Revenue from contracts with customers on a disaggregated basis in 2018 was as follows (in millions):

	Exploration and Production												Midstream		Eliminations			Total
	United States			Europe		Africa		Asia		E&P Total
Sales of our net production volumes:
Crude oil revenue	$	2,832		$	153	$	434	$	104	$	3,523		$	—	$	—		$	3,523
Natural gas liquids revenue		308			—		—		—		308			—		—			308
Natural gas revenue		176			11		21		651		859			—		—			859
Sales of purchased oil and gas		1,661			—		93		14		1,768			—		—			1,768
Intercompany revenue		—			—		—		—		—			713		(713	)		—
Total revenues from contracts with customers		4,977			164		548		769		6,458			713		(713	)		6,458
Other operating revenues (a)		(135	)		—		—		—		(135	)		—		—			(135	)
Total sales and other operating revenues	$	4,842		$	164	$	548	$	769	$	6,323		$	713	$	(713	)	$	6,323

(a)	Includes gains (losses) on commodity derivatives.

The E&P segment recognizes revenue from the sale of crude oil, NGLs, and natural gas as performance obligations under contracts with customers are satisfied. Our responsibilities to deliver each unit of quantity of crude oil, NGL, and natural gas under these contracts represent separate, distinct performance obligations. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time control of each unit of quantity transfers to the customer. Generally, the control of each unit of quantity transfers to the customer upon the transfer of legal title at the point of physical delivery. Pricing is variable and is determined with reference to a particular market or pricing index, plus or minus adjustments reflecting quality or location differentials.

For long-term international natural gas contracts with ship-or-pay provisions, our obligation to stand-ready to provide a minimum volume over each commitment period represents separate, distinct performance obligations. Penalties owed against future deliveries of natural gas due to delivery of volumes below minimum delivery commitments are recognized as reductions to revenue in the commitment period when the shortfall occurs. Long-term international natural gas contracts may also contain take-or-pay provisions whereby the customer is required to pay for volumes not taken that are below the minimum volume commitment, but the customer has certain make-up rights to receive shortfall volumes in subsequent periods. Shortfall payments received from customers when volumes purchased are below the minimum volume commitment are deferred upon receipt as a contract liability. Revenue is recognized at the earlier of when we deliver the make-up volumes in subsequent periods or when it becomes remote that the customer will exercise their make-up rights.

Certain crude oil, NGL, and natural gas volumes are purchased by Hess from third-parties, including working interest partners and royalty owners in certain Hess-operated properties, before they are sold to customers. Where control over the crude oil, NGLs, or natural gas transfers to Hess before the volumes are transferred to the customer, revenue and the associated cost of purchased volumes are presented on a gross basis in the Statement of Consolidated Income within Sales and other operating revenues and Marketing, including purchased oil and gas, respectively. Where control of crude oil, NGLs, or natural gas is not transferred to Hess, revenue is presented net of the associated cost of purchased volumes within Sales and other operating revenues in the Statement of Consolidated Income.

Crude oil, NGLs, and natural gas – United States (U.S.): Contracts with customers for the sale of U.S. crude oil, NGLs, and natural gas primarily include those contracts that involve the short-term sale of volumes during a specified period, and those contracts that automatically renew on a periodic basis until either party cancels. We have certain long-term contracts with customers for the sale of U.S. natural gas and NGLs that have remaining durations of less than ten years. Contracts may specify a fixed volume for delivery subject to tolerance thresholds or may specify a percentage of production to be delivered from a particular location. Pricing is determined with reference to a particular market or pricing index, plus or minus adjustments reflecting quality or location differentials.

Crude oil – International: Contracts with customers for the sale of international crude oil involve the short-term sale of volumes during a specified period. These contracts specify a fixed volume for delivery subject to tolerance thresholds. Pricing is determined with reference to a particular market or pricing index, plus or minus adjustments reflecting quality or location differentials, shortly after control of the volumes transfers to the customer.

