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Investment Securities
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2025
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investment Securities Investment Securities
Our investment portfolio includes various debt and equity securities. Our debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, include government securities, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, and mortgage-backed securities. The cost, fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities were as follows.
June 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Amortized costGross unrealized
Fair value
Amortized costGross unrealized
Fair value
($ in millions)gainslossesgainslosses
Available-for-sale securities
Debt securities
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies$2,216 $16 $(61)$2,171 $2,073 $— $(200)$1,873 
U.S. States and political subdivisions669 — (93)576 704 — (87)617 
Foreign government197 1 (4)194 198 1 (5)194 
Agency mortgage-backed residential (a)15,032 4 (2,381)12,655 16,765 — (3,112)13,653 
Mortgage-backed residential240 — (39)201 249 — (43)206 
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (a)5,388 11 (702)4,697 4,819 1 (836)3,984 
Asset-backed45 — — 45 131 — (2)129 
Corporate debt1,928 12 (82)1,858 1,871 3 (120)1,754 
Total available-for-sale securities (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)$25,715 $44 $(3,362)$22,397 $26,810 $5 $(4,405)$22,410 
Held-to-maturity securities
Debt securities
Agency mortgage-backed residential$1,310 $1 $(175)$1,136 $935 $— $(196)$739 
Mortgage-backed residential3,184 171 — 3,355 3,323 142 — 3,465 
Asset-backed retained notes67 1 — 68 88 1 — 89 
Total held-to-maturity securities (d) (f) (g)$4,561 $173 $(175)$4,559 $4,346 $143 $(196)$4,293 
(a)Fair value includes basis adjustments for securities in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method. This includes a $47 million asset and a $72 million liability for agency mortgage-backed residential securities at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and a $36 million asset and a $34 million liability for agency mortgage-backed commercial securities at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(b)Certain available-for-sale securities are included in fair value hedging relationships. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(c)Certain entities related to our Insurance operations are required to deposit securities with state regulatory authorities. These deposited securities totaled $13 million at both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
(d)Investment securities with a fair value of $4.2 billion and $3.4 billion were pledged as collateral at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. This primarily included $2.8 billion and $2.9 billion pledged to secure advances from the FHLB at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. This also included securities pledged for other purposes as required by contractual obligations or law, under which agreements we granted the counterparty the right to sell or pledge $1.4 billion and $439 million of the underlying available-for-sale securities at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(e)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $85 million and $73 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(f)There was no allowance for credit losses recorded at both June 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024, as management determined that there were no expected credit losses in our portfolio of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities.
(g)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $13 million and $12 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
As of December 31, 2024, we did not have the intent to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and we did not believe it was more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In the first quarter of 2025, we executed a balance sheet repositioning of a portion of our available-for-sale securities as a result of our capital allocation planning related to the sale of Ally Credit Card. We sold lower-yielding securities with an amortized cost of approximately $4.6 billion for proceeds of $4.1 billion, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $495 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. We reinvested the proceeds in shorter duration, highly liquid securities at current market rates. As of June 30, 2025, we did not have the intent to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and we do not believe it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
The maturity distribution of debt securities outstanding is summarized in the following tables based upon contractual maturities. Call or prepayment options may cause actual maturities to differ from contractual maturities.
TotalDue in one year or lessDue after one year through five yearsDue after five years through ten yearsDue after ten years
($ in millions)AmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYield
June 30, 2025
Fair value of available-for-sale securities (a)
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies$2,171 3.4 %$36 0.7 %$1,670 3.9 %$465 1.9 %$— — %
U.S. States and political subdivisions576 3.5 16 2.9 85 4.5 84 4.3 391 3.1 
Foreign government194 2.7 12 2.1 82 2.2 100 3.2 — — 
Agency mortgage-backed residential (b)12,655 2.9 — — 1 2.8 — — 12,654 2.9 
Mortgage-backed residential201 2.7 — — — — — — 201 2.7 
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (b)4,697 2.7 23 3.0 985 4.0 1,928 2.5 1,761 2.1 
Asset-backed45 1.5 — — 45 1.5 — — — — 
Corporate debt1,858 3.3 160 2.7 897 2.5 652 4.1 149 5.5 
Total available-for-sale securities$22,397 2.9 $247 2.4 $3,765 3.5 $3,229 2.8 $15,156 2.8 
Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities
$25,715 $248 $3,813 $3,558 $18,096 
Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities (c)
Agency mortgage-backed residential$1,310 3.5 %$— — %$— — %$— — %$1,310 3.5 %
Mortgage-backed residential3,184 2.8 — — — — 8 3.4 3,176 2.8 
Asset-backed retained notes
67 5.4 — — 48 5.3 19 5.6 — — 
Total held-to-maturity securities
$4,561 3.1 $— — $48 5.3 $27 5.0 $4,486 3.0 
December 31, 2024
Fair value of available-for-sale securities (a)
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies$1,873 1.6 %$54 1.0 %$1,087 1.5 %$732 1.9 %$— — %
U.S. States and political subdivisions617 3.4 33 6.2 72 3.1 86 4.1 426 3.2 
Foreign government194 2.7 33 2.1 51 2.5 110 2.9 — — 
Agency mortgage-backed residential (b)13,653 2.6 — — 7 2.0 23 2.5 13,623 2.6 
Mortgage-backed residential206 2.7 — — — — — — 206 2.7 
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (b)3,984 2.5 23 3.1 339 3.7 1,724 2.5 1,898 2.1 
Asset-backed129 1.5 — — 128 1.5 1 4.0 — — 
Corporate debt1,754 3.1 184 3.0 754 2.6 695 3.3 121 5.3 
Total available-for-sale securities$22,410 2.5 $327 2.3 $2,438 2.2 $3,371 2.6 $16,274 2.6 
Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities
$26,810 $330 $2,579 $3,844 $20,057 
Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities (c)
Agency mortgage-backed residential
$935 2.7 %$— — %$— — %$— — %$935 2.7 %
Mortgage-backed residential3,323 2.8 — — — — 9 3.1 3,314 2.8 
Asset-backed retained notes
88 5.4 — — 64 5.3 24 5.6 — — 
Total held-to-maturity securities
$4,346 2.9 $— — $64 5.3 $33 5.0 $4,249 2.8 
(a)Yield is calculated using the effective yield of each security at the end of the period, weighted based on the market value by security for the securities within each maturity distribution range. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon and amortized cost inclusive of hedge basis adjustments for dedesignated hedges, and excludes expected capital gains and losses. Yield does not consider hedging effects for securities in active hedges.
