Investment Securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Our investment portfolio includes various debt and equity securities. Our debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, include government securities, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, and mortgage-backed securities. The cost, fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities were as follows.


	March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024
	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized				Fair value		Amortized cost		Gross unrealized				Fair value
($ in millions)			gains		losses						gains		losses
Available-for-sale securities
Debt securities
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies	$	2,150	$	5	$	(69)	$	2,086	$	2,073	$	—	$	(200)	$	1,873
U.S. States and political subdivisions	700		—		(90)		610		704		—		(87)		617
Foreign government	200		2		(3)		199		198		1		(5)		194
Agency mortgage-backed residential (a)	15,096		2		(2,411)		12,687		16,765		—		(3,112)		13,653
Mortgage-backed residential	245		—		(40)		205		249		—		(43)		206
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (a)	5,399		6		(734)		4,671		4,819		1		(836)		3,984

Asset-backed	75		—		(1)		74		131		—		(2)		129
Corporate debt	1,907		7		(100)		1,814		1,871		3		(120)		1,754
Total available-for-sale securities (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)	$	25,772	$	22	$	(3,448)	$	22,346	$	26,810	$	5	$	(4,405)	$	22,410
Held-to-maturity securities
Debt securities
Agency mortgage-backed residential	$	1,332	$	1	$	(176)	$	1,157	$	935	$	—	$	(196)	$	739
Mortgage-backed residential	3,259		177		(1)		3,435		3,323		142		—		3,465
Asset-backed retained notes	77		1		—		78		88		1		—		89
Total held-to-maturity securities (d) (f) (g)	$	4,668	$	179	$	(177)	$	4,670	$	4,346	$	143	$	(196)	$	4,293

(a)Fair value includes basis adjustments for securities in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method. This includes a $4 million asset and a $72 million liability for agency mortgage-backed residential securities at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and a $7 million asset and a $34 million liability for agency mortgage-backed commercial securities at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

(b)Certain available-for-sale securities are included in fair value hedging relationships. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

(c)Certain entities related to our Insurance operations are required to deposit securities with state regulatory authorities. These deposited securities totaled $13 million at both March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

(d)Investment securities with a fair value of $4.2 billion and $3.4 billion were pledged as collateral at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. This primarily included $2.9 billion pledged to secure advances from the FHLB at both March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. This also included securities pledged for other purposes as required by contractual obligations or law, under which agreements we granted the counterparty the right to sell or pledge $1.3 billion and $439 million of the underlying available-for-sale securities at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

(e)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $81 million and $73 million at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(f)There was no allowance for credit losses recorded at both March 31, 2025, or December 31, 2024, as management determined that there were no expected credit losses in our portfolio of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities.

(g)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $13 million and $12 million at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

As of December 31, 2024, we did not have the intent to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and we did not believe it was more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we executed a balance sheet repositioning of a portion of our available-for-sale securities as a result of our capital allocation planning related to the anticipated sale of Ally Credit Card. We sold lower-yielding securities with an amortized cost of approximately $4.6 billion for approximately $4.1 billion, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $495 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025. We reinvested the proceeds in shorter duration, highly liquid securities at current market rates. At March 31, 2025, a portion of the repositioning transactions were not settled, refer to Note 11 and Note 14 for additional information. We expect the outstanding repositioning transactions to settle during the second quarter of 2025. As of March 31, 2025, we did not have the intent to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and we do not believe it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis.

The maturity distribution of debt securities outstanding is summarized in the following tables based upon contractual maturities. Call or prepayment options may cause actual maturities to differ from contractual maturities.


	Total				Due in one year or less				Due after one year through five years				Due after five years through ten years				Due after ten years
($ in millions)	Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield
March 31, 2025
Fair value of available-for-sale securities (a)
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies	$	2,086	3.4	%	$	39	0.7	%	$	1,590	3.9	%	$	457	1.9	%	$	—	—	%
U.S. States and political subdivisions	610		3.5		39		5.6		68		3.4		85		4.1		418		3.2
Foreign government	199		2.7		27		2.1		63		2.5		109		2.9		—		—
Agency mortgage-backed residential (b)	12,687		2.9		—		—		1		2.8		276		5.5		12,410		2.8
Mortgage-backed residential	205		2.7		—		—		—		—		—		—		205		2.7
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (b)	4,671		2.7		23		3.1		930		4.0		1,815		2.6		1,903		2.1

Asset-backed	74		1.5		1		3.3		73		1.5		—		—		—		—
Corporate debt	1,814		3.2		198		2.9		735		2.6		739		3.6		142		5.5
Total available-for-sale securities	$	22,346	2.9		$	327	2.3		$	3,460	3.6		$	3,481	3.0		$	15,078	2.8
Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities	$	25,772			$	330			$	3,510			$	3,838			$	18,094
Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities (c)
Agency mortgage-backed residential	$	1,332	3.5	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	1,332	3.5	%
Mortgage-backed residential	3,259		2.8		—		—		—		—		9		3.4		3,250		2.8
Asset-backed retained notes	77		5.4		—		—		55		5.3		22		5.6		—		—
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	4,668	3.1		$	—	—		$	55	5.3		$	31	5.0		$	4,582	3.0
December 31, 2024
Fair value of available-for-sale securities (a)
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies	$	1,873	1.6	%	$	54	1.0	%	$	1,087	1.5	%	$	732	1.9	%	$	—	—	%
U.S. States and political subdivisions	617		3.4		33		6.2		72		3.1		86		4.1		426		3.2
Foreign government	194		2.7		33		2.1		51		2.5		110		2.9		—		—
Agency mortgage-backed residential (b)	13,653		2.6		—		—		7		2.0		23		2.5		13,623		2.6
Mortgage-backed residential	206		2.7		—		—		—		—		—		—		206		2.7
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (b)	3,984		2.5		23		3.1		339		3.7		1,724		2.5		1,898		2.1

