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Stock-Based Compensation
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation
A combined summary of activity in our active stock plans is presented in the table below. Performance stock units outstanding are presented assuming attainment of the maximum payout rate as set forth by the performance criteria. As of March 31, 2024, there were 226,288 shares remaining available for grant for future stock-based compensation awards.
Deferred
Stock Units
Outstanding		Non-Vested
Restricted Stock Units
Outstanding		Performance
Stock Units
Outstanding		Stock Options
Outstanding
Number
of Units		Weighted-
Average
Fair Value
at Grant		Number
of Units		Weighted-
Average
Fair Value
at Grant		Number
of Units		Weighted-
Average
Fair Value
at Grant		Number
of Shares		Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Balance, January 1, 202454,164 $89.71 566,806 $99.77 267,054 $89.99 485,941 $71.25 
Granted— — 2,142 107.41 — — — — 
Exercised/vested— — (458)65.43 (45,818)57.89 (37,900)76.92 
Forfeited/expired— — (427)105.40 (22,913)57.89 — — 
Balance, March 31, 202454,164 89.71 568,063 99.82 198,323 101.12 448,041 70.77 
Shares issued in connection with stock compensation awards are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares are issued from available authorized shares. Shares issued in connection with stock compensation awards along with other related information were as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20242023
New shares issued from available authorized shares— 49,887 
Shares issued from available treasury stock84,176 500 
Proceeds from stock option exercises$2,915 $1,500 
Stock-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period for all awards. For most stock option awards, the service period generally matches the vesting period. For stock options granted to certain executive officers and for non-vested stock units granted to all participants, the service period does not extend past the date the participant reaches 65 years of age. Deferred stock units granted to non-employee directors generally have immediate vesting and the related expense is fully recognized on the date of grant. For performance stock units, the service period generally matches the three-year performance period specified by the award, however, the service period does not extend past the date the participant reaches 65 years of age. Expense recognized each period is dependent upon our estimate of the number of shares that will ultimately be issued.
Stock-based compensation expense or benefit and the related income tax benefit is presented in the following table. The service period for performance stock units granted each year begins on January 1 of the following year.
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20242023
Non-vested stock units$3,379 $3,307 
Performance stock units359 1,435 
Total$3,738 $4,742 
Income tax benefit$1,145 $1,068 
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense at March 31, 2024 is presented in the table below. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to performance stock units is presented assuming attainment of the maximum payout rate as set forth by the performance criteria.
Non-vested stock units$19,470 
Performance stock units8,072 
Total$27,542