Employee Separation and Exit and Disposal Activities (Notes)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

EMPLOYEE SEPARATION ACTIONS AND EXIT AND DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES

We generally record costs associated with voluntary separations at the time of employee acceptance. We record costs associated with involuntary separation programs when management has approved the plan for separation, the affected employees are identified, and it is unlikely that actions required to complete the separation plan will change significantly. Costs associated with benefits that are contingent on the employee continuing to provide service are accrued over the required service period.

Company Excluding Ford Credit

Employee separation actions and exit and disposal activities include employee separation costs, facility and other asset-related charges (e.g., impairment, accelerated depreciation), dealer and supplier payments, other statutory and contractual obligations, and other expenses, which are recorded in Cost of sales and Selling, administrative, and other expenses. Below are actions we have initiated:

•Brazil. Exited manufacturing operations in 2021 resulting in the closure of facilities in Camaçari, Taubaté, and Troller. Sales of the Taubaté and Camaçari plants were completed in 2023

•India. Ceased vehicle manufacturing in Sanand in the fourth quarter of 2021 and ceased manufacturing in Chennai in the third quarter of 2022. A sale of the Sanand vehicle assembly and powertrain plants was completed in the first quarter of 2023 (See Note 21)

•Spain. Ceased production of the Mondeo at the Valencia plant in the first quarter of 2022

•China. Ceased development of certain product programs in 2023

•Germany. Production of the Focus will cease at our Saarlouis Body and Assembly Plant in 2025. Our plan is to repurpose the facility into a technology center, retaining 1,000 positions

In addition, we are continuing to reduce our global workforce and take other restructuring actions, including the separation of salaried workers as announced during 2023 and 2024 and separation packages offered to certain members of our hourly workforce during 2024.

The following table summarizes the activities for the years ended December 31, which are recorded in Other liabilities and deferred revenue (in millions):


	2023		2024
Beginning balance	$	588	$	1,086
Changes in accruals (a)	1,600		973
Payments	(1,030)		(871)
Foreign currency translation and other	(72)		(90)
Ending balance	$	1,086	$	1,098

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(a) Excludes pension costs of $268 million and $218 million in 2023 and 2024, respectively.

We recorded costs of $1.9 billion and $1.2 billion in 2023 and 2024, respectively, related to the initiated actions above. We estimate that we will incur about $500 million in total charges in 2025 related to such actions, primarily attributable to employee separations; some charges are related to plans that are subject to negotiations with a works council, union, or other social partner. In addition, we continue to review our global businesses and may take additional restructuring actions where a path to sustained profitability is not feasible when considering the capital allocation required for those businesses.