Asset-backed	129		1.5		—		—		128		1.5		1		4.0		—		—
Corporate debt	1,754		3.1		184		3.0		754		2.6		695		3.3		121		5.3
Total available-for-sale securities	$	22,410	2.5		$	327	2.3		$	2,438	2.2		$	3,371	2.6		$	16,274	2.6
Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities	$	26,810			$	330			$	2,579			$	3,844			$	20,057
Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities (c)
Agency mortgage-backed residential	$	935	2.7	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	935	2.7	%
Mortgage-backed residential	3,323		2.8		—		—		—		—		9		3.1		3,314		2.8
Asset-backed retained notes	88		5.4		—		—		64		5.3		24		5.6		—		—
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	4,346	2.9		$	—	—		$	64	5.3		$	33	5.0		$	4,249	2.8

(a)Yield is calculated using the effective yield of each security at the end of the period, weighted based on the market value by security for the securities within each maturity distribution range. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon and amortized cost inclusive of hedge basis adjustments for dedesignated hedges, and excludes expected capital gains and losses. Yield does not consider hedging effects for securities in active hedges.

(b)Fair value includes basis adjustments for securities in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method. This includes a $4 million asset and a $72 million liability for agency mortgage-backed residential securities at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and a $7 million asset and a $34 million liability for agency mortgage-backed commercial securities at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

(c)Yield is calculated using the effective yield of each security at the end of the period, weighted based on amortized cost by security for the securities within each maturity distribution range. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon and amortized cost and excludes capital gains, capital losses, and the premium or discount on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity.

The balances of cash equivalents were $451 million and $106 million at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and were composed primarily of money-market funds.

The following table presents interest and dividends on investment securities.


	Three months ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2025		2024
Taxable interest	$	210	$	245
Taxable dividends	5		4
Interest and dividends exempt from U.S. federal income tax	6		6
Interest and dividends on investment securities	$	221	$	255

The following table presents gross gains and losses realized upon the sales of available-for-sale securities, and net gains or losses on equity securities held during the period.


	Three months ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2025		2024
Available-for-sale securities
Gross realized gains	$	—	$	1
Gross realized losses (a)	(495)		—
Net realized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities	(495)		1
Net realized gain on equity securities	8		17
Net unrealized (loss) gain on equity securities	(12)		11
Other (loss) gain on investments, net	$	(499)	$	29

(a)Includes losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the balance sheet repositioning of our available-for-sale securities portfolio.

The following table presents the credit quality of our held-to-maturity securities, based on the latest available information as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The credit ratings are sourced from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, which include S&P, Moody’s, Fitch, and DBRS. The ratings presented are a composite of the ratings sourced from the agencies or, if the ratings cannot be sourced from the agencies, are based on the asset type of the particular security. All our held-to-maturity securities were current in their payment of principal and interest as of both March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We have not recorded any interest income reversals on our held-to-maturity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, or March 31, 2024.



($ in millions)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		Total (a)
March 31, 2025
Debt securities
Agency mortgage-backed residential	$	—	$	1,332	$	—	$	—	$	1,332
Mortgage-backed residential	3,180		75		4		—		3,259
Asset-backed retained notes	70		4		2		1		77
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	3,250	$	1,411	$	6	$	1	$	4,668
December 31, 2024
Debt securities
Agency mortgage-backed residential	$	—	$	935	$	—	$	—	$	935
Mortgage-backed residential	3,241		78		4		—		3,323
Asset-backed retained notes	81		3		2		2		88
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	3,322	$	1,016	$	6	$	2	$	4,346

(a)Rating agencies indicate that they base their ratings on many quantitative and qualitative factors, which may include capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, business mix, level and quality of earnings, and the current operating, legislative, and regulatory environment. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities, and the ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency.

The following table summarizes available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, which we evaluated to determine if a credit loss exists requiring the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. For additional information on our methodology, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have not recorded any interest income reversals on our available-for-sale securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, or March 31, 2024.


	March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024
	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
($ in millions)	Fair value		Unrealized loss		Fair value		Unrealized loss		Fair value		Unrealized loss		Fair value		Unrealized loss
Available-for-sale securities
Debt securities
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies	$	—	$	—	$	595	$	(69)	$	—	$	—	$	1,873	$	(200)
U.S. States and political subdivisions	43		(2)		495		(88)		87		(2)		472		(85)
Foreign government	16		(1)		92		(2)		40		—		112		(5)
Agency mortgage-backed residential (a)	906		(4)		10,712		(2,407)		127		(3)		13,518		(3,109)
Mortgage-backed residential	—		—		205		(40)		—		—		206		(43)
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (a)	217		(4)		3,534		(730)		428		(11)		3,445		(825)

Asset-backed	—		—		71		(1)		—		—		124		(2)
Corporate debt	187		(3)		1,271		(97)		265		(6)		1,319		(114)
Total available-for-sale securities	$	1,369	$	(14)	$	16,975	$	(3,434)	$	947	$	(22)	$	21,069	$	(4,383)

(a)Includes basis adjustments for certain securities that are included in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, management determined that there were no expected credit losses for securities in an unrealized loss position. This analysis considered a variety of factors including, but not limited to, performance indicators of the issuer, default rates, industry analyst reports, credit ratings, and other relevant information, which indicated that contractual cash flows are expected to occur. As a result of this evaluation, management determined that no credit reserves were required at March 31, 2025, or December 31, 2024.