Revenue from Contracts with Customers

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the amendments to the revenue recognition principles using the modified retrospective approach applied to contracts with customers outstanding as of the date of adoption. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018, are presented in accordance with the amendments to the revenue recognition principles, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be presented in accordance with the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Refer to Note 1 for additional information.

Our primary revenue sources, which include financing revenue and other interest income, are addressed by other GAAP and are not in the scope of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles. As part of our Insurance operations, we recognize revenue from insurance contracts, which are addressed by other GAAP and are not included in the scope of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles. Certain noninsurance contracts within our Insurance operations, including vehicle service contracts (VSCs), guaranteed asset protection (GAP) contracts, and vehicle maintenance contracts (VMCs), are included in the scope of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles. Under the previous guidance, a portion of revenue earned on noninsurance contracts was recognized at contract inception, while the remainder was recognized over the contract term on a basis proportionate to the anticipated cost emergence. In addition, dealer and sales commissions incurred to obtain a noninsurance contract were recognized as expense when incurred, and certain direct-response advertising costs were deferred and recognized as expense over the term of the contract. Upon adoption of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles, all revenue associated with noninsurance contracts is recognized over the contract term on a basis proportionate to the anticipated cost emergence. Further, commissions and sales expense incurred to obtain these contracts are capitalized and recognized as expense over the contract term, and all advertising costs are recognized as expense when incurred.

The following table presents the impact to our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 1, 2018, as a result of adopting the amendments to the revenue recognition principles.



($ in millions)	As reported, December 31, 2017			Adjustment related to adoption			As adjusted, January 1, 2018
Assets
Premiums receivable and other insurance assets	$	2,047		$	122		$	2,169
Other assets	5,663			41			5,704
Total assets	$	167,148		$	163		$	167,311
Liabilities
Unearned insurance premiums and service revenue	$	2,604		$	289		$	2,893
Total liabilities	153,654			289			153,943
Equity
Accumulated deficit	(6,406		)	(126		)	(6,532		)
Total equity	13,494			(126		)	13,368
Total liabilities and equity	$	167,148		$	163		$	167,311

The following tables present the impact of adopting the amendments to the revenue recognition principles to our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.



	Three months ended June 30, 2018					Six months ended June 30, 2018
($ in millions)	As reported		Effect of adoption			As reported		Effect of adoption
Other revenue
Insurance premiums and service revenue earned	$	239	$	(9	)	$	495	$	(15	)
Total other revenue	364		(9		)	718		(15		)
Total net revenue	1,458		(9		)	2,861		(15		)
Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits expense	292		(1		)	598		(2		)
Other operating expenses	446		(3		)	891		(5		)
Total noninterest expense	839		(4		)	1,653		(7		)
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense	461		(5		)	789		(8		)
Income tax expense from continuing operations	113		(1		)	189		(2		)
Net income from continuing operations	348		(4		)	600		(6		)
Net income	349		(4		)	599		(6		)
Comprehensive income	$	279	$	(4	)	$	201	$	(6	)



June 30, 2018 ($ in millions)	As reported			Effect of adoption
Assets
Premiums receivable and other insurance assets	$	2,247		$	128
Other assets	6,014			43
Total assets	171,345			171
Liabilities
Unearned insurance premiums and service revenue	$	2,957		$	304
Total liabilities	158,206			304
Equity
Accumulated deficit	(6,026		)	(133		)
Total equity	13,139			(133		)
Total liabilities and equity	$	171,345		$	171

