UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to _________

Commission File Number 000-10592

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

NEW YORK	14-1630287
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

5 SARNOWSKI DRIVE, GLENVILLE, NEW YORK	12302
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(518) 377-3311

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol (s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value	TRST	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☒ Yes  ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes  ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.  (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒	Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes  ☒ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Stock	Number of Shares Outstanding as of April 30, 2024
$1 Par Value	19,024,433

TrustCo Bank Corp NY

INDEX

DESCRIPTION		PAGE NO.
Forward-Looking Statements		3
Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Consolidated Interim Financial Statements (Unaudited):
	Consolidated Statements of Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	6
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	7
	Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	8
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	9
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	10
	Notes to Consolidated Interim Financial Statements	11-44
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	45
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	46-62
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	63
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	63
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	64
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	64
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	64
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	65
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	65
Item 5.	Other Information	65
Item 6.	Exhibits	65

2

Forward Looking Statements

Statements included in this report and in future filings by TrustCo with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in TrustCo’s press releases, and in oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer that are not historical or current facts, are “forward-looking statements” made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical earnings and those presently anticipated or projected.  Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of such words as may, will, should, could, would, estimate, project, believe, intend, anticipate, plan, seek, expect and similar expressions.  TrustCo wishes to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made.

In addition to factors described under Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, and under the Risk Factor discussion in TrustCo’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, the factors listed below, among others, in some cases have affected and in the future could affect TrustCo’s actual results and could cause TrustCo’s actual financial performance to differ materially from that expressed in any forward-looking statement.  Additionally, many of these risks and uncertainties are currently elevated by and may or will continue to be heightened by volatility in financial markets and macroeconomic or geopolitical concerns related to ongoing inflation, continued elevated interest rates and ongoing armed conflicts (including the Russia/Ukraine conflict and the conflict in Israel and surrounding areas).

Risks Related to Our Operations

• changes in interest rates may significantly impact our financial condition and results of operations;

• ongoing inflationary pressures and continued elevated prices may affect our results of operations and financial condition;

• exposure to credit risk in our lending activities;

• our commercial loan portfolio is increasing and the inherently higher risk of loss may lead to additional provisions for credit losses or charge-offs, which would negatively impact earnings and capital;

• the allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACLL”) is not sufficient to cover expected loan losses, resulting in a decrease in earnings;

• our inability to meet the cash flow requirements of our depositors or borrowers or meet our operating cash needs to fund corporate expansion and other activities;

• we are subject to claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility and lender liability;

• our dependency upon the services of the management team;

• our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud;

• if the business continuity and disaster recovery plans that we have in place are not adequate to continue our operations in the event of a disaster, the business disruption can adversely impact its operations;

• our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss;

• new lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks;

• we are exposed to climate risk;

• societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers;

• increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks

3

Risks Related to Market Conditions

• a prolonged economic downturn, especially one affecting our geographic market area, will adversely affect our operations and financial results;

• instability in global economic conditions and geopolitical matters, as well as volatility in financial markets, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition;

• any downgrade in the credit rating of the U.S. government or default by the U.S. government as a result of political conflicts over legislation to raise the U.S. government’s debt limit may have a material adverse effect on us;

• the soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us;

• any government shutdown could adversely affect the U.S. and global economy and our liquidity, financial condition and earnings;

• the trust wealth management fees we receive may decrease as a result of poor investment performance, in either relative or absolute terms, which could decrease our revenues and net earnings;

Risks Related to Compliance and Regulation

• regulatory capital rules could slow our growth, cause us to seek to raise additional capital, or both;

• changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and our income;

• changes in cybersecurity or privacy regulations may increase our compliance costs, limit our ability to gain insight from data and lead to increased scrutiny;

• restrictions on data collection and use may limit opportunities to gain business insights useful to running our business and offering innovative products and services;

• non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions;

• changes in tax laws may adversely affect us, and the Internal Revenue Service or a court may disagree with our tax positions, which may result in adverse effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flows;

• our ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations and other limitations that may affect our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders or to repurchase our common stock;

• we may be subject to a higher effective tax rate if Trustco Realty Corp. (“Trustco Realty”) fails to qualify as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”);

• changes in accounting standards could impact reported earnings;

4

Risks Related to Competition

• strong competition within the Bank’s market areas could hurt profits and slow growth;

• consumers and businesses are increasingly using non-banks to complete their financial transactions, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations;

Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Third Parties, and Technology

• our business could be adversely affected by third-party service providers, data breaches, and cyber-attacks;

• a failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could disrupt our businesses, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm;

• unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a breach of our computer systems or otherwise, could severely harm our business;

• we could suffer a material adverse impact from interruptions in the effective operation of, or security breaches affecting, our computer systems;

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

• provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws and New York law may discourage or prevent takeover attempts, and these provisions may have the effect of reducing the market price of our stock; and

• we cannot guarantee that the allocation of capital to various alternatives, including stock repurchase plans, will enhance long-term stockholder value.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.  Although TrustCo believes that the expectations reflected in the forward‑looking statements are reasonable, it cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur.  The foregoing list should not be construed as exhaustive, and the Company disclaims any obligation to subsequently revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements, or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events, except to the extent required by law.

5

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest and dividend income:
Interest and fees on loans	$	49,804	$	44,272
Interest and dividends on securities available for sale:
U. S. government sponsored enterprises		906		692
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		1,494		1,585
Corporate bonds		476		521
Small Business Administration-guaranteed participation securities		100		117
Other securities		3		2
Total interest and dividends on securities available for sale		2,979		2,917
Interest on held to maturity securities:
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		68		78
Total interest on held to maturity securities		68		78
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		152		110
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments		6,750		6,555
Total interest income		59,753		53,932
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits:
Interest-bearing checking		240		66
Savings accounts		712		530
Money market deposit accounts		2,342		814
Time deposits		19,677		5,272
Interest on short-term borrowings		204		285
Total interest expense		23,175		6,967
Net interest income		36,578		46,965
Provision for credit losses		600		300
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		35,978		46,665
Noninterest income:
Trustco financial services income		1,816		1,774
Fees for services to customers		2,745		2,648
Other		282		247
Total noninterest income		4,843		4,669
Noninterest expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits		11,427		13,283
Net occupancy expense		4,611		4,598
Equipment expense		1,738		1,962
Professional services		1,460		1,607
Outsourced services		2,501		2,296
Advertising expense		408		390
FDIC and other insurance		1,094		1,052
Other real estate expense, net		74		225
Other		1,590		2,266
Total noninterest expenses		24,903		27,679
Income before taxes		15,918		23,655
Income taxes		3,792		5,909
Net income	$	12,126	$	17,746
Net income per share:
- Basic	$	0.64	$	0.93
- Diluted	$	0.64	$	0.93

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated interim financial statements.

6

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
Net income	$	12,126		$	17,746
Net unrealized holding (loss) gain on securities available for sale		(1,872	)		5,251
Tax effect		494			(1,350	)
Net unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale, net of tax		(1,378	)		3,901
Amortization of net actuarial gain		(203	)		(114	)
Amortization of prior service cost		3			3
Tax effect		52			29
Amortization of net actuarial gain and prior service cost on pension and postretirement plans, net of tax		(148	)		(82	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		(1,526	)		3,819
Comprehensive income	$	10,600		$	21,565

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated interim financial statements.

7

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
ASSETS:
Cash and due from banks	$	44,868		$	49,274
Federal funds sold and other short term investments		564,815			528,730
Total cash and cash equivalents		609,683			578,004
Securities available for sale		426,241			452,289
Held to maturity securities ($6,108 and $6,396 fair value at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		6,206			6,458
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,203			6,203
Loans, net of deferred net costs		5,005,506			5,002,879
Less:
Allowance for credit losses on loans		49,220			48,578
Net loans		4,956,286			4,954,301
Bank premises and equipment, net		33,423			34,007
Operating lease right-of-use assets		39,647			40,542
Other assets		101,881			96,387
Total assets	$	6,179,570		$	6,168,191
LIABILITIES:
Deposits:
Demand	$	742,997		$	754,532
Interest-bearing checking		1,020,136			1,015,213
Savings accounts		1,155,517			1,179,241
Money market deposit accounts		532,611			565,767
Time deposits		1,903,908			1,836,024
Total deposits		5,355,169			5,350,777
Short-term borrowings		94,374			88,990
Operating lease liabilities		43,438			44,471
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		37,399			38,668
Total liabilities		5,530,380			5,522,906
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Capital stock par value $1.00; 30,000,000 shares authorized; 20,058,142 shares issued at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and 19,024,433 shares outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		20,058			20,058
Surplus		257,335			257,181
Undivided profits		430,346			425,069
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(14,763	)		(13,237	)
Treasury stock at cost - 1,033,709 shares at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		(43,786	)		(43,786	)
Total shareholders’ equity		649,190			645,285
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6,179,570		$	6,168,191

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated interim financial statements.

