Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Environmental Matters

We have recorded liabilities totaling $46 million and $45 million at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, for anticipated costs related to various environmental matters, primarily the remediation of numerous waste disposal sites and certain properties sold by us. Of these amounts, $9 million and $11 million were included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The costs include legal and consulting fees, site studies, the design and implementation of remediation plans, post-remediation monitoring and related activities, and will be paid over several years. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may be affected by several uncertainties, primarily the ultimate cost of required remediation and the extent to which other responsible parties contribute. We have limited potential insurance coverage for future environmental claims.

Since many of the remediation activities related to environmental matters vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site and the associated costs for each vary depending on the mix of unique site characteristics, in some cases we cannot reasonably estimate a range of possible losses. Although it is not possible to estimate with certainty the outcome of all of our environmental matters, management believes that potential losses in excess of current reserves for environmental matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

Workers’ Compensation

We have recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, totaling $306 million and $310 million for anticipated costs related to workers’ compensation at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Of these amounts, $71 million and $79 million were included in Current Liabilities as part of Compensation and Benefits at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience, and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. At December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the liability was discounted using a risk-free rate of return. At December 31, 2014, we estimate that it is reasonably possible that the liability could exceed our recorded amounts by approximately $30 million.

General and Product Liability and Other Litigation

We have recorded liabilities totaling $324 million and $305 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Of these amounts, $46 million and $45 million were included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The amounts recorded were estimated based on an assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and, where available, recent and current trends. Based upon that assessment, at December 31, 2014, we do not believe that estimated reasonably possible losses associated with general and product liability claims in excess of the amounts recorded will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, the amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates.

Asbestos. We are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in state and Federal courts. To date, we have disposed of approximately 109,500 claims by defending and obtaining the dismissal thereof or by entering into a settlement. The sum of our accrued asbestos-related liability and gross payments to date, including legal costs, by us and our insurers totaled approximately $458 million through December 31, 2014 and $432 million through December 31, 2013.

A summary of recent approximate asbestos claims activity follows. Because claims are often filed and disposed of by dismissal or settlement in large numbers, the amount and timing of settlements and the number of open claims during a particular period can fluctuate significantly.



(Dollars in millions)	2014			2013			2012
Pending claims, beginning of year	74,000			73,200			78,500
New claims filed during the year	1,900			2,600			2,200
Claims settled/dismissed during the year	(2,100		)	(1,800		)	(7,500		)
Pending claims, end of year	73,800			74,000			73,200
Payments (1)	$	20		$	19		$	18

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(1)	Represents amount spent by us and our insurers on asbestos litigation defense and claim resolution.

We periodically, and at least annually, review our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. We had recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $151 million and $145 million at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The recorded liability represents our estimated liability over the next ten years, which represents the period over which the liability can be reasonably estimated. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or a change in circumstances arising in the future could result in an increase in the recorded obligation in an amount that cannot be reasonably estimated, and that increase could be significant. The portion of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims and related defense costs was $84 million at December 31, 2014 and $78 million at December 31, 2013. At both December 31, 2014 and 2013, our liability with respect to asserted claims and related defense costs was $67 million.

We maintain primary insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. After consultation with our outside legal counsel and giving consideration to agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers and other relevant factors, we determine an amount we expect is probable of recovery from such carriers. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery.

We recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $71 million at December 31, 2014 and $75 million at December 31, 2013. We expect that approximately 50% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance during the ten-year period covered by the estimated liability. Of these amounts, $13 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at December 31, 2014 and $11 million at December 31, 2013. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our excess coverage insurance carriers.

We believe that, at December 31, 2014, we had approximately $160 million in limits of excess level policies potentially applicable to indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims. We also had coverage under certain primary policies for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under remaining aggregate limits, as well as coverage for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos premises claims on a per occurrence basis, pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements at December 31, 2014.

We believe that our reserve for asbestos claims, and the receivable for recoveries from insurance carriers recorded in respect of these claims, reflects reasonable and probable estimates of these amounts, subject to the exclusion of claims for which it is not feasible to make reasonable estimates. The estimate of the assets and liabilities related to pending and expected future asbestos claims and insurance recoveries is subject to numerous uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in:

• the litigation environment,

• Federal and state law governing the compensation of asbestos claimants,

• recoverability of receivables due to potential insolvency of carriers,

• our approach to defending and resolving claims, and

• the level of payments made to claimants from other sources, including other defendants and 524(g) trusts.

As a result, with respect to both asserted and unasserted claims, it is reasonably possible that we may incur a material amount of cost in excess of the current reserve; however, such amounts cannot be reasonably estimated. Coverage under insurance policies is subject to varying characteristics of asbestos claims including, but not limited to, the type of claim (premise vs. product exposure), alleged date of first exposure to our products or premises and disease alleged. Depending upon the nature of these characteristics, as well as the resolution of certain legal issues, some portion of the insurance may not be accessible by us.

Brazilian Indirect Tax Assessments

In September 2011, the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil issued an assessment to us for allegedly improperly taking tax credits for value-added taxes paid to a supplier of natural rubber during the period from January 2006 to August 2008. The assessment, including interest and penalties, totals 92 million Brazilian real (approximately $35 million). We have filed a response contesting this assessment and are defending the matter. In the event we are unsuccessful in defending the assessment, our results of operations could be materially affected.

