
	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
(In millions)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost	$	64		$	29		$	93		$	42
Financing fees and financial instruments expense		17			10			29			17
Net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses		29			(1	)		41			1
General and product liability expense - discontinued products		1			2			3			3
Royalty income		(11	)		(6	)		(18	)		(17	)
Net (gains) losses on asset sales		(60	)		(95	)		(62	)		(98	)
Interest income		(18	)		(6	)		(34	)		(11	)
Miscellaneous (income) expense		14			2			9			3
	$	36		$	(65	)	$	61		$	(60	)

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost, as well as curtailments and settlements which are not related to rationalization plans. Pension expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 includes the impact of higher interest rates as well as pension settlement charges of $36 million related to the termination of the Cooper Tire U.S. Salaried and Ireland defined benefit pension plans. Pension expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 includes pension settlement charges of $18 million as a result of lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost of the applicable plans. For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 10, Pension, Savings and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

Net foreign currency exchange losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 include $17 million and $19 million, respectively, related to the Turkish lira and $11 million and $19 million, respectively, related to the Argentine peso.

Net gains on asset sales for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 include a $59 million gain related to a sale and leaseback transaction for a warehouse in Americas. Cash proceeds, which were received during the second quarter of 2023, related to this transaction totaled $66 million. Leaseback terms for this location include a 5-year initial term with one 5-year renewal option. We have determined it is not probable that we will exercise the renewal option. This transaction resulted in the recognition of Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets totaling $24 million. Net gains on asset sales for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 include a $95 million gain related to a sale and leaseback transaction for certain consumer and commercial retail locations in Americas. Cash proceeds, which were received during the second quarter of 2022, related to this transaction totaled $108 million.

Interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 includes interest income in Argentina of $10 million and $18 million, respectively.

Miscellaneous (income) expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 includes non-indemnified costs for product liability claims related to products manufactured by a formerly consolidated joint venture entity totaling $4 million and $15 million, respectively, and a $10 million loss related to the sale of a receivable in Argentina. Miscellaneous (income) expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 also includes $11 million of income related to a favorable court decision setting aside a previous unfavorable verdict on intellectual property-related legal claims and $5 million of income related to the write-off of accumulated foreign currency translation in Russia.

Other (Income) Expense also includes financing fees and financial instruments expense, which consists of commitment fees and charges incurred in connection with financing transactions; general and product liability expense - discontinued products, which consists of charges for claims against us related primarily to asbestos personal injury claims, net of probable insurance recoveries; and royalty income.