Natural gas – International: Contracts with customers for the sale of natural gas are in the form of natural gas sales agreements with government entities that have durations that are aligned with the durations of production sharing contracts or other contractual arrangements with host governments. Pricing is determined using contractual formulas that are based on the price of alternative fuels as obtained from price indices and other factors. These contracts also specify a minimum volume we are obligated to make available during specified periods within the contract term and may specify minimum volumes the customer is obligated to purchase during specified periods within the contract term. If we do not deliver the volume properly nominated by the customer, the customer is entitled to a price discount on future volumes equivalent to the shortfall delivery. Under certain international natural gas sales agreements, if the customer purchases natural gas volumes below the minimum volume commitment, the customer is required to pay us for the shortfall volumes and may receive make-up volumes in subsequent periods at no additional cost.

Revenue from sale of third-party purchased volumes: Crude oil, NGLs, and natural gas are purchased by Hess from third-parties, including working interest partners and royalty owners in certain Hess-operated properties, before they are sold to customers. The types of contracts with customers for the sale of third-party purchased volumes are the same as those described above.

Our right to receive or collect payment from the customer is aligned with the timing of revenue recognition except in situations when we receive shortfall payments under contracts with take-or-pay provisions with customer make-up rights or where we recognize a liability for price discounts owed against future deliveries as a result of not shipping minimum volume commitments. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no contract assets or contract liabilities, respectively.

Generally, we receive payments from customers on a monthly basis, shortly after the physical delivery of the crude oil, NGLs, or natural gas. In 2018, we did not recognize any impairment losses on receivables arising from contracts with customers.

The transaction price allocated to our wholly unsatisfied performance obligations on uncompleted contracts is variable. Further, many of our contracts with customers have durations of less than twelve months. Accordingly, we have elected under the provisions of ASC 606 the exemption from disclosure of revenue recognizable in future periods as these performance obligations are satisfied.

We exclude sales-based taxes that are collected from customers from the transaction price in our contracts with customers. Accordingly, revenue from contracts with customers is net of sales-based taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to taxing authorities.

Our Midstream segment provides gathering, compression, processing, fractionation, storage, terminaling, loading and transportation, and water handling services.

The Midstream segment has multiple long-term, fee-based commercial agreements with a marketing subsidiary of Hess, each generally with an initial ten-year term that can be extended for an additional ten-year term at the unilateral right of our Midstream segment. These contracts have minimum volumes the customer is obligated to provide each calendar quarter. The minimum volume commitments are subject to fluctuation based on nominations covering substantially all of our E&P segment’s production and projected third-party volumes that will be purchased in the Bakken. As the minimum volume commitments are subject to fluctuation, and as these contracts contain fee inflation escalators and fee recalculation mechanisms, substantially all of the transaction price at contract inception is variable. The Midstream segment also provides water handling services to a subsidiary of Hess for an agreed-upon fee per barrel or the reimbursement of third-party fees.

The Midstream segment’s responsibilities to provide each of the above services for each year under each of the commercial agreements are considered separate, distinct performance obligations. Revenue is recognized for each performance obligation under these commercial agreements over-time as services are rendered using the output method, measured using the amount of volumes serviced during the period. The Midstream segment has elected the practical expedient under the provisions of ASC 606 to recognize revenue in the amount it is entitled to invoice. If the commercial agreements have take-or-pay provisions, the Midstream segment’s responsibility to stand-ready to service a minimum volume over each quarterly commitment period represent separate, distinct performance obligations. Shortfall payments received under take-or-pay provisions are recognized as revenue in the calendar quarter the shortfall occurs as the customer does not have make-up rights beyond the calendar quarter end of the quarterly commitment period. All revenues, receivables, and contract balances arising from the commercial agreements between the Midstream segment and the Hess marketing subsidiary that is the counterparty to the commercial agreements are eliminated upon consolidation.