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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure Income Taxes
We recognized total income tax expense from continuing operations of $156 million and $159 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to $119 million and $140 million for the same periods in 2019.
The increase in income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, was primarily due to the tax effects of an increase in pretax earnings. The increase in income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, was primarily due to a nonrecurring tax benefit of approximately $200 million from the release of valuation allowance on foreign tax credit carryforwards during the second quarter of 2019, and a nondeductible goodwill impairment during the second quarter of 2020, offset by the tax effects of a decrease in pretax earnings. The valuation allowance release resulted in a significant variation in the customary relationship between pretax income and income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
As of each reporting date, we consider existing evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact our view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. We continue to believe it is more likely than not that the benefit for certain foreign tax credit carryforwards and state net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we continue to provide a partial valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets relating to these carryforwards and it is reasonably possible that the valuation allowance may change in the next 12 months.