The following is a description of the valuation methodologies and key inputs used to measure assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our fair value measurements.

Level 1 investment securities are comprised of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, as quoted prices were available, unadjusted, for identical securities in active markets. Level 2 investment securities were primarily comprised of debt securities issued by the Small Business Administration, states and municipalities, corporations, as well as mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. Fair values were estimated primarily by obtaining quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or through the use of pricing models. In cases where there may be limited or less transparent information provided by the Company’s third party pricing service, fair value may be estimated by the use of secondary pricing services or through the use of non-binding third party broker quotes.

The fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale was determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets, and therefore, is classified as a Level 2 measurement.

The Company estimates the fair value of mortgage servicing rights by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The Company stratifies its mortgage servicing portfolio on the basis of loan type. The assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model are those that the Company believes market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. Significant assumptions in the valuation of mortgage servicing rights include estimated loan repayment rates, the discount rate, servicing costs, and the timing of cash flows, among other factors. Mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

Other assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are primarily comprised of investments related to deferred compensation arrangements. Quoted prices for these investments, primarily in mutual funds, are available in active markets. Thus, the Company’s investments related to deferred compensation arrangements are classified as Level 1 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), forward commitments, interest rate swap agreements, foreign exchange contracts, and Visa Class B to Class A shares conversion rate swap agreements. The fair values of IRLCs are calculated based on the value of the underlying loan held for sale, which in turn is based on quoted prices for similar loans in the secondary market. However, this value is adjusted by a factor which considers the likelihood that the loan in a locked position will ultimately close. This factor, the closing ratio, is derived from the Bank’s internal data and is adjusted using significant management judgment. As such, IRLCs are classified as Level 3 measurements. Forward commitments are classified as Level 2 measurements as they are primarily based on quoted prices from the secondary market based on the settlement date of the contracts, interpolated or extrapolated, if necessary, to estimate a fair value as of the end of the reporting period. The fair values of interest rate swap agreements are calculated using a discounted cash flow approach and utilize Level 2 observable inputs such as a market yield curve, effective date, maturity date, notional amount, and stated interest rate. The valuation methodology for interest rate swaps with financial institution counterparties (and the related customer interest rate swaps) is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. In addition, the Company includes in its fair value calculation a credit factor adjustment which is based primarily on management judgment. Thus, interest rate swap agreements are classified as a Level 3 measurement. The fair values of foreign exchange contracts are calculated using the Bank’s multi-currency accounting system which utilizes contract specific information such as currency, maturity date, contractual amount, and strike price, along with market data information such as the spot rates of specific currency and yield curves. Foreign exchange contracts are classified as Level 2 measurements because while they are valued using the Bank’s multi-currency accounting system, significant management judgment or estimation is not required. The fair value of the Visa Class B restricted shares to Class A unrestricted common shares conversion rate swap agreements represent the amount owed by the Company to the buyer of the Visa Class B shares as a result of a reduction of the conversion ratio subsequent to the sales date. As of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the conversion rate swap agreements were valued at zero as reductions to the conversion ratio were neither probable nor reasonably estimable by management. See Note 17 Derivative Financial Instruments for more information.

The Company is exposed to credit risk if borrowers or counterparties fail to perform. The Company seeks to minimize credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and collateral requirements. The Company generally enters into transactions with borrowers of high credit quality and counterparties that carry high quality credit ratings. Credit risk associated with borrowers or counterparties as well as the Company’s non-performance risk is factored into the determination of the fair value of derivative financial instruments.

