Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities

Overview

We are involved in several types of securitization and financing transactions that utilize special-purpose entities (SPEs). A SPE is an entity that is designed to fulfill a specified limited need of the sponsor. Our principal use of SPEs is to obtain liquidity and favorable capital treatment by securitizing certain of our financial assets.

The SPEs involved in securitization and other financing transactions are generally considered variable interest entities (VIEs). VIEs are entities that have either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the ability to control the entity's activities. Due to the deconsolidation of ResCap, our mortgage securitization activity and involvement with certain mortgage-related VIEs has substantially changed. Refer to Note 1 for additional information related to ResCap.

Securitizations

We provide a wide range of consumer and commercial automobile loans, operating leases, other commercial loans, and mortgage loan products to a diverse customer base. We often securitize these loans and leases (which we collectively describe as loans or financial assets) through the use of securitization entities, which may or may not be consolidated on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. We securitize consumer and commercial automobile loans, operating leases, and other commercial loans through private-label securitizations. We securitize consumer mortgage loans through transactions involving the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). We previously securitized consumer mortgage loans through private-label mortgage securitizations and through transactions involving the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae). We refer to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae collectively as the Government-Sponsored Enterprises or GSEs. During the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, our consumer mortgage loans were primarily securitized through the GSEs.

In executing a securitization transaction, we typically sell pools of financial assets to a wholly owned, bankruptcy-remote SPE, which then transfers the financial assets to a separate, transaction-specific securitization entity for cash, servicing rights, and in some transactions, other retained interests. The securitization entity is funded through the issuance of beneficial interests in the securitized financial assets. The beneficial interests take the form of either notes or trust certificates, which are sold to investors and/or retained by us. These beneficial interests are collateralized by the transferred loans and entitle the investors to specified cash flows generated from the securitized loans. In addition to providing a source of liquidity and cost-efficient funding, securitizing these financial assets also reduces our credit exposure to the borrowers beyond any economic interest we may retain.

Each securitization is governed by various legal documents that limit and specify the activities of the securitization entity. The securitization entity is generally allowed to acquire the loans, to issue beneficial interests to investors to fund the acquisition of the loans, and to enter into derivatives or other yield maintenance contracts to hedge or mitigate certain risks related to the financial assets or beneficial interests of the entity. A servicer, who is generally us, is appointed pursuant to the underlying legal documents to service the assets the securitization entity holds and the beneficial interests it issues. Servicing functions include, but are not limited to, making certain payments of property taxes and insurance premiums, default and property maintenance payments, as well as advancing principal and interest payments before collecting them from individual borrowers. Our servicing responsibilities, which constitute continued involvement in the transferred financial assets, consist of primary servicing (i.e., servicing the underlying transferred financial assets) and previously master servicing (i.e., servicing the beneficial interests that result from the securitization transactions). Certain securitization entities also require the servicer to advance scheduled principal and interest payments due on the beneficial interests issued by the entity regardless of whether cash payments are received on the underlying transferred financial assets. Accordingly, we are required to provide these servicing advances when applicable. Refer to Note 10 for additional information regarding our servicing rights.

The GSEs provide a guarantee of the payment of principal and interest on the beneficial interests issued in securitizations through the GSEs. In private-label securitizations, cash flows from the assets initially transferred into the securitization entity represent the sole source for payment of distributions on the beneficial interests issued by the securitization entity and for payments to the parties that perform services for the securitization entity, such as the servicer or the trustee. In certain private-label securitization transactions, a liquidity facility may exist to provide temporary liquidity to the entity. The liquidity provider generally is reimbursed prior to other parties in subsequent distribution periods. In previous certain private-label securitizations, monoline insurance may have existed to cover certain shortfalls to certain investors in the beneficial interests issued by the securitization entity. As noted above, in certain private-label securitizations, the servicer is required to advance scheduled principal and interest payments due on the beneficial interests regardless of whether cash payments are received on the underlying transferred financial assets. The servicer is allowed to reimburse itself for these servicing advances. Additionally, certain private-label securitization transactions may have previously allowed for the acquisition of additional loans subsequent to the initial loan transfer. Principal collections on other loans and/or the issuance of new beneficial interests, such as variable funding notes, generally funded those loans; we were often contractually required to invest in these new interests.

