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Retirement Benefits (Notes)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2016
Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]  
RETIREMENT BENEFITS
RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Defined Benefit Plans - Expense

The pre-tax expense for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for the periods ended June 30 was as follows (in millions):
 
Second Quarter
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$
127

 
$
146

 
$
124

 
$
133

 
$
12

 
$
15

Interest cost
381

 
455

 
202

 
232

 
49

 
59

Expected return on assets
(674
)
 
(732
)
 
(350
)
 
(369
)
 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
43

 
39

 
9

 
11

 
(36
)
 
(52
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
—

 
—

 
11

 
—

 
—

 
—

Separation programs/other
3

 
—

 
65

 
12

 
—

 
1

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(120
)
 
$
(92
)
 
$
61

 
$
19

 
$
25

 
$
23


 
First Half
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$
255

 
$
293

 
$
242

 
$
268

 
$
24

 
$
30

Interest cost
762

 
909

 
397

 
471

 
97

 
119

Expected return on assets
(1,347
)
 
(1,464
)
 
(689
)
 
(744
)
 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
85

 
78

 
19

 
23

 
(71
)
 
(103
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
—

 
—

 
11

 
—

 
—

 
—

Separation programs/other
3

 
2

 
72

 
19

 
—

 
1

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(242
)
 
$
(182
)
 
$
52

 
$
37

 
$
50

 
$
47



Beginning in 2016, we changed the method used to estimate the service and interest costs for pension and OPEB plans that utilize a yield curve approach. We now apply the specific spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant cash flows instead of using a single effective discount rate. Service and interest costs in the second quarter and first half were about $145 million lower and about $290 million lower, respectively, with the new method than they would have been under the prior method.

Pension Plan Contributions

During 2016, we expect to contribute about $1.5 billion from cash and cash equivalents to our worldwide funded pension plans (including discretionary contributions of about $400 million), and to make about $300 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans, for a total of about $1.8 billion. In the first half of 2016, we contributed about $600 million to our worldwide funded pension plans and made about $150 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans.