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Stock-Based Compensation
 3 Months Ended
Jan. 31, 2017
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-Based Compensation
HP’s stock-based compensation plans permit the issuance of restricted stock awards, stock options and performance-based awards.
Stock-based compensation expense and the resulting tax benefits were as follows:
 
Three months ended January 31
 
2017
 
2016
 
In millions
Stock-based compensation expense
$
75

 
$
61

Income tax benefit
(24
)
 
(22
)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax
$
51

 
$
39

Restricted Stock Awards
Restricted stock awards are non-vested stock awards that may include grants of restricted stock or restricted stock units. For the three months ended January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016, HP granted only restricted stock units. HP uses the closing stock price on the grant date to estimate the fair value of service-based restricted stock units. HP estimates the fair value of restricted stock units subject to performance-adjusted vesting conditions using a combination of the closing stock price on the grant date and the Monte Carlo simulation model. The weighted-average fair value and the assumptions used to measure the fair value of restricted stock units subject to performance-adjusted vesting conditions in the Monte Carlo simulation model were as follows:
 
Three months ended January 31
 
2017
 
2016
Weighted-average fair value(1)
$
20

 
$
13

Expected volatility(2)
30.5
%
 
32.5
%
Risk-free interest rate(3)
1.4
%
 
1.2
%
Expected performance period in years(4)
2.9

 
2.9

_______________________________________________________________________________
(1) 
The weighted-average fair value was based on performance-adjusted restricted stock units granted during the period.
(2) 
The expected volatility was estimated using the historical volatility derived from HP’s common stock.
(3) 
The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues.
(4) 
The expected performance period was estimated based on the length of the remaining performance period from the grant date.
A summary of restricted stock award activity was as follows:
 
Three months ended January 31, 2017
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Grant Date Fair Value
Per Share
 
In thousands
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
28,710

 
$
13

Granted
13,476

 
$
16

Vested
(10,044
)
 
$
13

Forfeited
(224
)
 
$
14

Outstanding at end of period
31,918

 
$
14


At January 31, 2017, there was $298 million of unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards, which HP expects to recognize over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 1.6 years.
Stock Options
HP utilizes the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing formula to estimate the fair value of stock options subject to service-based vesting conditions. HP estimates the fair value of stock options subject to performance-contingent vesting conditions using a combination of a Monte Carlo simulation model and a lattice model, as these awards contain market conditions. HP did not grant any stock options for the three months ended January 31, 2017. The weighted-average fair value and the assumptions used to measure fair value for the three months ended January 31, 2016 were as follows:
 
Three months ended January 31, 2016
Weighted-average fair value(1)
$
4

Expected volatility(2)
36.4
%
Risk-free interest rate(3)
1.9
%
Expected dividend yield(4)
3.4
%
Expected term in years(5)
6.0

_______________________________________________________________________________
(1) 
The weighted-average fair value was based on stock options granted during the period.
(2) 
The expected volatility was estimated using the leverage-adjusted average of the term-matching volatilities of peer companies due to the lack of volume of forward traded options, which precluded the use of implied volatility.
(3) 
The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues.
(4) 
The expected dividend yield represents a constant dividend yield applied for the duration of the expected term of the award.
(5) 
Due to the lack of historical exercise and post-vesting termination patterns of the post-Separation employee base, the expected term was estimated using the simplified method; and for performance-contingent awards, the expected term represents an output from the lattice model.
A summary of stock option activity was as follows:
 
Three months ended January 31, 2017
 
Shares
 
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
 
In thousands
 
 
 
In years
 
In millions
Outstanding at beginning of period
28,218

 
$
12

 
 
 
 

Granted
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 

Exercised
(630
)
 
$
11

 
 
 
 

Forfeited and expired
(226
)
 
$
16

 
 
 
 

Outstanding at end of period
27,362

 
$
12

 
4.8
 
$
83

Vested and expected to vest at end of period
26,376

 
$
12

 
4.8
 
$
82

Exercisable at end of period
17,370

 
$
11

 
3.8
 
$
71


The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value that option holders would have realized had all option holders exercised their options on the last trading day of the first quarter of fiscal year 2017. The aggregate intrinsic value is the difference between HP’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the first quarter of fiscal year 2017 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options. The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the three months ended January 31, 2017 was $3 million.
At January 31, 2017, there was $14 million of unrecognized pre-tax, stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which HP expects to recognize over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 1.5 years.