Greek Labor Cases

Approximately 320 former employees of a factory in Thessaloniki, Greece that was closed in 1996 sued Goodyear Dunlop Tires Hellas S.A.I.C. (“Goodyear Dunlop Greece”) seeking compensation in arrears alleging the absence of consultation prior to the closure under applicable European law. In March 2013, the former employees also filed a separate claim for severance payments. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we entered into settlement agreements with the former employees with an aggregate value of approximately €27 million ($32 million), which includes salaries in arrears, related payroll taxes, severance and related expenses. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we made payments pursuant to the settlement agreements totaling €16 million ($20 million). The remaining scheduled payments are due in installments through 2016. In addition, Goodyear Dunlop Greece may be required to pay social security contributions of approximately €11 million ($13 million). We do not expect this matter to materially affect our future results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Amiens Labor Claims

Approximately 720 former employees of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims totaling €98 million ($119 million) against Goodyear Dunlop Tires France. In January 2015, these claims were dismissed without prejudice. The former employees may re-file these claims within two years. In the event these claims are re-filed or additional claims are asserted against us, we intend to vigorously defend ourselves and cannot estimate the amounts, if any, that we may ultimately pay in respect of such claims.

Other Actions

We are currently a party to various claims, indirect tax assessments and legal proceedings in addition to those noted above. If management believes that a loss arising from these matters is probable and can reasonably be estimated, we record the amount of the loss, or the minimum estimated liability when the loss is estimated using a range, and no point within the range is more probable than another. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Based on currently available information, management believes that the ultimate outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations.

Our recorded liabilities and estimates of reasonably possible losses for the contingent liabilities described above are based on our assessment of potential liability using the information available to us at the time and, where applicable, any past experience and recent and current trends with respect to similar matters. Our contingent liabilities are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions could occur which we did not anticipate. Such an unfavorable decision could include monetary damages, fines or other penalties or an injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions or selling certain products. If such an unfavorable decision were to occur, it could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which the decision occurs, or in future periods.

Income Tax Matters

The calculation of our income tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when based on new information we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities and would result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution.

While the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports transfer prices through economic studies, seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible and believes its transfer prices to be appropriate, such transfer prices, and related interpretations of tax laws, are occasionally challenged by various taxing authorities globally. We have received various tax assessments challenging our interpretations of applicable tax laws in various jurisdictions. Although we believe we have complied with applicable tax laws, have strong positions and defenses and have historically been successful in defending such claims, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected in the case we are unsuccessful in the defense of existing or future claims.

Binding Commitments and Guarantees

At December 31, 2014, we had binding commitments for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities, and various other types of contracts. Total commitments on contracts that extend beyond 2015 are expected to total approximately $3,900 million. In addition, we have other contractual commitments, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, pursuant to certain long term agreements under which we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers' production levels.

We have off-balance sheet financial guarantees written and other commitments totaling approximately $7 million at December 31, 2014, compared to $14 million at December 31, 2013. In addition, we will from time to time issue guarantees to financial institutions or other entities on behalf of certain of our affiliates, lessors or customers. Normally there is no separate premium received by us as consideration for the issuance of guarantees. We also generally do not require collateral in connection with the issuance of these guarantees. If our performance under these guarantees is triggered by non-payment or another specified event, we would be obligated to make payment to the financial institution or the other entity, and would typically have recourse to the affiliate, lessor or customer. The guarantees expire at various times through 2023. We are unable to estimate the extent to which our affiliates’, lessors’ or customers’ assets would be adequate to recover any payments made by us under the related guarantees.

Indemnifications

At December 31, 2014, we were a party to various agreements under which we had assumed obligations to indemnify the counterparties from certain potential claims and losses. These agreements typically involve standard commercial activities undertaken by us in the normal course of business; the sale of assets by us; the formation of joint venture businesses to which we had contributed assets in exchange for ownership interests; and other financial transactions. Indemnifications provided by us pursuant to these agreements relate to various matters including, among other things, environmental, tax and shareholder matters; intellectual property rights; government regulations and employment-related matters; and dealer, supplier and other commercial matters.

Certain indemnifications expire from time to time, and certain other indemnifications are not subject to an expiration date. In addition, our potential liability under certain indemnifications is subject to maximum caps, while other indemnifications are not subject to caps. Although we have been subject to indemnification claims in the past, we cannot reasonably estimate the number, type and size of indemnification claims that may arise in the future. Due to these and other uncertainties associated with the indemnifications, our maximum exposure to loss under these agreements cannot be estimated.

We have determined that there are no indemnifications or guarantees other than liabilities for which amounts are already recorded or reserved in our consolidated financial statements under which it is probable that we have incurred a liability.

Warranty

We recorded $17 million and $21 million for potential claims under warranties offered by us at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, the majority of which is recorded in Other Current Liabilities.

The following table presents changes in the warranty reserve during 2014 and 2013:



(in millions)	2014			2013
Balance at January 1	$	21		$	24
Payments made during the period	(39		)	(32		)
Expense recorded during the period	36			29
Translation adjustment	(1		)	—
Balance at December 31	$	17		$	21