The table below presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

(dollars in thousands)	Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
December 31, 2022
Assets:
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale
Debt Securities Issued by the U.S. Treasury and Government Agencies	$	141,944	$	91,962	$	—	$	233,906
Debt Securities Issued by States and Political Subdivisions		—		95,265		—		95,265
Debt Securities Issued by U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises		—		48,628		—		48,628
Debt Securities Issued by Corporations		—		794,658		—		794,658
Mortgage-Backed Securities:
Residential - Government Agencies		—		732,828		—		732,828
Residential - U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises		—		793,871		—		793,871
Commercial - Government Agencies or Sponsored Agencies		—		145,667		—		145,667
Total Mortgage-Backed Securities		—		1,672,366		—		1,672,366
Total Investment Securities Available-for-Sale		141,944		2,702,879		—		2,844,823
Loans Held for Sale		—		1,035		—		1,035
Mortgage Servicing Rights		—		—		717		717
Other Assets		47,755		—		—		47,755
Derivatives ¹		—		1,822		45,895		47,717
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2022	$	189,699	$	2,705,736	$	46,612	$	2,942,047
Liabilities:
Derivatives¹	$	—	$	70	$	167,967	$	168,037
Total Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2022	$	—	$	70	$	167,967	$	168,037
December 31, 2021
Assets:
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale
Debt Securities Issued by the U.S. Treasury and Government Agencies	$	114,845	$	135,242	$	—	$	250,087
Debt Securities Issued by States and Political Subdivisions		—		75,818		—		75,818
Debt Securities Issued by U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises		—		1,780		—		1,780
Debt Securities Issued by Corporations		—		383,113		—		383,113
Mortgage-Backed Securities:
Residential - Government Agencies		—		1,319,042		—		1,319,042
Residential - U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises		—		2,090,326		—		2,090,326
Commercial - Government Agencies or Sponsored Agencies		—		155,890		—		155,890
Total Mortgage-Backed Securities		—		3,565,258		—		3,565,258
Total Investment Securities Available-for-Sale		114,845		4,161,211		—		4,276,056
Loans Held for Sale		—		26,746		—		26,746
Mortgage Servicing Rights		—		—		800		800
Other Assets		56,411		—		—		56,411
Derivatives ¹		—		194		41,817		42,011
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2021	$	171,256	$	4,188,151	$	42,617	$	4,402,024
Liabilities:
Derivatives ¹	$	—	$	903	$	17,913	$	18,816
Total Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2021	$	—	$	903	$	17,913	$	18,816

For the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Mortgage Servicing Rights ¹			Net Derivative Assets and Liabilities ²
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Balance as of January 1, 2022	$	800		$	23,904
Realized and Unrealized Net Gains (Losses):
Included in Net Income		(83	)		(871	)
Transfers to Loans Held for Sale		—			(112	)
Variation Margin Payments		—			(144,993	)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	717		$	(122,072	)
Total Unrealized Net Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets Still Held as of December 31, 2022	$	—		$	(871	)

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	958		$	77,880
Realized and Unrealized Net Gains (Losses):
Included in Net Income ³		(158	)		8,848
Transfers to Loans Held for Sale		—			(12,634	)
Variation Margin Payments		—			(50,190	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	800		$	23,904
Total Unrealized Net Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets Still Held as of December 31, 2021	$	—		$	8,848

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

			December 31, 2022												December 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)	Valuation Technique	Description	Range						Weighted Average¹			Fair Value			Range						Weighted Average¹			Fair Value
Mortgage Servicing Rights	Discounted Cash Flow	Constant Prepayment Rate		2.81	%	-	10.63	%		4.02	%	$	28,040			6.51	%	-	11.48	%		10.70	%	$	22,251
		Discount Rate		8.70	%	-	10.40	%		9.93	%					6.49	%	-	7.08	%		7.04	%

Net Derivative Assets and Liabilities:
Interest Rate Lock Commitments	Pricing Model	Closing Ratio		84.10	%	-	99.00	%		92.86	%	$	58			75.40	%	-	100.00	%		90.47	%	$	1,084
Interest Rate Swap Agreements	Discounted Cash Flow	Credit Factor		0.00	%	-	0.49	%		0.01	%	$	(122,129	)		0.00	%	-	0.49	%		0.14	%	$	22,820

¹ Unobservable inputs for mortgage servicing rights and interest rate lock commitments were weighted by loan amount. Unobservable inputs for interest rate swap agreements were weighted by fair value.

Significant increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Although the constant prepayment rate and the discount rate are not directly interrelated, they generally move in opposite directions of each other.

The Company may be required periodically to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-fair value accounting or impairment write-downs of individual assets. The following table represents the assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022.

The write-down of mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the amortization method was primarily due to changes in certain key assumptions used to estimate fair value. As previously mentioned, all of the Company's mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Changes in the estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans held for sale are reported as a component of mortgage banking income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the net gains or losses from the change in fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale were not material.

The following presents the carrying amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For non-marketable equity securities such as Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines and Federal Reserve Bank stock, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these securities can only be redeemed or sold at their par value and only to the respective issuing government-supported institution or to another member institution. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity.

					Fair Value Measurements
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2022
Financial Instruments – Assets
Investment Securities Held-to-Maturity	$	5,414,139	$	4,615,393	$	113,417	$	4,501,976	$	—
Loans		13,371,226		12,386,615		—		—		12,386,615

Financial Instruments – Liabilities
Time Deposits		1,705,737		1,679,777		—		1,679,777		—
Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase		725,490		718,614		—		718,614		—
Other Debt ¹		400,000		402,877		—		402,877		—

December 31, 2021
Financial Instruments – Assets
Investment Securities Held-to-Maturity	$	4,694,780	$	4,646,619	$	131,139	$	4,515,480	$	—
Loans		11,921,869		12,094,631		—		—		12,094,631

Financial Instruments – Liabilities
Time Deposits		1,000,089		998,134		—		998,134		—
Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase		450,490		469,293		—		469,293		—