In order to maintain our global competitiveness, we have implemented rationalization actions over the past several years to reduce high-cost and excess manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs.

The following table presents a roll-forward of the liability balance between periods:


	Associate-
(In millions)	Related Costs			Other Costs			Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	88		$	—		$	88
2022 Charges		27			12			39
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $(2) million and $0 million, respectively		(49	)		(12	)		(61	)
Reversed to the Statement of Operations		(2	)		—			(2	)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	64		$	—		$	64

During the second quarter of 2022, we approved a plan related to the integration of Cooper Tire aimed at reducing duplicative global SAG headcount and closing redundant Cooper Tire warehouse locations in Americas in line with previously announced planned synergies. Total expected charges related to the plan are $54 million, of which $44 million represents cash charges primarily for associate severance and other exit benefits. The remainder of the charges represent primarily accelerated depreciation. The plan will result in approximately 490 job reductions. We have $19 million accrued related to this plan at June 30, 2022, which is expected to be substantially paid through 2023.

The remainder of the accrual balance at June 30, 2022 is expected to be substantially utilized in the next 12 months and includes $21 million related to plans to reduce SAG headcount, $5 million related to the permanent closure of our Gadsden, Alabama tire manufacturing facility ("Gadsden"), $5 million related to the closed Amiens, France tire manufacturing facility, and various other plans to reduce headcount and improve operating efficiency.

The following table shows net rationalization charges included in Income before Income Taxes:


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
(In millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Current Year Plans
Associate Severance and Other Related Costs	$	22	$	—	$	22	$	20
Current Year Plans - Net Charges	$	22	$	—	$	22	$	20

Prior Year Plans
Associate Severance and Other Related Costs	$	—	$	8	$	4	$	28
Other Exit Costs		4		10		11		20
Prior Year Plans - Net Charges	$	4	$	18	$	15	$	48
Total Net Charges	$	26	$	18	$	37	$	68

Substantially all of the new charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 relate to future cash outflows. Net current year plan charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are primarily due to the Cooper Tire integration related plan discussed above. Net current year plan charges for the six months ended June 30, 2021 primarily relate to a plan to reduce SAG headcount in Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”).

Net prior year plan charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 included $4 million and $11 million, respectively, related to the permanent closure of Gadsden, $1 million and $6 million, respectively, related to the modernization of two of our tire manufacturing facilities in Germany, and reversals of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purpose. Net prior year plan charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 included $7 million and $21 million, respectively, related to the modernization of two of our tire manufacturing facilities in Germany, $9

million and $17 million, respectively, related to the permanent closure of Gadsden, and $2 million and $10 million, respectively, related to various other plans to reduce headcount and improve operating efficiency.

Ongoing rationalization plans had approximately $830 million in charges incurred prior to 2022 and approximately $60 million is expected to be incurred in future periods.

Approximately 490 associates will be released under the new plan initiated in the second quarter of 2022, of which approximately 60 were released through June 30, 2022. In the first six months of 2022, approximately 100 associates were released under plans initiated in prior years. Approximately 550 associates remain to be released under all ongoing rationalization plans.