The following is a description of our primary revenue sources that are derived from contracts with customers. As a result of the adoption of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles, our only revenue source for which the recognition pattern was affected was that of noninsurance contracts, as described in this note. Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, and in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For information regarding our revenue recognition policies outside the scope of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Noninsurance contracts — We sell VSCs that offer owners mechanical repair protection and roadside assistance for new and used vehicles beyond the manufacturer’s new vehicle limited warranty. We sell GAP contracts that protect the customer against having to pay certain amounts to a lender above the fair market value of their vehicle if the vehicle is damaged and declared a total loss or stolen. We also sell VMCs that provide coverage for certain agreed-upon services, such as oil changes and tire rotations, over the coverage period. We receive payment in full at the inception of each of these contracts. Our performance obligation for these contracts is satisfied over the term of the contract and we recognize revenue over the contract term on a basis proportionate to the anticipated cost emergence, as we believe this is the most appropriate method to measure progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation. Upon adoption of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles, unearned revenue of $289 million was recognized as a component of unearned insurance premiums and service revenue on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet associated with outstanding contracts at January 1, 2018, and $22 million and $44 million of this balance were recognized as insurance premiums and service revenue earned in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. At June 30, 2018, we had unearned revenue of $2.6 billion associated with outstanding contracts, and with respect to this balance we expect to recognize revenue of $407 million during the remainder of 2018, $663 million in 2019, $564 million in 2020, $423 million in 2021, and $501 million thereafter. The incremental costs to obtain these contracts are initially deferred and recorded as a component of premiums receivable and other insurance assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. These deferred costs are amortized as an expense over the term of the related contract commensurate with how the related revenue is recognized, and are included in compensation and benefits and other operating expenses in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. We had deferred insurance assets of $1.5 billion at June 30, 2018, and recognized $106 million and $209 million of expense during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

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Sale of off-lease vehicles — When a customer’s vehicle lease matures, the customer has the option of purchasing or returning the vehicle. If the vehicle is returned to us, we obtain possession with the intent to sell through SmartAuction—our online auction platform, our dealer channel, or through various other physical auctions. Our performance obligation is satisfied and the remarketing gain or loss is recognized when control of the vehicle has passed to the buyer, which coincides with the sale date. Our actual sales proceeds from remarketing the vehicle may be higher or lower than the estimated residual value resulting in a gain or loss on remarketing recorded through depreciation expense on operating lease assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

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Remarketing fee income — In addition to using SmartAuction as a remarketing channel for our returned lease vehicles, we maintain the internet auction site and administer the auction process for third-party use. We earn a service fee from dealers for every third-party vehicle sold through SmartAuction. Our performance obligation is to provide the online marketplace for used vehicle transactions to be consummated. This obligation is satisfied and revenue is recognized when control of the vehicle has passed to the buyer, which coincides with the sale date. This revenue is recorded as remarketing fees within other income in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

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Brokerage commissions and other revenues through Ally Invest — We charge fees to customers related to their use of certain services on our Ally Invest digital wealth management and online brokerage platform. These fees include commissions on customer-directed trades, account service fees, account management fees on professional portfolio management services, subscriptions for market data feeds, and other ancillary fees. Commissions on customer-directed trades and account service fees are based on published fee schedules and are generated from a customer option to purchase the services offered under the contract. These options do not represent a material right and are only considered a contract when the customer executes their option to purchase these services. Based on this, the term of the contract does not extend beyond services provided, and as such revenue is recognized upon the completion of our performance obligation, which we view as the successful execution of the trade or service. Revenue on professional portfolio management services is calculated monthly based upon a fixed percentage of the client’s assets under management. Due to the fact that this revenue stream is composed of variable consideration that is based on factors outside of our control, we have deemed this revenue as constrained and we are unable to estimate the initial transaction price at the inception of the contract. We have elected to use the practical expedient under GAAP to recognize revenue monthly based on the amount we are able to invoice the customer. Subscriptions for market data feeds are based on published fee schedules, and our performance obligation for these contracts is satisfied over the term of the contract, which does not exceed 12 months. We receive payment in full at contract inception and recognize revenue over the related contract term on a straight-line basis, as we believe this is the most appropriate method to measure progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation. We also earn revenue from a fee-sharing agreement with our clearing broker related to the interest income the clearing broker earns on customer cash balances and margin loans made to our customers. Ally concluded the initial transaction price is exclusively variable consideration and, based on the nature of our performance obligation to allow the clearing broker to collect interest income from cash deposits and customer loans from our customers, we are unable to determine the amount of revenue to be recognized until the total customer cash balance or the total interest income recognized on margin loans has been determined, which occurs monthly. These revenue streams are recorded as other income in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