We may have retained beneficial interests in our private-label securitizations, which may have represented a form of significant continuing economic interest. These retained interests included, but were not limited to, senior or subordinate asset-backed securities and residuals, and previously included senior or subordinate mortgage-backed securities, interest-only strips, and principal-only strips. Certain of these retained interests provided credit enhancement to the trust as they may have absorbed credit losses or other cash shortfalls. Additionally, the securitization agreements may have required cash flows to be directed away from certain of our retained interests due to specific over-collateralization requirements, which may or may not have been performance-driven.

We generally hold certain conditional repurchase options specific to private label securitizations that allow us to repurchase assets from the securitization entity. The majority of the securitizations provide us, as servicer, with a call option that allows us to repurchase the remaining transferred financial assets or outstanding beneficial interests at our discretion once the asset pool reaches a predefined level, which represents the point where servicing becomes burdensome (a clean-up call option). The repurchase price is typically the par amount of the loans plus accrued interest. Additionally, we may hold other conditional repurchase options that allow us to repurchase a transferred financial asset if certain events outside our control occur. The typical conditional repurchase option is a delinquent loan repurchase option that gives us the option to purchase the loan or contract if it exceeds a certain prespecified delinquency level. We generally have complete discretion regarding when or if we will exercise these options, but we would do so only when it is in our best interest.

Other than our customary representation and warranty provisions, these securitizations are nonrecourse to us, thereby transferring the risk of future credit losses to the extent the beneficial interests in the securitization entities are held by third parties. Representation and warranty provisions generally require us to repurchase loans or indemnify the investor or other party for incurred losses to the extent it is determined that the loans were ineligible or were otherwise defective at the time of sale. Refer to Note 26 for detail on representation and warranty provisions. We did not provide any noncontractual financial support to any of these entities during the six months ended June 30, 2013 or 2012.

Other Variable Interest Entities

We have involvement with various other on-balance sheet, immaterial VIEs. Most of these VIEs are used for additional liquidity whereby we sell certain financial assets into the VIE and issue beneficial interests to third parties for cash.

We also provide long-term guarantee contracts to investors in certain nonconsolidated affordable housing entities and have extended a line of credit to provide liquidity and minimize our exposure under these contracts. Since we do not have control over the entities or the power to make decisions, we do not consolidate the entities and our involvement is limited to the guarantee and the line of credit.

Involvement with Variable Interest Entities

The determination of whether financial assets transferred by us to these VIEs (and related liabilities) are consolidated on our balance sheet (also referred to as on-balance sheet) or not consolidated on our balance sheet (also referred to as off-balance sheet) depends on the terms of the related transaction and our continuing involvement (if any) with the VIE. We are deemed the primary beneficiary and therefore consolidate VIEs for which we have both (a) the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance, and (b) a variable interest (or variable interests) that (i) obligates us to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE and/or (ii) provides us the right to receive residual returns of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We determine whether we hold a significant variable interest in a VIE based on a consideration of both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size, and form of our involvement with the VIE. We assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis.

Our involvement with consolidated and nonconsolidated VIEs in which we hold variable interests is presented below.



($ in millions)	Consolidated involvement with VIEs (a)				Assets of nonconsolidated VIEs (a)			Maximum exposure to loss in nonconsolidated VIEs
June 30, 2013
On-balance sheet variable interest entities
Consumer automobile	$	20,488
Commercial automobile	15,148
Commercial other	811
Off-balance sheet variable interest entities
Consumer automobile	—				$	1,183		$	1,183	(b)
Commercial other	(26		)	(c)	—		(d)	65
Total	$	36,421			$	1,183		$	1,248
December 31, 2012
On-balance sheet variable interest entities
Consumer automobile	$	28,566
Commercial automobile	23,139
Commercial other	728
Off-balance sheet variable interest entities
Consumer automobile	—				$	1,495		$	1,495	(b)
Consumer mortgage — other	—				—		(d)	12		(e)
Commercial other	(28		)	(c)	—		(d)	85
Total	$	52,405			$	1,495		$	1,592


(a)	Asset values represent the current unpaid principal balance of outstanding consumer and commercial finance receivables and loans within the VIEs.