8

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

								Accumulated
								Other
	Capital				Undivided			Comprehensive			Treasury
	Stock		Surplus		Profits			Loss			Stock			Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2023	$	20,058	$	257,078	$	393,831		$	(27,194	)	$	(43,786	)	$	599,987
Net income		-		-		17,746			-			-			17,746
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-		-			3,819			-			3,819
Cash dividend declared, $0.36 per share		-		-		(6,849	)		-			-			(6,849	)
Ending balance, March 31, 2023	$	20,058	$	257,078	$	404,728		$	(23,375	)	$	(43,786	)	$	614,703
Beginning balance, January 1, 2024	$	20,058	$	257,181	$	425,069		$	(13,237	)	$	(43,786	)	$	645,285
Net income		-		-		12,126			-			-			12,126
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		-		-		-			(1,526	)		-			(1,526	)
Stock Based Compensation Expense		-		154		-			-			-			154
Cash dividend declared, $0.36 per share		-		-		(6,849	)		-			-			(6,849	)
Ending balance, March 31, 2024	$	20,058	$	257,335	$	430,346		$	(14,763	)	$	(43,786	)	$	649,190

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated interim financial statements.

9

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	12,126		$	17,746
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation		1,085			1,008
Amortization of right-of-use asset		1,654			1,634
Net gain on sale of other real estate owned		-			(148	)
Provision for credit losses		600			300
Deferred tax expense		1,447			1,816
Net amortization of securities		346			460
Stock based compensation expense		154			-
Decrease in taxes receivable		3,844			5,456
Increase in interest receivable		(777	)		(198	)
Increase in interest payable		288			842
Increase in other assets		(4,224	)		(3,583	)
Decrease in operating lease liabilities		(1,792	)		(1,722	)
Decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities		(4,855	)		(4,831	)
Total adjustments		(2,230	)		1,034
Net cash provided by operating activities		9,896			18,780
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales, paydowns and calls of securities available for sale		8,841			14,659
Proceeds from paydowns of held to maturity securities		241			311
Purchases of securities available for sale		(20,000	)		(5,000	)
Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale		35,000			-
Net increase in loans		(4,793	)		(66,328	)
Proceeds from dispositions of other real estate owned		68			340
Purchases of bank premises and equipment		(501	)		(757	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		18,856			(56,775	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase in deposits		4,392			19,648
Net change in short-term borrowings		5,384			11,593
Dividends paid		(6,849	)		(6,861	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		2,927			24,380
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		31,679			(13,615	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		578,004			650,599
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	609,683		$	636,984
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest paid	$	22,887		$	6,125
Income taxes paid		494			471
Other non cash items:
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned		2,208			-
Increase (decrease) in dividends payable		-			(12	)
Change in unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale-gross of deferred taxes		(1,872	)		5,251
Change in deferred tax effect on unrealized loss (gain) on securities available for sale		494			(1,350	)
Amortization of net actuarial gain and prior service cost on pension and postretirement plans		(200	)		(111	)
Change in deferred tax effect of amortization of net actuarial gain postretirement benefit plans		52			29

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated interim financial statements.

10

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Notes to Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(1) Financial Statement Presentation

The unaudited Consolidated Interim Financial Statements of TrustCo Bank Corp NY (the “Company” or “TrustCo”) include the accounts of the Company’s subsidiary, Trustco Bank (also referred to as the “Bank”) and other subsidiaries after elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions. Prior period amounts are reclassified when necessary to conform to the current period presentation. The net income reported for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, or any interim periods. These financial statements consider events that occurred through the date of filing.

In the opinion of the management of the Company, the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Interim Financial Statements contain all recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position as of March 31, 2024, the results of operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Interim Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s year‑end Consolidated Financial Statements, including notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Interim Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and, therefore, do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flow activity required in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

The accounting policies of the Company, as applied in the Consolidated Interim Financial Statements presented herein, are substantially the same as those followed on an annual basis in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024.

Risks and Uncertainties: Industry events have led to a greater focus by financial institutions, investors and regulators on liquidity positions of and funding sources for financial institutions, the composition of their deposits, including the amount of uninsured deposits, the amount of accumulated other comprehensive loss, capital levels and interest rate risk management. Present economic conditions have caused disruption to the banking system and any additional implications are uncertain. The Company believes that it has sufficient liquid assets and borrowing sources should there be a liquidity need.

11

(2) Earnings Per Share

The Company computes earnings per share in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”). A reconciliation of the component parts of earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

(in thousands, except per share data)	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	12,126	$	17,746
Weighted average common shares		19,024		19,024
Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units		8		3
Weighted average common shares including potential dilutive shares		19,032		19,027
Basic EPS	$	0.64	$	0.93
Diluted EPS	$	0.64	$	0.93

For the three months, ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 there were approximately 48 thousand and 2 thousand weighted average anti-dilutive stock options excluded from diluted earnings per share. The stock options are antidilutive because the strike price is greater than the average fair value of the Company’s common stock for the periods presented.

(3) Benefit Plans

The table below outlines the components of the Company’s net periodic benefit recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 for its pension and other postretirement benefit plans:

	Three months ended March 31,
	Pension Benefits								Other Postretirement Benefits
(dollars in thousands)	2024				2023				2024				2023
Service cost		$	-			$	-			$	5			$	2
Interest cost			289				302				72				66
Expected return on plan assets			(762	)			(680	)			(331	)			(289	)
Amortization of net gain			(19	)			-				(184	)			(114	)
Amortization of prior service cost			-				-				3				3
Net periodic benefit		$	(492	)		$	(378	)		$	(435	)		$	(332	)

The Company does not expect to contribute to its pension and postretirement benefit plans in 2024. As of March 31, 2024, no contributions have been made; however, this decision is reviewed each quarter and is subject to change based upon market conditions.

12

Since 2003, the Company has not subsidized retiree medical insurance premiums. However, it continues to provide medical benefits and postretirement medical benefits to a limited number of current and retired executives in accordance with the terms of their employment contracts.

(4) Investment Securities

(a) Securities available for sale

The amortized cost and fair value of the securities available for sale are as follows:

	March 31, 2024
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	131,755	$	4	$	2,905	$	128,854
State and political subdivisions		26		-		-		26
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		254,806		158		27,886		227,078
Corporate bonds		55,078		-		1,737		53,341
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		17,984		-		1,724		16,260
Other		688		7		13		682
Total Securities Available for Sale	$	460,337	$	169	$	34,265	$	426,241

	December 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	121,728	$	5	$	3,065	$	118,668
State and political subdivisions		26		-		-		26
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		263,182		270		25,775		237,677
Corporate bonds		80,150		-		2,098		78,052
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		18,740		-		1,554		17,186
Other		687		11		18		680
Total Securities Available for Sale	$	484,513	$	286	$	32,510	$	452,289

The following table categorizes the debt securities included in the available for sale portfolio as of March 31, 2024, based on the securities’ final maturity. Actual maturities may differ because of securities prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. Securities not due at a single maturity date are presented separately:

	Amortized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	70,613	$	69,407
Due after one year through five years		116,934		113,496
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		254,806		227,078
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		17,984		16,260
	$	460,337	$	426,241

13

Gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale and the related fair values aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

	March 31, 2024
	Less than				12 months
	12 months				or more				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unreal.
(dollars in thousands)	Value		Loss		Value		Loss		Value		Loss
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	14,993		7		106,358		2,898		121,351		2,905
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		2,907		10		217,331		27,876		220,238		27,886
Corporate bonds		-		-		53,341		1,737		53,341		1,737
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		-		-		16,260		1,724		16,260		1,724
Other		-		-		637		13		637		13
Total	$	17,900		17		393,927		34,248		411,827		34,265

	December 31, 2023
	Less than				12 months
	12 months				or more				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unreal.		Fair		Unreal.		Fair		Unreal.
(dollars in thousands)	Value		Loss		Value		Loss		Value		Loss
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	-		-		116,163		3,065		116,163		3,065
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		-		-		227,891		25,775		227,891		25,775
Corporate bonds		-		-		78,052		2,098		78,052		2,098
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		-		-		17,186		1,554		17,186		1,554
Other		-		-		631		18		631		18
Total	$	-		-		439,923		32,510		439,923		32,510

There were no allowance for credit losses recorded for securities available for sale during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The proceeds from sales and calls and maturities of securities available for sale, gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales and calls during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023
Proceeds from sales	$	-		-
Proceeds from calls/paydowns		8,841		14,659
Proceeds from maturities		35,000		-
Gross realized gains		-		-
Gross realized losses		-		-

14

(b) Held to maturity securities

The amortized cost and fair value of the held to maturity securities are as follows:

	March 31, 2024
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrecognized		Unrecognized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	6,206		49		147		6,108
Total held to maturity	$	6,206		49		147		6,108

	December 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrecognized		Unrecognized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	6,458		74		136		6,396
Total held to maturity	$	6,458		74		136		6,396

The following table categorizes the debt securities included in the held to maturity portfolio as of March 31, 2024, based on the securities’ final maturity.  Actual maturities may differ because of securities prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. Securities not due at a single maturity date are presented separately:

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized		Fair
	Cost		Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	6,206		6,108
	$	6,206		6,108

All held to maturity securities are held at cost on the financial statements.

Gross unrecognized losses on held to maturity securities and the related fair values aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in an unrecognized loss position, were as follows:

March 31, 2024

Less than

12 months

(dollars in thousands)

12 months

or more

Total

Gross

Gross

Gross

Fair

Unrec.

Fair

Unrec.

Fair

Unrec.

Value

Loss

Value

Loss

Value

Loss

Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential

$

136

3

2,523

144

2,659

147

Total

$

136

3

2,523

144

2,659

147

15

December 31, 2023

Less than

12 months

(dollars in thousands)

12 months

or more

Total

Gross

Gross

Gross

Fair

Unrec.

Fair

Unrec.

Fair

Unrec.

