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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]
Income Taxes
We recognized total income tax expense from continuing operations of $115 million and $350 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $130 million and $336 million for the same periods in 2016. The decrease in income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily driven by the realization of capital gains allowing for a partial release of valuation allowance. The increase in income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily driven by a nonrecurring tax benefit in the second quarter of 2016 due to a U.S. tax reserve release related to a prior-year federal return that reduced our liability for unrecognized tax benefits by $175 million. This benefit was partially offset by the establishment of a valuation allowance on capital loss carryforwards in the second quarter of 2016, and a decrease in pretax earnings.
As of each reporting date, we consider existing evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact our view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. We continue to believe it is more likely than not that the benefit for certain foreign tax credits and state net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we continue to provide a partial valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets relating to foreign tax credits and state net operating loss carryforwards.