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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2013
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]
Income Taxes
We recognized total income tax expense from continuing operations of $40 million and an income tax benefit from continuing operations of $83 million during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively, compared to an income tax benefit of $16 million and $15 million for the same periods in 2012. The increase in income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2013, compared to the same period in 2012, stemmed primarily from our differing U.S. valuation allowance posture in the respective periods. Specifically, U.S. pretax income was subject to U.S. taxation in both periods, however, the resulting deferred tax adjustment was offset by a valuation allowance reversal during the three months ended June 30, 2012. No such valuation allowance offset existed for the three months ended June 30, 2013 due to our release of valuation allowance against our ordinary-in-character deferred tax assets at December 31, 2012. The decrease in income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2013, compared to the same period in 2012, was primarily related to benefit in 2013 that was driven by the retroactive reinstatement of the active financing exception by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 and from the release of valuation allowance related to the measurement of foreign tax credit carryforwards anticipated to be utilized in the future.
As of each reporting date, we consider both positive and negative evidence that could impact our view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. We continue to believe it is more likely than not that the benefit for certain state net operating loss, capital loss, and foreign tax credit carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we continue to provide a partial valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets relating to these carryforwards.
During the three months and six months ended June 30, 2013, net capital gains generated from the completed sales of our international discontinued operations served to reduce the deferred tax asset related to our capital loss carryforwards by approximately $87 million and $298 million for the respective periods. This capital loss carryforward utilization resulted in a reversal of related valuation allowance. Furthermore, successful completion during 2013 of additional sales of entities currently held-for-sale may result in additional capital gains that would allow us to realize additional capital loss carryforwards. Any related reduction in valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets would be recognized as an income tax benefit upon such utilization. Refer to Note 2 for further details on sales of our international discontinued operations.