Value

Loss

Value

Loss

Value

Loss

Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential

$

283

3

2,703

133

2,986

136

Total

$

283

3

2,703

133

2,986

136

There were no sales or transfers of held to maturity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

There were no allowance for credit losses recorded for held to maturity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. There were no securities on non-accrual status and all securities were performing in accordance with contractual terms.

(c) Other-Than-Temporary Impairment

Debt Securities

Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation.  The investment securities portfolio is evaluated for OTTI by segregating the portfolio by type and applying the appropriate OTTI model.

In determining OTTI for debt securities, management considers many factors, including: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery.  The assessment of whether any other‑than‑temporary decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time.

When OTTI occurs, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether management intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis.  If management intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date.  If management does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI on debt securities shall be separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors.  The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and is recognized in earnings through the provision for credit losses.  The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.

The Company does not intend to sell nor does it anticipate that it will be required to sell any of its securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024. The Company’s ability and intent to hold these securities until recovery is supported by the Company’s strong capital and liquidity positions as well as its historically low turnover in the portfolio.

16

As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s securities portfolio included certain securities, which were in an unrealized loss position, and are discussed below.

U.S. government sponsored enterprises: In the case of unrealized losses on U.S. government sponsored enterprises, because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2024.

Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations – residential:  As of March 31, 2024, all mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations held by the Company were issued by U.S. government sponsored entities and agencies, primarily Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, institutions which the government has affirmed its commitment to support.  Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other‑than‑temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2024.

Corporate Bonds & Other:  As of March 31, 2024, corporate and other bonds held by the Company were investment grade quality.  Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2024.

Small Business Administration (SBA) - guaranteed participation securities:  As of March 31, 2024, all of the SBA securities held by the Company were issued and guaranteed by U.S. Small Business Administration.  Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2024.

17

(5) Loan Portfolio and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following tables presents loans by portfolio segment:

	March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	New York and
	other states*		Florida		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	214,158	$	40,757	$	254,915
Other		23,536		641		24,177
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,744,294		1,552,257		4,296,551
Home equity loans		44,207		13,611		57,818
Home equity lines of credit		213,754		142,125		355,879
Installment		11,581		4,585		16,166
Total loans, net	$	3,251,530	$	1,753,976		5,005,506
Less: Allowance for credit losses						49,220
Net loans					$	4,956,286

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachussetts.

	December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	New York and
	other states*		Florida		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	212,754	$	39,501	$	252,255
Other		20,863		397		21,260
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,756,914		1,550,191		4,307,105
Home equity loans		44,152		13,806		57,958
Home equity lines of credit		212,298		135,117		347,415
Installment		12,057		4,829		16,886
Total loans, net	$	3,259,038	$	1,743,841		5,002,879
Less: Allowance for credit losses						48,578
Net loans					$	4,954,301

*Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachussetts.

Included in commercial loans above are Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans totaling $556 thousand and $620 thousand as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $25.8 million of real estate construction loans. Of the $25.8 million in real estate construction loans as of March 31, 2024, approximately $7.6 million are secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers while approximately $18.2 million were to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. The majority of construction loans are in the Company’s New York market.

18

At December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $29.1 million of real estate construction loans.  Of the $29.1 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2023, approximately $8.0 million are secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers while approximately $21.1 million were to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. The majority of construction loans held in 2023 were in the Company’s New York market.

Allowance for credit losses on loans

The level of the ACLL is based on factors that influence management’s current estimate of expected credit losses including past events and current conditions. Consistent with previous periods, the Company has determined the stagflation forecast scenario to be appropriate for the March 31, 2024 ACLL calculation.  The Company selected the stagflation economic forecast for credit losses as management expects that markets will experience a slight decline in economic conditions and a slight increase in the unemployment rate over the next two years.

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $600 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which is the result a provision for credit losses on loans of $600 thousand, and there was no provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments.

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $300 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023, which includes a provision for credit losses on loans of $600 thousand, and a benefit for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $300 thousand.

Activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is summarized as follows:

	For the three months ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)			Real Estate
			Mortgage-
	Commercial		1 to 4 Family			Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,735	$	45,625		$	218	$	48,578
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		-		117			44		161
Florida		-		-			-		-
Total loan chargeoffs		-		117			44		161
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		-		195			8		203
Florida		-		-			-		-
Total recoveries		-		195			8		203
Net loans (recoveries) charged off		-		(78	)		36		(42	)
Provision for credit losses		7		592			1		600
Balance at end of period	$	2,742	$	46,295		$	183	$	49,220

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

19

	For the three months ended March 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)			Real Estate
			Mortgage-
	Commercial		1 to 4 Family			Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,596		43,271			165		46,032
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		-		-			17		17
Florida		-		-			31		31
Total loan chargeoffs		-		-			48		48
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		-		53			23		76
Florida		-		25			-		25
Total recoveries		-		78			23		101
Net loan (recoveries) charged off		-		(78	)		25		(53	)
Provision for credit losses		112		417			71		600
Balance at end of period	$	2,708		43,766			211		46,685

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (accrued expenses and other liabilities) with adjustments to the reserve recognized in  provision for credit losses in the consolidated income statement. The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments for the three months ended  March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

	For the three
	months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024
Balance at January 31, 2024	$	1,662
Provision  for credit losses		-
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	1,662

	For the three
(In thousands)	months ended
	March 31, 2023
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	2,912
(Credit) provision for credit losses		(300	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	2,612

Loan Credit Quality

The Company categorizes commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. On at least an annual basis, the Company’s loan grading process analyzes non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, individually by grading the loans based on credit risk. The loan grades assigned to all loan types are tested by the Company’s internal loan review department in accordance with the Company’s internal loan review policy.

20

The Company uses the following definitions for classified loans:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as such have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those loans classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be “pass” rated loans.

For homogeneous loan pools, such as residential mortgages, home equity lines of credit, and installment loans, the Company uses payment status to identify the credit risk in these loan portfolios. Payment status is reviewed on a daily basis by the Bank’s collection area and on a monthly basis with respect to determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The payment status of these homogeneous pools as of March 31, 2024 is also included in the aging of the past due loans table. Nonperforming loans shown in the table below were loans on nonaccrual status and loans over 90 days past due and accruing.

21

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans, and gross charge-offs for each loan type by origination year was as follows:

(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Commercial:	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
Risk rating
Pass	$	10,568	$	57,315	$	80,610	$	23,628	$	16,206	$	59,591	$	5,360	$	-	$	253,278
Special Mention	$	-	$	-	$	247	$	-	$	37	$	537	$	-	$	-	$	821
Substandard	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	816	$	-	$	-	$	816
Total Commercial Loans	$	10,568	$	57,315	$	80,857	$	23,628	$	16,243	$	60,944	$	5,360	$	-	$	254,915
Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial Other:
Risk rating
Pass	$	1,542	$	9,170	$	2,079	$	1,798	$	1,329	$	3,132	$	4,614	$	-	$	23,664
Special mention	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	38	$	-	$	38
Substandard	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	285	$	-	$	285
Doubtful	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	190	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	190
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	1,542	$	9,170	$	2,079	$	1,988	$	1,329	$	3,132	$	4,937	$	-	$	24,177
Other Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Residential First Mortgage:
Risk rating
Performing	$	49,915	$	420,073	$	560,709	$	865,629	$	721,417	$	1,664,927	$	-	$	-	$	4,282,670
Nonperforming	$	-	$	64	$	209	$	539	$	78	$	12,991	$	-	$	-	$	13,881
Total First Mortgage:	$	49,915	$	420,137	$	560,918	$	866,168	$	721,495	$	1,677,918	$	-	$	-	$	4,296,551
Residential First Mortgage Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	18	$	-	$	-	$	18
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	18	$	-	$	-	$	18
Home Equity Loans:
Risk rating
Performing	$	1,417	$	9,565	$	5,884	$	7,601	$	5,512	$	27,515	$	-	$	-	$	57,494
Nonperforming	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	324	$	-	$	-	$	324
Total Home Equity Loans:	$	1,417	$	9,565	$	5,884	$	7,601	$	5,512	$	27,839	$	-	$	-	$	57,818
Home Equity Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Home Equity Lines of  Credit:
Risk rating
Performing	$	812	$	1,348	$	712	$	543	$	169	$	15,686	$	333,534	$	-	$	352,804
Nonperforming	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	56	$	2,804	$	215	$	-	$	3,075
Total Home Equity Credit Lines:	$	812	$	1,348	$	712	$	543	$	225	$	18,490	$	333,749	$	-	$	355,879
Home Equity Lines of Credit:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	99	$	-	$	-	$	99
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	99	$	-	$	-	$	99
Installments:
Risk rating
Performing	$	984	$	7,823	$	4,148	$	1,273	$	289	$	544	$	956	$	-	$	16,017
Nonperforming	$	-	$	-	$	46	$	36	$	-	$	66	$	1	$	-	$	149
Total Installments	$	984	$	7,823	$	4,194	$	1,309	$	289	$	610	$	957	$	-	$	16,166
Installments Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	18	$	19	$	-	$	-	$	7	$	-	$	-	$	44
	$	-	$	18	$	19	$	-	$	-	$	7	$	-	$	-	$	44

