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GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
 
 
North America
 
    International and Other
 
Total
Goodwill
 
$
804,902

 
$
378,507

 
$
1,183,409

Accumulated impairment loss
 
(4,973
)
 
(357,375
)
 
(362,348
)
Balance at January 1, 2018
 
799,929

 
21,132

 
821,061

Acquired during the period (see Note 2)
 
1,069,379

 
—

 
1,069,379

Measurement period adjustments (see Note 2)
 
27,001

 
—

 
27,001

Divested during the period (see Note 8)
 
(98,379
)
 
—

 
(98,379
)
Foreign currency translation
 
(15,085
)
 
(2,874
)
 
(17,959
)
Balance at December 31, 2018
 
1,782,845

 
18,258

 
1,801,103

Acquired during the period (see Note 2)
 
178,179

 
—

 
178,179

Measurement period adjustments (see Note 2)
 
1,061

 
—

 
1,061

Foreign currency translation
 
5,381

 
231

 
5,612

Balance at December 31, 2019
 
$
1,967,466

 
$
18,489

 
$
1,985,955



We had no goodwill impairment charges in 2019, 2018 or 2017.
The following table provides the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for each major class of intangible asset:
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
 
Gross Carrying Amount
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Gross Carrying Amount
 
Accumulated Amortization
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trademarks
 
$
1,212,172

 
$
(73,262
)
 
$
1,173,770

 
$
(60,995
)
Customer-related
 
207,749

 
(40,544
)
 
163,860

 
(33,516
)
Patents
 
16,711

 
(16,525
)
 
16,306

 
(15,772
)
Total
 
1,436,632

 
(130,331
)
 
1,353,936

 
(110,283
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intangible assets not subject to amortization:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trademarks
 
34,865

 
 
 
34,639

 
 
Total other intangible assets
 
$
1,341,166

 
 
 
$
1,278,292

 
 


In 2019, sales and operating performance associated with our KRAVE Pure Foods, Inc. (“Krave”) business were below expectations. In the fourth quarter of 2019, as part of a strategic review initiated by our leadership team, we updated our strategic forecast which projected under performance related to the Krave business primarily due to mainstream brands driving category volume and an increase in the overall competitive landscape. We deemed this to be a triggering event requiring us to test our Krave long-lived asset group for impairment. Based on our assessment, we determined that the carrying value was not recoverable and calculated an impairment loss as the excess of the asset group's carrying value over its fair value. Therefore, as a result of this testing, during the fourth quarter of 2019, we recorded an impairment charge totaling $100,131 to write down the long-lived asset group, which predominantly consisted of customer relationship and trademark intangible assets.

As discussed in Note 9, in February 2017, we commenced the Margin for Growth Program which included an initiative to optimize the manufacturing operations supporting our China business.  We deemed this to be a triggering event requiring us to test our China long-lived asset group for impairment by first determining whether the carrying value of the asset group was recovered by our current estimates of future cash flows associated with the asset group. Because this assessment indicated that the carrying value was not recoverable, we calculated an impairment loss as the excess of the asset group's carrying value over its fair value. The resulting impairment loss was allocated to the asset group's long-lived assets. Therefore, as a result of this testing, during the first quarter of 2017, we recorded an impairment charge totaling $105,992 representing the portion of the impairment loss that was allocated to the distributor relationship and trademark intangible assets that had been recognized in connection with the 2014 Shanghai Golden Monkey ("SGM") acquisition.
Total amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $46,690, $38,555 and $23,376, respectively.
Amortization expense for the next five years, based on current intangible asset balances, is estimated to be as follows:
Year ending December 31,
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
2024
Amortization expense
 
$
46,515

 
$
46,315

 
$
46,315

 
$
46,121

 
$
45,540