(b)Fair value includes basis adjustments for securities in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method. This includes a $47 million asset and a $72 million liability for agency mortgage-backed residential securities at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and a $36 million asset and a $34 million liability for agency mortgage-backed commercial securities at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(c)Yield is calculated using the effective yield of each security at the end of the period, weighted based on amortized cost by security for the securities within each maturity distribution range. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon and amortized cost and excludes capital gains, capital losses, and the premium or discount on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity.
The balances of cash equivalents were $360 million and $106 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and were composed primarily of money-market funds.
The following table presents interest and dividends on investment securities.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2025202420252024
Taxable interest$228 $244 $438 $489 
Taxable dividends5 6 10 10 
Interest and dividends exempt from U.S. federal income tax6 5 12 11 
Interest and dividends on investment securities$239 $255 $460 $510 
The following table presents gross gains and losses realized upon the sales of available-for-sale securities, and net gains or losses on equity securities held during the period.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2025202420252024
Available-for-sale securities
Gross realized gains$2 $— $2 $1 
Gross realized losses (a)— — (495)— 
Net realized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities2 — (493)1 
Net realized gain on equity securities25 21 33 38 
Net unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities34 (28)22 (17)
Other gain (loss) on investments, net$61 $(7)$(438)$22 
(a)Includes losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the balance sheet repositioning of our available-for-sale securities portfolio.
The following table presents the credit quality of our held-to-maturity securities, based on the latest available information as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The credit ratings are sourced from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, which include S&P, Moody’s, Fitch, and DBRS. The ratings presented are a composite of the ratings sourced from the agencies or, if the ratings cannot be sourced from the agencies, are based on the asset type of the particular security. All our held-to-maturity securities were current in their payment of principal and interest as of both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We have not recorded any interest income reversals on our held-to-maturity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2025, or June 30, 2024.
($ in millions)AAAAAABBBTotal (a)
June 30, 2025
Debt securities
Agency mortgage-backed residential$— $1,310 $— $— $1,310 
Mortgage-backed residential3,108 75 1 — 3,184 
Asset-backed retained notes61 3 2 1 67 
Total held-to-maturity securities$3,169 $1,388 $3 $1 $4,561 
December 31, 2024
Debt securities
Agency mortgage-backed residential$— $935 $— $— $935 
Mortgage-backed residential3,241 78 4 — 3,323 
Asset-backed retained notes81 3 2 2 88 
Total held-to-maturity securities$3,322 $1,016 $6 $2 $4,346 
(a)Rating agencies indicate that they base their ratings on many quantitative and qualitative factors, which may include capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, business mix, level and quality of earnings, and the current operating, legislative, and regulatory environment. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities, and the ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency.
The following table summarizes available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, which we evaluated to determine if a credit loss exists requiring the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. For additional information on our methodology, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have not recorded any interest income reversals on our available-for-sale securities during the six months ended June 30, 2025, or June 30, 2024.
June 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Less than 12 months12 months or longerLess than 12 months12 months or longer
($ in millions)
Fair value
Unrealized loss
Fair value
Unrealized loss
Fair valueUnrealized lossFair valueUnrealized loss
Available-for-sale securities
Debt securities
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies$— $— $599 $(61)$— $— $1,873 $(200)
U.S. States and political subdivisions45 (2)454 (91)87 (2)472 (85)
Foreign government61 (1)76 (3)40 — 112 (5)
Agency mortgage-backed residential (a)1,425 (5)10,487 (2,376)127 (3)13,518 (3,109)
Mortgage-backed residential— — 200 (39)— — 206 (43)
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (a)194 (4)3,524 (698)428 (11)3,445 (825)
Asset-backed— — 44 — — — 124 (2)
Corporate debt128 (2)1,217 (80)265 (6)1,319 (114)
Total available-for-sale securities
$1,853 $(14)$16,601 $(3,348)$947 $(22)$21,069 $(4,383)
(a)Includes basis adjustments for certain securities that are included in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, management determined that there were no expected credit losses for securities in an unrealized loss position. This analysis considered a variety of factors including, but not limited to, performance indicators of the issuer, default rates, industry analyst reports, credit ratings, and other relevant information, which indicated that contractual cash flows are expected to occur. As a result of this evaluation, management determined that no credit reserves were required at June 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024.