22

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Commercial :	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
Risk rating
Pass	$	61,148	$	82,339	$	23,940	$	16,653	$	19,835	$	41,153	$	5,664	$	-	$	250,732
Special Mention		-		-		-		42		-		225		-		-		267
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		1,256		-		-		1,256
Total Commercial Loans	$	61,148	$	82,339	$	23,940	$	16,695	$	19,835	$	42,634	$	5,664	$	-	$	252,255
Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial Other:
Risk rating
Pass	$	7,873	$	2,164	$	1,933	$	1,386	$	321	$	2,641	$	4,482	$	-	$	20,800
Special mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		34		-		34
Substandard		-		-		328		-		-		98		-		-		426
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	7,873	$	2,164	$	2,261	$	1,386	$	321	$	2,739	$	4,516	$	-	$	21,260
Other Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-		-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Residential First Mortgage:
Risk rating
Performing	$	418,891	$	566,617	$	878,015	$	732,851	$	342,559	$	1,354,867	$	-	$	-	$	4,293,800
Nonperforming		64		210		383		229		1,119		11,300		-		-		13,305
Total First Mortgage:	$	418,955	$	566,827	$	878,398	$	733,080	$	343,678	$	1,366,167	$	-	$	-	$	4,307,105
Residential First Mortgage Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	27	$	336	$	-	$	-		363
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	27	$	336	$	-	$	-	$	363
Home Equity Loans:
Risk rating
Performing	$	9,660	$	5,963	$	7,770	$	5,668	$	6,542	$	22,076	$	-	$	-	$	57,679
Nonperforming		-		-		-		-		-		279		-		-		279
Total Home Equity Loans:	$	9,660	$	5,963	$	7,770	$	5,668	$	6,542	$	22,355	$	-	$	-	$	57,958
Home Equity Lines Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-		-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Home Equity Credit Lines:
Risk rating
Performing	$	355	$	641	$	248	$	75	$	10	$	15,964	$	327,059	$	-	$	344,352
Nonperforming		-		-		8		56		-		2,813		186		-		3,063
Total Home Equity Credit Lines:	$	355	$	641	$	256	$	131	$	10	$	18,777	$	327,245	$	-	$	347,415
Home Equity Credit Lines Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	8	$	-	$	-		8
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	8	$	-	$	-	$	8
Installments:
Risk rating
Performing	$	8,473	$	4,592	$	1,484	$	360	$	198	$	605	$	1,008	$	-	$	16,720
Nonperforming		-		49		51		-		63		3		-		-		166
Total Installments	$	8,473	$	4,641	$	1,535	$	360	$	261	$	608	$	1,008	$	-	$	16,886
Installments Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	16	$	67	$	50	$	1	$	21	$	21	$	-	$	-		176
	$	16	$	67	$	50	$	1	$	21	$	21	$	-	$	-	$	176

The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned, at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through foreclosure or through a deed in lieu).  Other real estate owned is included in other assets on the Balance Sheet.  Other real estate owned included $2.2 million and $-0- of commercial foreclosed properties, and $126 thousand and $1.9 million of residential foreclosed properties as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.  In addition, non-accrual residential mortgage loans that are in the process of foreclosure had an amortized cost of $6.7 million and $8.7 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024 and 2023. 

23

The following tables present the aging of the amortized cost in past due loans by loan class and by region as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	As of March 31, 2024
New York and other states*:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	520	$	520	$	213,638	$	214,158
Other		11		-		-		11		23,525		23,536
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		4,576		1,279		5,873		11,728		2,732,566		2,744,294
Home equity loans		13		89		175		277		43,930		44,207
Home equity lines of credit		383		436		1,578		2,397		211,357		213,754
Installment		38		4		99		141		11,440		11,581
Total	$	5,021	$	1,808	$	8,245	$	15,074	$	3,236,456	$	3,251,530

Florida:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	40,757	$	40,757
Other		-		-		314		314		327		641
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		956		1,152		1,287		3,395		1,548,862		1,552,257
Home equity loans		-		91		6		97		13,514		13,611
Home equity lines of credit		146		-		143		289		141,836		142,125
Installment		6		8		-		14		4,571		4,585
Total	$	1,108	$	1,251	$	1,750	$	4,109	$	1,749,867	$	1,753,976

Total:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	520	$	520	$	254,395	$	254,915
Other		11		-		314		325		23,852		24,177
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		5,532		2,431		7,160		15,123		4,281,428		4,296,551
Home equity loans		13		180		181		374		57,444		57,818
Home equity lines of credit		529		436		1,721		2,686		353,193		355,879
Installment		44		12		99		155		16,011		16,166
Total	$	6,129	$	3,059	$	9,995	$	19,183	$	4,986,323	$	5,005,506

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

24

	As of December 31, 2023
New York and other states*:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		521		521		212,233		212,754
Other		-		26		-		26		20,837		20,863
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		4,330		811		6,008		11,149		2,745,765		2,756,914
Home equity loans		20		138		157		315		43,837		44,152
Home equity lines of credit		591		135		1,499		2,225		210,073		212,298
Installment		6		18		95		119		11,938		12,057
Total	$	4,947		1,128		8,280		14,355		3,244,683		3,259,038

Florida:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		-		-		39,501		39,501
Other		-		-		314		314		83		397
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		1,290		78		1,433		2,801		1,547,390		1,550,191
Home equity loans		73		6		-		79		13,727		13,806
Home equity lines of credit		184		-		56		240		134,877		135,117
Installment		16		-		60		76		4,753		4,829
Total	$	1,563		84		1,863		3,510		1,740,331		1,743,841

Total:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		521		521		251,734		252,255
Other		-		26		314		340		20,920		21,260
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		5,620		889		7,441		13,950		4,293,155		4,307,105
Home equity loans		93		144		157		394		57,564		57,958
Home equity lines of credit		775		135		1,555		2,465		344,950		347,415
Installment		22		18		155		195		16,691		16,886
Total	$	6,510		1,212		10,143		17,865		4,985,014		5,002,879

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

As of March 31, 2024, there were no loans that were 90 days past due and still accruing interest. As a result, non-accrual loans include all loans 90 days or more past due as well as certain loans less than 90 days past due that were placed on non-accrual status for reasons other than delinquent status. There are no commitments to extend further credit on non-accrual or restructured loans.

Loans individually evaluated for impairment are non-accrual loans delinquent greater than 180 days, non-accrual commercial loans, as well as loans classified as loan modifications. As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses based on the loans individually evaluated for impairment.

Residential and installment non-accrual loans which are not loan modifications are collectively evaluated to determine the allowance for credit loss.

25

The following tables present the amortized cost basis in non-accrual loans by portfolio segment:

	As of March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	New York and
	other states*		Florida		Total
Loans in non-accrual status:
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	532	$	-	$	532
Other		-		314		314
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		11,274		2,607		13,881
Home equity loans		281		43		324
Home equity lines of credit		2,803		272		3,075
Installment		149		-		149
Total non-accrual loans		15,039		3,236		18,275
Restructured real estate mortgages - 1 to 4 family		-		-		-
Total nonperforming loans	$	15,039	$	3,236	$	18,275

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	New York and
	other states*		Florida		Total
Loans in non-accrual status:
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	536	$	-	$	536
Other		-		314		314
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		11,324		1,981		13,305
Home equity loans		235		44		279
Home equity lines of credit		2,816		247		3,063
Installment		151		15		166
Total non-accrual loans		15,062		2,601		17,663
Restructured real estate mortgages - 1 to 4 family		3		-		3
Total nonperforming loans	$	15,065	$	2,601	$	17,666

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

26

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status and loans past due over 89 days still accruing as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	As of March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Non-accrual With		Non-accrual With		Loans Past Due
	No Allowance for		Allowance for		Over 89 Days
	Credit Loss		Credit Loss		Still Accruing
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	532	$	-		-
Other		314		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		12,785		1,096		-
Home equity loans		275		49		-
Home equity lines of credit		2,759		316		-
Installment		126		19		-
Total loans, net	$	16,791	$	1,480		-

	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Non-accrual With		Non-accrual With		Loans Past Due
	No Allowance for		Allowance for		Over 89 Days
	Credit Loss		Credit Loss		Still Accruing
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	536	$	-		-
Other		314		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		12,584		721		-
Home equity loans		271		8		-
Home equity lines of credit		2,395		668		-
Installment		144		22		-
Total loans, net	$	16,244	$	1,419		-

The non-accrual balance of $1.5 million and $1.4 million was collectively evaluated and the associated allowance for credit losses on loans was determined not to be material as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

27

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment evaluation as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	As of March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)			1-to-4 Family
	Commercial		Residential		Installment
	Loans		Real Estate		Loans		Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,742		46,295		183		49,220
Total ending allowance balance	$	2,742	$	46,295	$	183	$	49,220
Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	952	$	23,769	$	126	$	24,847
Collectively evaluated for impairment		278,140		4,686,479		16,040		4,980,659
Total ending loans balance	$	279,092	$	4,710,248	$	16,166	$	5,005,506

	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)			1-to-4 Family
	Commercial		Residential		Installment
	Loans		Real Estate		Loans		Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		-		-		-
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,735		45,625		218		48,578
Total ending allowance balance	$	2,735		45,625		218		48,578
Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	957		23,628		144		24,729
Collectively evaluated for impairment		272,558		4,688,850		16,742		4,978,150
Total ending loans balance	$	273,515		4,712,478		16,886		5,002,879

28

A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. Expected credit losses for the collateral dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed collateral dependent loans by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	As of March 31, 2024
	Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)
	Real Estate		Investment Securities/Cash		Other
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	638		-		-
Other		314		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		19,774		-		-
Home equity loans		373		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		3,622		-		-
Installment		126		-		-
Total	$	24,847		-		-

	As of December 31, 2023
	Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)
	Real Estate		Investment Securities/Cash		Other
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	643		-		-
Other		314		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		20,018		-		-
Home equity loans		371		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		3,239		-		-
Installment		144		-		-
Total	$	24,729		-		-

The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans that are modified. Interest income recognized on loans that are individually evaluated was not material during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

As of March 31, 2024 and 2023 loans individually evaluated included approximately $8.1 million and $8.8 million, respectively, of loans in accruing status that were identified as loan modifications in accordance with regulatory guidance related to Chapter 7 and 13 bankruptcy loans.

