, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., General Electric Capital Corporation and GE Asset Intelligence, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on January 13, 2010).
2.2.1	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 11, 2017, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Keytroller, LLC, a Florida limited liability company, and the individuals listed on the signature page thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on July 12, 2017).†
2.2.2	Amendment No. 1 to Asset Purchase Agreement, effective as of August 1, 2018, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., Keytroller, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Sparkey, LLC, a Florida limited liability company, and the individuals listed on the signature page thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on September 19, 2018).
2.3	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 13, 2019, by and among PowerFleet, Inc., Powerfleet Israel Holding Company Ltd., Powerfleet Israel Acquisition Company Ltd., I.D. Systems, Inc. and Pointer Telocation Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).†
2.4	Investment and Transaction Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and among I.D. Systems, Inc., PowerFleet, Inc., PowerFleet US Acquisition Inc. and ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V., L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).†
3.1.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 28, 1999).
3.1.2	Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-144709) filed with the SEC on July 19, 2007).
3.1.3	Certificate of Correction to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-144709) filed with the SEC on July 19, 2007).
3.1.4	Certificate of Designation for the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on July 8, 2009).
3.1.5	Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of I.D. Systems, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on June 25, 2015).
3.2.1	Restated By-Laws of I.D. Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 28, 1999).
3.2.2	Amendment No. 1 to Restated Bylaws of I.D. Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on December 8, 2016).
4.1	Specimen Certificate of I.D. Systems, Inc.’s Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 28, 1999).
10.1	1995 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on April 23, 1999).*
10.2	1999 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on April 23, 1999).*
10.3.1	1999 Director Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-76947) filed with the SEC on June 8, 1999).*
10.3.2	Amendment, dated March 15, 2012, to 1999 Director Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2012 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on May 14, 2012).*
10.4	I.D. Systems, Inc. 2007 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 333-185085) filed with the SEC on November 21, 2012).*
10.5.1	2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009).*

106

10.5.2	Amendment, dated March 16, 2012, to 2009 Non-Employee Director Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2012 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on May 14, 2012).*
10.6	I.D. Systems, Inc. 2015 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on June 25, 2015).*
10.7	I.D. Systems, Inc. 2018 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on June 14, 2018).*
10.8	Severance Agreement, dated September 11, 2009, by and between the Company and Ned Mavrommatis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2009 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009).*
10.9	Severance Agreement, dated September 11, 2009, by and between the Company and Michael Ehrman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2009 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on November 6, 2009).*
10.10	Office Lease Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2010, by and between IPC New York Properties, LLC, as Landlord, and I.D. Systems, Inc., as Tenant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2010 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on May 17, 2010).
10.11	Employment Offer Letter, dated December 6, 2016, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Chris A. Wolfe (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on December 8, 2016).*

107

10.12	Sublease Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2011, by and between AirSure Limited, LLC, as Sublessor, and Asset Intelligence, LLC, as Sublessee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2011 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2011).
10.13	Amendment No. 1 to Sublease Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2011, by and between AirSure Limited, LLC, as Sublessor, and Asset Intelligence, LLC, as Sublessee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2011 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2011).
10.14	Guaranty of Sublease, dated as of July 14, 2011, made by I.D. Systems, Inc., in favor of AirSure Limited, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of I.D. Systems, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2011 (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2011).
10.15	Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2011, by and between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Avis Budget Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 23, 2011).
10.16	Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 23, 2011).
10.17	Lease Agreement, dated April 9, 2015, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and GP Park II, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on April 10, 2015).
10.18	Severance Agreement, dated August 20, 2018, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Chris Wolfe (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on August 21, 2018).*
10.19	Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on September 13, 2018).*
10.20	Indemnity Agreement, dated September 12, 2018, between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Charles Frumberg (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on September 13, 2018).*
10.21	Commitment Letter, dated March 13, 2019, by and between I.D. Systems, Inc. and Bank Hapoalim B.M. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).
10.22	Voting and Support Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and among Emancipation Management LLC, Emancipation Capital Master, Ltd., Emancipation Capital SPV IV LLC and Emancipation Capital LLC, as the Stockholder, and I.D. Systems, Inc., ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P., ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P. and Pointer Telocation Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).
10.23	Voting and Support Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and among DBSI Investments Ltd., as the Stockholder, and Pointer Telocation Ltd., I.D. Systems, Inc., ABRY Senior Equity V, L.P. and ABRY Senior Equity Co-Investment Fund V, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of I.D. Systems, Inc. (File No. 001-15087) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019).
21.1	List of Subsidiaries (filed herewith).
23.1	Consent of EisnerAmper LLP (filed herewith).
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

†	We have omitted certain schedules and exhibits to this agreement in accordance with Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, and we will supplementally furnish a copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
*	Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

108