Income Taxes	6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	NOTE 5. INCOME TAXES For the second quarter of 2020, we recorded a tax benefit of $186 million on a loss before income taxes of $889 million. For the first six months of 2020, we recorded tax expense of $63 million on a loss before income taxes of $1,257 million. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 includes net discrete charges of $2 million and $293 million, respectively, including the establishment of a $295 million valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits during the first quarter of 2020 as discussed below. For the second quarter of 2019, we recorded tax expense of $26 million on income before income taxes of $82 million. For the first six months of 2019, we recorded tax expense of $32 million on income before income taxes of $44 million. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 includes net discrete charges of $6 million and $13 million, respectively. Net discrete tax charges include a second quarter charge of $6 million related to adjusting our deferred tax assets in Luxembourg for a change in the tax rate and various first quarter net discrete charges of $7 million. We record taxes based on overall estimated annual effective tax rates. The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily relates to the discrete items noted above, a first quarter non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $182 million, and forecasted losses for the full year in foreign jurisdictions in which no tax benefits are recorded, which have been accentuated during 2020 by business interruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 primarily relates to the discrete items noted above and the overall higher effective tax rate in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, partially offset by a benefit from our foreign derived intangible income deduction. For further information regarding the non-cash goodwill impairment charge, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets. We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. At June 30, 2020, we had approximately $1.1 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $308 million, primarily related to foreign tax credits with limited lives. Approximately $900 million of these U.S. net deferred tax assets have unlimited lives and approximately $200 million have limited lives, substantially all of which expire after 2025. In the U.S., we have cumulative positive profitability in the three-year period ended June 30, 2020; however, negative evidence of reduced profitability as a result of the continuing business disruption created by the COVID-19 pandemic must be considered in our assessment of our ability to realize our net deferred tax assets. While the disruption to our business is expected to be temporary, there is considerable uncertainty around the extent and duration of that disruption and we are currently expecting to incur a significant U.S. tax loss during the second half of 2020 as a result. Depending upon the magnitude of this loss as well as the continuing duration of pandemic-related disruptions and the timing of the subsequent recovery, a valuation allowance may be required against all of our U.S. net deferred tax assets in a future period. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our U.S. deferred tax assets included approximately $118 million and $403 million of foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances of $298 million and $3 million, respectively, generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. During the first quarter of 2020, we established a valuation allowance of $295 million against substantially all of these foreign tax credits with expiration dates through 2025. Due to the sudden and sharp decline in industry demand and the temporary suspension of production at our U.S. manufacturing facilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect to incur a significant U.S. tax loss for 2020. As loss carry-forwards must be utilized prior to foreign tax credits in offsetting future income for tax purposes, we concluded that it was no longer more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence that we will be able to utilize our remaining foreign tax credits that expire between 2025 and 2030. Our sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries and reducing U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability. We consider our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits. These forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future earnings will not be sufficient to fully utilize our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our remaining foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that, at June 30, 2020, our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances, will be fully utilized. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of foreign deferred tax assets and valuation allowances of $993 million and $969 million, respectively. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of these net foreign deferred tax assets. Most notably, in Luxembourg, we maintain a valuation allowance of approximately $893 million on all of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months. For the six months ending June 30, 2020, changes to our unrecognized tax benefits did not, and for the full year of 2020 are not expected to, have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations. On March 27, 2020, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), a substantial tax and spending package intended to provide economic stimulus to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act allows corporations with net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to elect to carryback those losses for a period of five years and relaxes the limitation for business interest deductions for 2019 and 2020. We do not anticipate that these provisions will have a material impact on our operating results. We will, however, benefit from a CARES Act provision that accelerates the ability of corporations to claim a refund of alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards. Under this provision, we anticipate receiving a refund of approximately $5 million during the third quarter of 2020 that would otherwise have been received in two equal annual installments in 2021 and 2022. We are open to examination in the United States for 2019 and in Germany from 2016 onward. Generally, for our remaining tax jurisdictions, years from 2014 onward are still open to examination.

Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

NOTE 5. INCOME TAXES

For the second quarter of 2020, we recorded a tax benefit of $186 million on a loss before income taxes of $889 million. For the first six months of 2020, we recorded tax expense of $63 million on a loss before income taxes of $1,257 million. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 includes net discrete charges of $2 million and $293 million, respectively, including the establishment of a $295 million valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits during the first quarter of 2020 as discussed below.

For the second quarter of 2019, we recorded tax expense of $26 million on income before income taxes of $82 million. For the first six months of 2019, we recorded tax expense of $32 million on income before income taxes of $44 million. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 includes net discrete charges of $6 million and $13 million, respectively. Net discrete tax charges include a second quarter charge of $6 million related to adjusting our deferred tax assets in Luxembourg for a change in the tax rate and various first quarter net discrete charges of $7 million.

We record taxes based on overall estimated annual effective tax rates. The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily relates to the discrete items noted above, a first quarter non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $182 million, and forecasted losses for the full year in foreign jurisdictions in which no tax benefits are recorded, which have been accentuated during 2020 by business interruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 primarily relates to the discrete items noted above and the overall higher effective tax rate in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, partially offset by a benefit from our foreign derived intangible income deduction. For further information regarding the non-cash goodwill impairment charge, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized.

At June 30, 2020, we had approximately $1.1 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $308 million, primarily related to foreign tax credits with limited lives. Approximately $900 million of these U.S. net deferred tax assets have unlimited lives and approximately $200 million have limited lives, substantially all of which expire after 2025. In the U.S., we have cumulative positive profitability in the three-year period ended June 30, 2020; however,

negative evidence of reduced profitability as a result of the continuing business disruption created by the COVID-19 pandemic must be considered in our assessment of our ability to realize our net deferred tax assets. While the disruption to our business is expected to be temporary, there is considerable uncertainty around the extent and duration of that disruption and we are currently expecting to incur a significant U.S. tax loss during the second half of 2020 as a result. Depending upon the magnitude of this loss as well as the continuing duration of pandemic-related disruptions and the timing of the subsequent recovery, a valuation allowance may be required against all of our U.S. net deferred tax assets in a future period.

At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our U.S. deferred tax assets included approximately $118 million and $403 million of foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances of $298 million and $3 million, respectively, generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. During the first quarter of 2020, we established a valuation allowance of $295 million against substantially all of these foreign tax credits with expiration dates through 2025. Due to the sudden and sharp decline in industry demand and the temporary suspension of production at our U.S. manufacturing facilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect to incur a significant U.S. tax loss for 2020. As loss carry-forwards must be utilized prior to foreign tax credits in offsetting future income for tax purposes, we concluded that it was no longer more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence that we will be able to utilize our remaining foreign tax credits that expire between 2025 and 2030. Our sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries and reducing U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability.

We consider our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits. These forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future earnings will not be sufficient to fully utilize our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our remaining foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that, at June 30, 2020, our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances, will be fully utilized.

At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of foreign deferred tax assets and valuation allowances of $993 million and $969 million, respectively. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of these net foreign deferred tax assets. Most notably, in Luxembourg, we maintain a valuation allowance of approximately $893 million on all of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months.

For the six months ending June 30, 2020, changes to our unrecognized tax benefits did not, and for the full year of 2020 are not expected to, have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations.

On March 27, 2020, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), a substantial tax and spending package intended to provide economic stimulus to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act allows corporations with net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to elect to carryback those losses for a period of five years and relaxes the limitation for business interest deductions for 2019 and 2020. We do not anticipate that these provisions will have a material impact on our operating results. We will, however, benefit from a CARES Act provision that accelerates the ability of corporations to claim a refund of alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards. Under this provision, we anticipate receiving a refund of approximately $5 million during the third quarter of 2020 that would otherwise have been received in two equal annual installments in 2021 and 2022.

We are open to examination in the United States for 2019 and in Germany from 2016 onward. Generally, for our remaining tax jurisdictions, years from 2014 onward are still open to examination.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.

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