29

Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructuring and Vintage Disclosures (“ASU 2022-02”), a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty and receives a modification in the form of principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or a term extension in the current period needs to be disclosed.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at March 31, 2024 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024, by class and by type of modification.  There were no loan modifications for the three months ended March 31, 2023.  The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024
New York and other states*:
	Payment		% of Total Class
(dollars in thousands)	Delay		of Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-
Other		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:		-		-
First mortgages		-		-
Home equity loans		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		-		-
Installment		-		-
Total	$	-		0.00	%

Florida:
	Payment			% of Total Class
(dollars in thousands)	Delay			of Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		-
Other			-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:					-
First mortgages			85		0.01	%
Home equity loans			-		-
Home equity lines of credit			-		-
Installment			-		-
Total		$	85		0.00	%

Total
	Payment			% of Total Class
(dollars in thousands)	Delay			of Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		-
Other			-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages			85		0.00	%
Home equity loans			-		-
Home equity lines of credit			-		-
Installment			-		-
Total		$	85		0.00	%

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

30

The Bank monitors the performance of loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table describes the performance of loans that have been modified as of March 31, 2024:

	As of March 31, 2024
New York and other states*:				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		-		-		-
Installment		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

Florida:				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		85		-		-		-		85
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		-		-		-
Installment		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	85	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	85

Total				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		85		-		-		-		85
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		-		-		-
Installment		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	85	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	85

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

31

The following tables describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024
	Weighted
New York and other states*:	Average
	Payment
(dollars in thousands)	Delay (Months)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-
Other		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		-
Home equity loans		-
Home equity lines of credit		-
Installment		-
Total	$	-

	Weighted
Florida:	Average
	Payment
(dollars in thousands)	Delay (Months)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-
Other		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		12
Home equity loans		-
Home equity lines of credit		-
Installment		-
Total	$	12

	Weighted
	Average
	Payment
(dollars in thousands)	Delay (Months)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-
Other		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		12
Home equity loans		-
Home equity lines of credit		-
Installment		-
Total	$	12

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

32

The addition of these loan modifications did not have a significant impact on the allowance for credit losses on loans. The nature of the modifications that resulted in them being classified as a loan modification was the borrower filing for bankruptcy protection. There were no loans that defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 which had been classified as a loan modification within the prior twelve months.

In situations where the Bank considers a loan modification, management determines whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty by performing an evaluation of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification.  This evaluation is performed under the Company’s underwriting policy.

Generally, the modification of the terms of loans was the result of the borrower filing for bankruptcy protection. Chapter 13 bankruptcies generally include the deferral of all past due amounts for a period of generally 60 months in accordance with the bankruptcy court order. In the case of Chapter 7 bankruptcies even though there is no modification of terms, the borrowers’ debt to the Company was discharged and they did not reaffirm the debt.

A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. In situations involving a borrower filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection, however, a loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 30 days contractually past due, consistent with the treatment by the bankruptcy court.

(6) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”) defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity can access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the value that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities:

Securities Available for Sale: The fair value of securities available for sale is determined utilizing an independent pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities. The pricing service uses a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models. Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows. This results in a Level 1 or Level 2 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Interest and dividend income is recorded on the accrual method and is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the respective investment class under total interest and dividend income. The Company does not have any securities that would be designated as Level 3.

33

Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. This results in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Individually evaluated loans: Periodically the Company records non-recurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans.  Non-recurring adjustments can also include certain adjustments for collateral-dependent loans to adjust balances to fair value and generally have had a charge-off through the allowance for credit losses. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. When obtained, non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Loans individually evaluated are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

Indications of value for both collateral-dependent loans and other real estate owned are obtained from third party providers or the Company’s internal Appraisal Department. All indications of value are reviewed for reasonableness by a member of the Appraisal Department for the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value via comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

34

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value under ASC 820 on a recurring basis are summarized below:

	Fair Value Measurements at
	March 31, 2024 Using:
					Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(dollars in thousands)	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	128,854	$	-	$	128,854	$	-
State and political subdivisions		26		-		26		-
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		227,078		-		227,078		-
Corporate bonds		53,341		-		53,341		-
Small Business Administration- guaranteed participation securities		16,260		-		16,260		-
Other securities		682		-		682		-
Total securities available for sale	$	426,241	$	-	$	426,241	$	-

	Fair Value Measurements at
	December 31, 2023 Using:
					Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(dollars in thousands)	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Securities available for sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	118,668	$	-	$	118,668	$	-
State and political subdivisions		26		-		26		-
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		237,677		-		237,677		-
Corporate bonds		78,052		-		78,052		-
Small Business Administration- guaranteed participation securities		17,186		-		17,186		-
Other securities		680		-		680		-
Total securities available for sale	$	452,289	$	-	$	452,289	$	-

35

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:

Fair Value Measurements at

March 31, 2024 Using:

Significant

Quoted Prices in

Other

Significant

Active Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Carrying

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(dollars in thousands)

Value

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Valuation technique

Unobservable inputs

Range (Weighted Average)

Other real estate owned

$

2,334

$

-

$

-

$

2,334

Sales comparison approach

Adjustments for differences between comparable sales

1% - 1% (1

%)

Fair Value Measurements at

December 31, 2023 Using:

Significant

Quoted Prices in

Other

Significant

Active Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Carrying

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(dollars in thousands)

Value

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Valuation technique

Unobservable inputs

Range (Weighted Average)

Other real estate owned

$

194

$

-

$

-

$

194

Sales comparison approach

Adjustments for differences between comparable sales

0% - 39% (20

%)

Other real estate owned, that is carried at fair value less costs to sell was approximately $2.3 million as of March 31, 2024 and consisted of residential and commercial real estate properties.  There were no valuation charges included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Of the total individually evaluated loans of $24.8 million as of March 31, 2024, there are no loans that are collateral dependent and are carried at fair value measured on a non-recurring basis. Due to the sufficiency of charge-offs taken on these loans and the adequacy of the underlying collateral, there were no specific valuation allowances for these loans as of March 31, 2024. There were no gross charge-offs related to residential individually evaluated loans included in the table above.

Other real estate owned, which is carried at fair value less costs to sell, was approximately $194 thousand at December 31, 2023, and consisted of only residential real estate properties. A valuation charge of $143 thousand is included in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Of the total individually evaluated loans of $24.7 million at December 31, 2023, there are no loans that were collateral dependent and are carried at fair value measured on a non-recurring basis. Due to the sufficiency of charge-offs taken on these loans and the adequacy of the underlying collateral, there were no specific valuation allowances for these loans at December 31, 2023. There were no gross charge-offs related to residential individually evaluated loans included in the table above.

36

In accordance with FASB Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)			Fair Value Measurements at
	Carrying		March 31, 2024 Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	609,683		609,683		-		-		609,683
Securities available for sale		426,241		-		426,241		-		426,241
Held to maturity securities		6,206		-		6,108		-		6,108
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,203		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Net loans		4,956,286		-		-		4,432,000		4,432,000
Accrued interest receivable		14,460		799		2,073		11,588		14,460
Financial liabilities:
Demand deposits		742,997		742,997		-		-		742,997
Interest bearing deposits		4,612,172		2,708,264		1,886,696		-		4,594,960
Short-term borrowings		94,374		-		94,374		-		94,374
Accrued interest payable		3,900		248		3,652		-		3,900

(dollars in thousands)			Fair Value Measurements at
	Carrying		December 31, 2023 Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	578,004		578,004		-		-		578,004
Securities available for sale		452,289		-		452,289		-		452,289
Held to maturity securities		6,458		-		6,396		-		6,396
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal
Home Loan Bank stock		6,203		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Net loans		4,954,301		-		-		4,422,027		4,422,027
Accrued interest receivable		13,683		234		1,920		11,529		13,683
Financial liabilities:
Demand deposits		754,532		754,532		-		-		754,532
Interest bearing deposits		4,596,245		2,760,221		1,819,789		-		4,580,010
Short-term borrowings		88,990		-		88,990		-		88,990
Accrued interest payable		3,612		256		3,356		-		3,612

37

(7) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following is a summary of the accumulated other comprehensive income loss balances, net of tax:

	Three months ended March 31, 2024
							Amount
				Other			reclassified			Other
				Comprehensive			from Accumulated			Comprehensive loss-
	Balance at			loss-Before			Other Comprehensive			Three months ended			Balance at
(dollars in thousands)	12/31/2023			Reclassifications			Loss			3/31/2024			3/31/2024
Net unrealized holding loss on securities available for sale, net of tax	$	(23,899	)		(1,378	)		-			(1,378	)		(25,277	)
Net change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year, net of tax		13,476			-			-			-			13,476
Net change in net actuarial gain and prior service cost on pension and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax		(2,814	)		-			(148	)		(148	)		(2,962	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	(13,237	)		(1,378	)		(148	)		(1,526	)		(14,763	)

	Three months ended March 31, 2023
						Amount
				Other		reclassified			Other
				Comprehensive		from Accumulated			Comprehensive loss-
	Balance at			loss-Before		Other Comprehensive			Three months ended			Balance at
(dollars in thousands)	12/31/2022			Reclassifications		Loss			3/31/2023			3/31/2023
Net unrealized holding gain on securities available for sale, net of tax	$	(32,271	)		3,901		-			3,901			(28,370	)
Net change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year, net of tax		7,588			-		-			-			7,588
Net change in net actuarial gain and prior service cost on pension and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax		(2,511	)		-		(82	)		(82	)		(2,593	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	(27,194	)		3,901		(82	)		3,819			(23,375	)

The following represents the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023			Affected Line Item in Financial Statements
Amortization of pension and postretirement benefit items:
Amortization of net actuarial gain	$	203			114		Salaries and employee benefits
Amortization of prior service cost		(3	)		(3	)	Salaries and employee benefits
Income tax benefit		(52	)		(29	)	Income taxes
Net of tax		148			82
Total reclassifications, net of tax	$	148			82

38

(8) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-Interest Income.  The following table presents the Company’s sources of non-Interest Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Items outside the scope of ASC 606 are noted as such.