(b)

Maximum exposure to loss represents the current unpaid principal balance of outstanding loans based on our customary representation and warranty provisions. This measure is based on the unlikely event that all of the loans have underwriting defects or other defects that trigger a representation and warranty provision and the collateral supporting the loans are worthless. This required disclosure is not an indication of our expected loss.


(c)	Amounts classified as accrued expenses and other liabilities.


(d)	Includes a VIE for which we have no management oversight and therefore we are not able to provide the total assets of the VIE.

(e)

Our maximum exposure to loss in this VIE is a component of servicer advances made that are allocated to the trust. The maximum exposure to loss presented represents the unlikely event that every loan underlying the excess servicing rights sold defaults, and we, as servicer, are required to advance the entire excess service fee to the trust for the contractually established period. This required disclosure is not an indication of our expected loss.

On-balance Sheet Variable Interest Entities

We engage in securitization and other financing transactions that do not qualify for off-balance sheet treatment. In these situations, we hold beneficial interests or other interests in the VIE, which represent a form of significant continuing economic interest. These retained interests include, but are not limited to, senior or subordinate asset-backed securities and residuals, and previously included senior or subordinate mortgage-backed securities, interest-only strips, and principal-only strips. Certain of these retained interests provide credit enhancement to the securitization entity as they may absorb credit losses or other cash shortfalls. Additionally, the securitization documents may require cash flows to be directed away from certain of our retained interests due to specific over-collateralization requirements, which may or may not be performance-driven. Because these securitization entities are consolidated, these retained interests and servicing rights are not recognized as separate assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

We consolidated certain of these entities because we had a controlling financial interest in the VIE, primarily due to our servicing activities, and because we hold a significant variable interest in the VIE. We are generally the primary beneficiary of automobile securitization entities for which we perform servicing activities and have retained a significant variable interest in the form of a beneficial interest. We were previously the primary beneficiary of certain mortgage private-label securitization entities.

The consolidated VIEs included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet represent separate entities with which we are involved. The third-party investors in the obligations of consolidated VIEs have legal recourse only to the assets of the VIEs and do not have such recourse to us, except for the customary representation and warranty provisions or when we are the counterparty to certain derivative transactions involving the VIE. In addition, the cash flows from the assets are restricted only to pay such liabilities. Thus, our economic exposure to loss from outstanding third-party financing related to consolidated VIEs is significantly less than the carrying value of the consolidated VIE assets. All assets of consolidated VIEs, presented below based upon the legal transfer of the underlying assets in order to reflect legal ownership, are restricted for the benefit of the beneficial interest holders. Refer to Note 22 for discussion of the assets and liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected.

Off-balance Sheet Variable Interest Entities

The nature, purpose, and activities of nonconsolidated securitization entities are similar to those of our consolidated securitization entities with the primary difference being the nature and extent of our continuing involvement. The cash flows from the assets of nonconsolidated securitization entities generally are the sole source of payment on the securitization entities’ liabilities. The creditors of these securitization entities have no recourse to us with the exception of market customary representation and warranty provisions as described in Note 26.

Nonconsolidated VIEs include entities for which we either do not hold potentially significant variable interests or do not provide servicing or asset management functions for the financial assets held by the securitization entity. Additionally, to qualify for off-balance sheet treatment, transfers of financial assets must meet appropriate sale accounting conditions. Previously, our residential mortgage loan securitizations consisted of Ginnie Mae and private-label securitizations. We are not the primary beneficiary of any GSE loan securitization transaction because we do not have the power to direct the significant activities of such entities. Previously, we did not consolidate certain private-label mortgage securitizations because we did not have a variable interest that could potentially have been significant or we did not have power to direct the activities that most significantly impacted the performance of the VIE.

For nonconsolidated securitization entities, the transferred financial assets are removed from our balance sheet provided the conditions for sale accounting are met. The financial assets obtained from the securitization are primarily reported as cash, servicing rights, or retained interests (if applicable). Typically, we conclude that the fee we are paid for servicing consumer automobile finance receivables represents adequate compensation, and consequently, we do not recognize a servicing asset or liability. As an accounting policy election, we elected fair value treatment for our mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) portfolio. Liabilities incurred as part of these securitization transactions, such as representation and warranty provisions, are recorded at fair value at the time of sale and are reported as accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Upon the sale of the loans, we recognize a gain or loss on sale for the difference between the assets recognized, the assets derecognized, and the liabilities recognized as part of the transaction.

The pretax gains recognized on financial assets sold into nonconsolidated securitization and similar asset-backed financing entities for consumer mortgage — GSEs were $19 million and $112 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively compared to $24 million and $52 million for the same periods in 2012, respectively. The pretax gains recognized for consumer automobile were $6 million and $6 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively.

The following table summarizes cash flows received from and paid related to securitization entities, asset-backed financings, or other similar transfers of financial assets where the transfer is accounted for as a sale and we have a continuing involvement with the transferred assets (e.g., servicing) that were outstanding during the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012. Additionally, this table contains information regarding cash flows received from and paid to nonconsolidated securitization entities that existed during each period.



Six months ended June 30, ($ in millions)	Consumer automobile		Consumer mortgage GSEs			Consumer mortgage private-label
2013
Cash proceeds from transfers completed during the period	$	—	$	8,674		$	—
Servicing fees	7		66			—
Representations and warranties obligations	—		(62		)	—
Other cash flows	—		71			—
2012
Cash proceeds from transfers completed during the period	$	1,978	$	16,645		$	—
Cash flows received on retained interests in securitization entities	—		—			71
Servicing fees	—		434			63
Purchases of previously transferred financial assets	—		(876		)	(12		)
Representations and warranties obligations	—		(30		)	(7		)
Other cash flows	—		(84		)	255

The following tables represent on-balance sheet loans held-for-sale and finance receivables and loans, off-balance sheet securitizations, and whole-loan sales where we have continuing involvement. The table presents quantitative information about delinquencies and net credit losses. Refer to Note 10 for further detail on total serviced assets.



	Total Amount				Amount 60 days or more past due
($ in millions)	June 30, 2013		December 31, 2012		June 30, 2013		December 31, 2012
On-balance sheet loans
Consumer automobile	$	56,028	$	53,715	$	327	$	351
Consumer mortgage	9,326		12,311		201		241
Commercial automobile	30,193		32,822		28		24
Commercial mortgage	—		—		—		—
Commercial other	1,548		2,783		—		1
Total on-balance sheet loans	97,095		101,631		556		617
Off-balance sheet securitization entities
Consumer automobile	1,183		1,495		3		4
Consumer mortgage - GSEs (a)	131		119,384		n/m		1,892
Total off-balance sheet securitization entities	1,314		120,879		3		1,896
Whole-loan transactions (b)	4,509		6,756		94		129
Total	$	102,918	$	229,266	$	653	$	2,642

n/m = not meaningful


(a)	Decrease due to the sales of agency MSRs. Refer to Note 10 for additional information.


(b)	Whole-loan transactions are not part of a securitization transaction, but represent consumer automobile and consumer mortgage pools of loans sold to third-party investors.



	Net credit losses
	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
($ in millions)	2013			2012			2013			2012
On-balance sheet loans
Consumer automobile	$	80		$	70		$	173		$	144
Consumer mortgage	26			(8		)	47			10
Commercial automobile	(1		)	(1		)	—			(1		)
Commercial mortgage	—			—			—			(1		)
Commercial other	(2		)	(18		)	(3		)	(27		)
Total on-balance sheet loans	103			43			217			125
Off-balance sheet securitization entities
Consumer automobile	1			—			2			—
Consumer mortgage - GSEs (a)	n/m			n/m			n/m			n/m
Total off-balance sheet securitization entities	1			—			2			—
Whole-loan transactions	5			2			5			10
Total	$	109		$	45		$	224		$	135

n/m = not meaningful


(a)	Anticipated credit losses are not meaningful due to the GSE guarantees.