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Brokered/agent commissions through Insurance operations — We have agreements with third parties to offer various vehicle protection products to consumers. We also have agreements with third-party insurers to offer various insurance coverages to dealers. Our performance obligation for these arrangements is satisfied when a customer or dealer has purchased a vehicle protection product or an insurance policy through the third-party provider. In determining the initial transaction price for these agreements, we noted that revenue on brokered/agent commissions is based on the volume of vehicle protection product contracts sold or a percentage of insurance premium written, which is not known to Ally at the inception of the agreements with these third-party providers. As such, we believe the initial transaction price is exclusively variable consideration and, based on the nature of the performance obligation, we are unable to determine the amount of revenue we will record until the customer purchases a vehicle protection product or a dealer purchases an insurance policy from the third-party provider. Once Ally is notified of vehicle protection product sales or insurance policies issued by the third-party providers, we record the commission earned as insurance premiums and service revenues earned in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

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Deposit account and other banking fees — We charge depositors various account service fees including those for outgoing wires, excessive transactions, overdrafts, stop payments, and returned deposits. These fees are generated from a customer option to purchase services offered under the contract. These options do not represent a material right and are only considered a contract in accordance with the amendments to the revenue recognition principles when the customer exercises their option to purchase these account services. Based on this, the term for our contracts with customers is considered day-to-day, and the contract does not extend beyond the services already provided. Revenue derived from deposit account fees is recorded at the point in time we perform the requested service, and is recorded as other income in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. As a debit card issuer, we also generate interchange fee income from merchants during debit card transactions and incur certain corresponding charges from merchant card networks. Our performance obligation is satisfied when we have initiated the payment of funds from a customer’s account to a merchant through our contractual agreements with the merchant card networks. Interchange fees are reported on a net basis as other income in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Gross interchange fee income was $3 million and $6 million, and interchange expense was $2 million and $5 million, for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

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Other revenue — Other revenue primarily includes service revenue related to various account management functions, fee income derived from third-party loans arranged through Clearlane—our online automotive lender exchange, and revenue associated with licensing and marketing from the Ally CashBack Credit Card—our co-branded credit card. These revenue streams are recorded as other income in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

The following table presents a disaggregated view of our revenue from contracts with customers included in other revenue that falls within the scope of the amendments to the revenue recognition principles.



Three months ended June 30, 2018 ($ in millions)	Automotive Finance operations		Insurance operations		Mortgage Finance operations		Corporate Finance operations		Corporate and Other		Consolidated
Revenue from contracts with customers
Noninsurance contracts	$	—	$	125	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	125
Remarketing fee income	21		—		—		—		—		21
Brokerage commissions and other revenue	—		—		—		—		15		15
Brokered/agent commissions	—		4		—		—		—		4
Deposit account and other banking fees	—		—		—		—		3		3
Other	4		—		—		—		—		4
Total revenue from contracts with customers	25		129		—		—		18		172
All other revenue	38		137		2		14		1		192
Total other revenue (a)	$	63	$	266	$	2	$	14	$	19	$	364


(a)	Represents a component of total net revenue. Refer to Note 22 for further information on our reportable operating segments.



Six months ended June 30, 2018 ($ in millions)	Automotive Finance operations		Insurance operations		Mortgage Finance operations		Corporate Finance operations		Corporate and Other		Consolidated
Revenue from contracts with customers
Noninsurance contracts	$	—	$	248	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	248
Remarketing fee income	44		—		—		—		—		44
Brokerage commissions and other revenue	—		—		—		—		31		31
Brokered/agent commissions	—		8		—		—		—		8
Deposit account and other banking fees	—		—		—		—		6		6
Other	6		1		—		—		—		7
Total revenue from contracts with customers	50		257		—		—		37		344
All other revenue	79		255		3		22		15		374
Total other revenue (a)	$	129	$	512	$	3	$	22	$	52	$	718


(a)	Represents a component of total net revenue. Refer to Note 22 for further information on our reportable operating segments.

In addition to the components of other revenue presented above, as part of our Automotive Finance operations, we recognized gains of $16 million and $34 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, on the sale of off-lease vehicles. These gains are included in depreciation expense on operating lease assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.