(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Non-interest income
Service Charges on Deposits
Overdraft fees	$	663	$	680
Other		511		532
Interchange Income		1,597		1,479
Wealth management fees		1,816		1,774
Other (a)		256		204
Total non-interest income	$	4,843	$	4,669

^(a) Not within the scope of ASC 606.

A description of the Company’s revenue streams accounted in accordance with ASC 606 as follows:

Service charges on Deposit Accounts: The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as stop payment charges, statement rendering and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer’s request.  Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation.  Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs.  Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Interchange Income: Interchange revenue primarily consists of interchange fees, volume-related incentives and ATM charges. As the card-issuing bank, interchange fees represent our portion of discount fees paid by merchants for credit/debit card transactions processed through the interchange network.  The levels and structure of interchange rates are set by the card processing companies and are based on cardholder purchase volumes.  The Company earns interchange income as cardholder transactions occur and interchange fees are settled on a daily basis concurrent with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

Wealth Management fees: Trustco Financial Services provides a comprehensive suite of trust and wealth management products and services, including financial and estate planning, trustee and custodial services, investment management, corporate retirement plan recordkeeping and administration of which a fee is charged to manage assets for investment or transact on accounts.  These fees are earned over time as the Company provides the contracted monthly or quarterly services and are generally assessed over the period in which services are performed based on a percentage of the fair value of assets under management or administration.  Other services are based on a fixed fee for certain account types, or based on transaction activity and are recognized when services are rendered.  Fees are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

39

(9) Operating Leases

The Company has committed to rent premises used in business operations under non-cancelable operating leases and determines if an arrangement meets the definition of a lease upon inception.  Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the Company’s balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease.  Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.  The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, therefore the Company used its incremental collateralized borrowing rates commensurate with the underlying lease terms to determine present value of operating lease liabilities.  Additionally, the Company does allocate the consideration between lease and non-lease components.  The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option.  Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  Variable lease components, such as fair market value adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.  Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any leases with terms of twelve months or less.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any leases for which the construction had not yet started. As of March 31, 2024, lease expiration dates ranged from two months to 20.5 years and have a weighted average remaining lease term of 8.4 years. Certain leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments as defined in the lease agreements. As mentioned above the leases generally also include variable lease components, which include real estate taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance (“CAM”) charges in the annual rental payments.

40

Other information related to leases was as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	2,097		2,050
Variable lease cost		606		585
Total Lease costs	$	2,703		2,635

(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
Supplemental cash flows information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	2,124			2,072
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:		759			385
Weighted average remaining lease term	8.4 years			8.7 years
Weighted average discount rate		3.12	%		3.00	%

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of March 31, 2024 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)
Year ending
December 31,
2024(a)	$	6,362
2025		8,156
2026		7,183
2027		5,974
2028		4,786
Thereafter		17,085
Total lease payments	$	49,546
Less: Interest		6,108
Present value of lease liabilities	$	43,438

^(a) Excluding the three months ended March 31, 2024.

41

A member of the Board of Directors has an ownership interest in five entities that own commercial real estate leased by the Company for use as branch locations.  Total lease payments from the Company to those entities, which are included in the table above, owed as of March 31, 2024, were $2.6 million, which includes interest in the amount of $292 thousand.

(10) Regulatory Capital Requirements

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy regulations and, additionally for banks, the prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can result in regulatory action. As of March 31, 2024, the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition.  If a bank is not classified as well capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits.  If a bank is undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required.  The federal banking agencies are required to take certain supervisory actions (and may take additional discretionary actions) with respect to an undercapitalized institution or its holding company.  Such actions could have a direct material effect on an institution’s or its holding company’s financial statements.  As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.  There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

42

The Bank and the Company reported the following capital ratios as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(Bank Only)									Minimum for
	As of March 31, 2024					Well			Capital Adequacy plus
									Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Capitalized(1)			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	640,288		10.427	%		5.000	%		4.000	%
Common equity tier 1 capital		640,288		18.505			6.500			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		640,288		18.505			8.000			8.500
Total risk-based capital		683,633		19.758			10.000			10.500

	As of December 31, 2023					Well			Minimum for
									Capital Adequacy plus
									Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Capitalized(1)			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	636,327		10.428	%		5.000	%		4.000	%
Common equity tier 1 capital		636,327		18.280			6.500			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		636,327		18.280			8.000			8.500
Total risk-based capital		679,924		19.532			10.000			10.500

(Consolidated)
	As of March 31, 2024					Minimum for
						Capital Adequacy plus
						Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	663,400		10.798	%		4.000	%
Common equity tier 1 capital		663,400		19.168			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		663,400		19.168			8.500
Total risk-based capital		706,757		20.421			10.500

	As of December 31, 2023					Minimum for
						Capital Adequacy plus
						Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	657,968		10.780	%		4.000	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital		657,968		18.896			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		657,968		18.896			8.500
Total risk-based capital		701,577		20.149			10.500

(1) Federal regulatory minimum requirements to be considered to be Well Capitalized and Adequately Capitalized

(2) The March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 common equity tier 1, tier 1 risk-based, and total risk-based capital ratios include a capital conservation buffer of 2.50 percent

43

(11) New Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 expands reportable segment disclosure requirements through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 implements a new requirement to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, expands certain annual disclosures to interim periods, clarifies that single reportable segment entities must apply Topic 280 in its entirety and permits more than one measure of segment profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the expanded segment disclosures but does not currently expect the additional disclosures to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is focused on additional income tax disclosures and requires public business entities, on an annual basis, to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the applicable statutory income tax rate). ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. While the Company is currently assessing the impact applying this standard will have on its income tax disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

44

Crowe LLP

Independent Member Crowe Global

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of TrustCo Bank Corp NY

Glenville, New York

Results of Review of Interim Financial Information

We have reviewed the consolidated statement of financial condition of TrustCo Bank Corp NY (the "Company") as of March 31, 2024, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "interim financial information or statements"). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated financial statements referred to above for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated statement of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated March 11, 2024, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2023, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated statement of condition from which it has been derived.

Basis for Review Results

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management.  We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

/s/ Crowe LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

May 9, 2024

45

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Introduction

The review that follows focuses on the factors affecting the financial condition and results of operations of TrustCo during the three month period ended March 31, 2024, with comparisons to the corresponding period in 2023, as applicable.  Unless otherwise indicated, net interest income and net interest margin are presented in this discussion on a non-GAAP, taxable equivalent basis.   The consolidated interim financial statements and related notes, as well as the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024 (the “2023 Form 10-K”), should also be read in conjunction with this review.  Amounts in the prior period consolidated interim financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current period's presentation.

Following this management discussion and analysis is the table "Distribution of Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: Interest Rates and Interest Differential" which gives a detailed breakdown of TrustCo's average interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Economic Overview

During the first quarter of 2024, financial markets got off to a good start as the economy showed signs of improvement. For the first quarter of 2024, the S&P 500 Index was up 10.16%, Nasdaq was up 9.1%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up 5.6% compared to the fourth quarter of 2023.  The 10‑year Treasury bond averaged 4.16% during Q1 2024 compared to 4.45% in Q4 2023, a decrease of 29 basis points.  The 2‑year Treasury bond average rate decreased 33 basis points to 4.48%, which slightly improved the inverted yield curve over the prior quarter.  Consequently, the spread between the 10‑year and the 2-year Treasury bonds decreased from a -0.36% on average in Q4 2023 to -0.33% in Q1 2024.  Generally, steeper yield curves are favorable for portfolio mortgage lenders like TrustCo, and the table below illustrates the range of rate movements for both short term and longer term rates.  Commencing in March 2022, the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) increased the target range for the Federal Funds rate seven times in 2022 and four times in 2023 by a total of 525 basis points, to a range of 5.25% to 5.50%, which is where it remains as of March 31, 2024.  All of these increases were expressly made in response to inflationary pressures.  Spreads of most asset classes to the comparative treasury yield, including agency securities, corporates, municipals and mortgage-backed securities, continue to be down as compared to the levels seen before the pandemic.  Accordingly, changes in rates and spreads continue to be effected by global economic concerns.

46

		3 Month		2 Year		5 Year		10 Year		10 - 2 Year
		Yield (%)		Yield (%)		Yield (%)		Yield (%)		Spread (%)
Q1/23	Beg of Q1		4.42		4.41		3.99		3.88		-0.53
	Peak		5.06		5.05		4.34		4.08		-0.38
	Trough		4.52		3.76		3.39		3.37		-1.07
	End of Q1		4.97		4.10		3.66		3.55		-0.55
	Average in Q1		4.78		4.35		3.80		3.65		-0.70
Q2/23	Beg of Q2		4.97		4.10		3.66		3.55		-0.55
	Peak		5.55		4.87		4.14		3.85		-0.38
	Trough		4.86		3.75		3.29		3.30		-1.06
	End of Q2		5.43		4.87		4.13		3.81		-1.06
	Average in Q2		5.27		4.26		3.69		3.60		-0.67
Q3/23	Beg of Q3		5.43		4.87		4.13		3.81		-1.06
	Peak		5.61		5.12		4.67		4.61		-0.44
	Trough		5.44		4.59		3.93		3.75		-1.08
	End of Q3		5.55		5.03		4.60		4.59		-0.44
	Average in Q3		5.54		4.92		4.31		4.15		-0.77
Q4/23	Beg of Q4		5.55		5.03		4.60		4.59		-0.44
	Peak		5.63		5.19		4.95		4.98		-0.13
	Trough		5.40		4.20		3.78		3.79		-0.53
	End of Q4		5.40		4.23		3.84		3.88		-0.35
	Average in Q4		5.52		4.81		4.43		4.45		-0.36
Q1/24	Beg of Q1		5.40		4.23		3.84		3.88		-0.35
	Peak		5.49		4.73		4.36		4.34		-0.14
	Trough		5.42		4.14		3.80		3.87		-0.44
	End of Q1		5.46		4.59		4.21		4.20		-0.39
	Average in Q1		5.45		4.48		4.12		4.16		-0.33

The United States economy proved to be resilient 2023 and has also seen some improvements as we continue into 2024.  Economic conditions can vary significantly over geographic areas, with strength concentrated in and around major population centers on the coasts and in certain areas where economic activity has been driven by specific regional factors.

47

On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each placed into receivership.  Additionally, following the rapid withdrawal of deposits and large losses reported by Credit Suisse in Switzerland, Swiss Bank UBS Group AG acquired Credit Suisse in an emergency arrangement brokered by the Swiss government.  Lastly, due to the destabilization of First Republic, the FDIC assisted in arranging a sale of First Republic to JPMorgan Chase on May 1, 2023. In response to the U.S. bank failures in the spring of 2023, the Federal Reserve established a Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) to offer emergency loans of up to one year to eligible depository institutions pledging qualifying assets as collateral.  Nevertheless, the closures of those banks and adverse developments affecting other banks over the course of 2023 have resulted in heightened levels of market activity and volatility. For instance, the share price of a number of regional banks continues to be adversely affected by continuing concerns regarding the liquidity of these banks and the stability of the banking system in general.  The full impact of market volatility from the adverse developments in the banking industry, along with continued elevated interest rates, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Our business and financial results may be impacted by a variety of other factors as well, such as an economic slowdown or recession.

Additionally, in November 2023, the FDIC adopted a final rule to implement a special assessment on banks with total assets greater than $5.0 billion and uninsured deposits in excess of $5 billion, to recover the cost associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.  The special assessment will be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points for an anticipated total of eight quarterly assessment periods, which it estimates will result in total revenue of $16.3 billion. Because (i) the estimated loss pursuant to the systemic risk determination will be periodically adjusted and (ii) assessments collected may change due to corrective amendments to the amount of uninsured deposits reported for the December 31, 2022 reporting period, the FDIC has retained the ability to cease collection early, extend the special assessment collection period one or more quarters beyond the initial eight-quarter collection period to collect the difference between actual or estimated losses and the amounts collected, or impose a final shortfall special assessment on a one-time basis after the receiverships for SVB and Signature Bank terminate. The final rule will be effective April 1, 2024, with the first collection for the special assessment reflected on the invoice for the first quarterly assessment period of 2024 (i.e., January 1 through March 31, 2024), with a payment date of June 28, 2024. There will be no additional cost to TrustCo as a result of uninsured deposits being under $5 billion.

Management believes that TrustCo’s long-term focus on traditional banking services and practices historically has enabled the Company to avoid significant impact from asset quality problems, and that the Company’s strong liquidity and solid capital positions have allowed the Company to continue to conduct business in a manner consistent with its past practice.  While we continue to adhere to prudent underwriting standards, should general housing prices and other economic measures, such as unemployment in the Company’s market areas, deteriorate as a result of continued elevated interest rates, financial sector instability, a potential or actual default on the federal debt or other reasons, the Company may experience an increase in the level of credit risk and in the amount of its classified and nonperforming loans.

Financial Overview

TrustCo recorded net income of $12.1 million, or $0.64 of diluted earnings per share, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to net income of $17.7 million, or $0.93 of diluted earnings per share, in the same period in 2023.  Return on average assets was 0.80% and 1.20%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.  Return on average equity was 7.54% and 11.84%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

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The primary factors accounting for the change in net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year were:

• A decrease of $10.4 million, or 22.1%, in GAAP net interest income and taxable equivalent net interest income (non-GAAP) compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily as a result of an increase in interest expense as a result of the current interest rate environment.

• An increase of $300 thousand in provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter 2023.

• An increase of $174 thousand in noninterest income for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023.

• A decrease of $2.8 million in noninterest expense for the first quarter 2024 compared to the first quarter 2023, primarily as a result of a decrease in salaries and employee benefits in the first quarter of 2024 due to a favorable true-up to the incentive compensation accrual upon payout, as well as decreases in various other employee benefit plan expenses.

Asset/Liability Management

The Company strives to generate its earnings capabilities through a mix of core deposits funding a prudent mix of earning assets.  Additionally, TrustCo attempts to maintain adequate liquidity and reduce the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in interest rates to an acceptable level while enhancing profitability both on a short‑term and long‑term basis.

TrustCo’s results are affected by a variety of factors including competitive and economic conditions in the specific markets in which the Company operates and, more generally, in the national economy, financial market conditions and the regulatory environment.  Each of these factors is dynamic, and changes in any area can have an impact on TrustCo’s results.  Included in the 2023 Form 10-K is a description of the effect that continued elevated interest rates had on the results for the year 2023 compared to 2022.  Many of the same market factors discussed in the 2023 Form 10-K, including instability in the financial services sector, heightened global economic concerns, and continued elevated interest rates continued to have a significant impact on results through the first quarter of 2024.

TrustCo competes with other financial service providers based upon many factors including quality of service, convenience of operations and rates paid on deposits and charged on loans.  In the experience of management, the absolute level of interest rates, changes in interest rates and customers’ expectations with respect to the direction of interest rates have a significant impact on the volume of loan and deposit originations in any particular period.

Interest rates have a significant impact on the operations and financial results of all financial services companies.  One of the most important interest rates used to control national economic policy is the “Federal Funds” rate.  This is the interest rate utilized within the banking system for overnight borrowings for institutions with the highest credit rating.  Beginning in the second half of 2019, the Federal Reserve Board began lowering the rate in response to a slowing economy.  During the first quarter of 2020, the target range for the Federal Funds rate was significantly decreased to 0.00% to 0.25% as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.  However, as discussed above, the FOMC increased the target range for the federal funds rate seven times in 2022 and four times in 2023 by a total of 525 basis points, to a range of 5.25% to 5.50% by the end of 2023 where it remains as of March 31, 2024.

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The interest rate on the 10-year Treasury bond and other long-term interest rates have significant influence on the rates for new residential real estate loans.  These changes in interest rates have an effect on the Company relative to the interest income on loans, securities, and Federal Funds sold and other short-term instruments as well as the interest expense on deposits and borrowings.  Residential real estate loans and longer‑term investments are most affected by the changes in longer term market interest rates such as the 10‑year Treasury.  The Federal Funds sold portfolio and other short‑term investments are affected primarily by changes in the Federal Funds target rate.  Deposit interest rates are most affected by short term market interest rates.  Also, changes in interest rates have an effect on the recorded balance of the securities available for sale portfolio, which are recorded at fair value.  Generally, as market interest rates increase, the fair value of the securities will decrease and the reverse is also generally applicable.  Interest rates on new residential real estate loan originations are also influenced by the rates established by secondary market participants such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.  The Company establishes rates that management determines are appropriate in light of the long-term nature of residential real estate loans while remaining competitive.  Higher market interest rates also generally increase the value of retail deposits.

TrustCo’s principal loan products are residential real estate loans.  Most of TrustCo’s residential real estate loans carry a fixed rate of interest. As noted above, residential real estate loans and longer‑term investments are most affected by the changes in longer term market interest rates such as the 10-year Treasury.  The 10‑year Treasury yield was down 29 basis points, on average, during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023, however, it was up 51 basis points as compared to the first quarter of 2023.

While TrustCo has been affected by changes in financial markets over time, management believes that the impacts have been mitigated by the Company’s generally conservative approach to banking.  The Company utilizes a traditional underwriting process in evaluating loan applications, and since originated loans are retained in the portfolio, there is a strong incentive to be conservative in making credit decisions.  For additional information concerning TrustCo’s loan portfolio and nonperforming loans, please refer to the discussions under “Loans” and “Nonperforming Assets,” respectively.  Further, the Company does not rely on borrowed funds to support its assets and maintains a significant level of liquidity on the asset side of the balance sheet.  Management believes that these characteristics provide the Company with increased flexibility and stability during periods of market disruption and interest rate volatility.

A fundamental component of TrustCo’s strategy has been to grow customer relationships and the deposits and loans that are part of those relationships.  The Company has significant capacity to grow its balance sheet given its extensive branch network.  The Company expects that growth to be profitable.  The current interest rate environment, however, has narrowed the margin on incremental balance sheet expansion.  While the Company has not changed its fundamental long term strategy in regard to utilizing its excess capacity, management continually evaluates changing conditions and may seek to limit growth or reduce the size of the balance sheet if its analysis indicates that doing so would be beneficial.

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For the first quarter of 2024, the net interest margin is 2.44%, down 77 basis points versus the prior year’s first quarter.  The quarterly results reflect the following significant factors:

• The average balance of securities available for sale decreased by $38.8 million and the average yield increased 24 basis points to 2.50%.

• The average balance of Federal funds sold and other short-term investments decreased $79.3 million; however the average yield increased 84 basis points to 5.45% which was enough to offset the decrease in the average balance.

• The average loan portfolio grew by $249.4 million to $5.01 billion and the average yield increased 25 basis points to 3.98% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

• The average balance of interest bearing liabilities (primarily deposit accounts) increased $193.3 million and the average rate paid increased 136 basis points to 1.99% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company continued to focus on its strategy to expand its loan portfolio by offering competitive interest rates.  Management believes the TrustCo residential real estate loan product is very competitive compared to local and national competitors.  Competition remains strong in the Company’s market areas.

The strategy on the funding side of the balance sheet was to offer competitive shorter term rates which allowed the Bank to maintain our existing deposits.  This strategy drove growth at a relatively low cost that management believes should sustain TrustCo’s strong liquidity position and continue to allow us to cross sell products to new and existing relationships and take advantage of opportunities as they arise.

Earning Assets

Total average interest earning assets increased from $5.86 billion in the first quarter of 2023 to $5.99 billion in the same period of 2024 with an average yield of 3.99% in the first quarter of 2024 and 3.69% in the first quarter of 2023.  The mix of assets invested in Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments and securities available for sale decreased while loans increased over the prior year period.  Interest income on average earning assets increased $5.8 million in the first quarter of 2024 from the prior year period, on a tax equivalent basis. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in interest income on loans due to higher interest rates on loan originations over the last year, and also the higher interest rates on Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments and securities available for sale which resulted from the continued increases in the Federal Funds target rate throughout 2023.

Loans

The average balance of loans was $5.01 billion in the first quarter of 2024 up from $4.76 billion in the comparable period in 2023.  The yield on loans also increased 25 basis points to 3.98%.

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Compared to the first quarter of 2023, the average balance of residential mortgage loans, commercial loans, installment loans, and home equity loans all increased.  The average balance of residential mortgage loans was $4.36 billion in 2024 compared to $4.21 billion in 2023, an increase of 3.5%.  The average yield on residential mortgage loans increased by 21 basis points to 3.71% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to 2023, primarily as a result of the higher interest rates on new originations compared to the existing portfolio yield.

TrustCo actively markets the residential loan products within its market territories.  Mortgage loan rates are affected by a number of factors including rates on Treasury securities, the Federal Funds target rate and rates set by competitors and secondary market participants.  TrustCo aggressively markets the unique aspects of its loan products thereby attempting to create a differentiation from other lenders.  These unique aspects include low closing costs, fast turn-around time on loan approvals, and no escrow or mortgage insurance requirements for qualified borrowers.  Assuming a continued rise in long-term interest rates, the Company would anticipate that the unique features of its loan products will continue to attract customers in the residential mortgage loan area.

Commercial loans, which consist primarily of loans secured by commercial real estate, increased $38.3 million to an average balance of $277.2 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in the prior year.  The average yield on this portfolio was up 22 basis points to 5.28% compared to the prior year period, primarily as a result of the continued elevated interest rates on new originations and variable rate loans repricing.  The Company has sought to remain selective in underwriting commercial loans in recent periods as the apparent risk/reward balance has been less favorable in many cases.

The average yield on home equity credit lines increased 49 basis points to 6.22% during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the prior year period.  The average balances of home equity lines increased 21.2% to $353.0 million in the first quarter of 2024 as compared to the prior year.

Securities Available for Sale

The average balance of the securities available for sale portfolio for the first quarter of 2024 was $477.4 million compared to $516.2 million for the comparable period in 2023.  The decrease in the balance reflects routine paydowns, calls and maturities, partially offset by new investment purchases.  The average yield was 2.50% for the first quarter of 2024 compared to 2.26% for the first quarter of 2023.  The increase in average yield is a result of higher yields on bonds purchased as well as lower rate bonds maturing since the prior year quarter. This portfolio is primarily comprised of agency issued residential mortgage backed securities, bonds issued by government sponsored enterprises (such as Fannie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Bank, and Freddie Mac), Small Business Administration participation certificates, corporate bonds and municipal bonds.  These securities are recorded at fair value with any adjustment in fair value included in other comprehensive loss, net of tax.

The net unrealized loss in the available for sale securities portfolio was $34.1 million as of March 31, 2024 compared to a net unrealized loss of $32.2 million as of December 31, 2023.  The increase in the net unrealized losses in the portfolio is the result of the current interest rate environment.

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Held to Maturity Securities

The average balance of held to maturity securities was $6.3 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $7.5 million in the first quarter of 2023.  The decrease in balances reflects routine paydowns.  No new securities were added to this portfolio during the period.  The average yield was 4.30% for the first quarter of 2024 compared to 4.14% for the year earlier period.  TrustCo expects to hold the securities in this portfolio until they mature or are called.

The net unrecognized loss in the held to maturity securities portfolio was $98 thousand as of March 31, 2024 compared to a net unrecognized loss of $62 thousand as of December 31, 2023.  The decrease in the net unrecognized losses in the portfolio is the result of changes in market interest rate levels.

As of March 31, 2024, this portfolio consisted solely of residential mortgage-backed securities.  The balances for these securities are recorded at amortized cost.

Federal Funds Sold and Other Short-term Investments

The 2024 first quarter average balance of Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments was $497.7 million, a $79.3 million decrease from the $576.9 million average for the same period in 2023.  The yield was 5.45% for the first quarter of 2024 and 4.61% for the comparable period in 2023.  Interest income from this portfolio increased $195 thousand from $6.6 million in 2023 to $6.8 million in 2024.  While the average balances decreased year over year, the increase in the Federal Funds target rate through the end of 2023 resulted in an increase in interest income over the same period in the prior year.

The Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments portfolio is utilized to generate additional interest income and liquidity as funds are waiting to be deployed into the loan and securities portfolios.

Funding Opportunities

TrustCo utilizes various funding sources to support its earning asset portfolio.  The vast majority of the Company’s funding comes from traditional deposit vehicles such as savings, demand deposits, interest-bearing checking, money market and time deposit accounts.

Total average interest bearing deposits (which includes interest bearing checking, money market accounts, savings and time deposits) increased $231.9 million to $4.58 billion for the first quarter of 2024 versus the first quarter in the prior year, and the average rate paid increased from 0.62% for 2023 to 1.34% for 2024.  Total interest expense on these deposits increased $16.3 million to $23.0 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the year earlier period.  From the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024, interest bearing checking account average balances were down  12.6%, certificates of deposit average balances were up 62.8%, non‑interest demand average balances were down 11.1%, average savings balances decreased 20.4% and money market balances were down 9.3%.  Overall, average balances are up from a year ago as we continue to encourage customers to retain their funds in the expanded product offerings of the Bank through aggressive marketing and product differentiation.

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As of March 31, 2024, the maturity of total time deposits was as follows:

(dollars in thousands)
Under 1 year	$	1,785,931
1 to 2 years		22,971
2 to 3 years		1,491
3 to 4 years		92,184
4 to 5 years		1,303
Over 5 years		28
	$	1,903,908

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately $1.04 billion and $1.03 billion, respectively, of our deposit portfolio was uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory reporting requirements.

Average short-term borrowings for the first quarter of 2024 were $93.3 million compared to $131.9 million in the same period in 2023.  The decrease in the average balance from the prior year period is primarily a result of a shift of funds into time deposits.  The average rate remained flat at 0.88% in both the first quarter of 2023 and 2024.  The short-term borrowings of the Company are cash management accounts, which represent retail accounts with customers for which the Bank has pledged certain assets as collateral.

The Company has a number of contingent funding alternatives available in addition to the large cash and cash equivalents position and the investment securities positions it maintains on its balance sheet.  The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) and is an eligible borrower at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) and has the ability to borrow utilizing securities and/or loans as collateral at either.  The Bank does not utilize brokered deposits as a part of its funding strategy, but does incorporate them as a potential contingent funding source within its Asset/Liability Management Policy.  Like other contingent funding sources, brokered CDs may be tested from time to time to ensure operational and market readiness.

Net Interest Income

Taxable equivalent net interest income was down $10.4 million from $47.0 million in the first quarter of 2023 to $36.6 million in the first quarter of 2024.  The net interest spread was down 106 basis points to 2.00% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.  As previously noted, the net interest margin was down 77 basis points to 2.44% for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.   While yields on earning assets increased in Q1 2024 compared to Q1 2023, rates on interest-bearing liabilities with shorter maturities increased at a faster pace, causing margin compression. The Company has seen the erosion of margin begin to slow when comparing the decrease to prior quarters and management believes that we are nearing the bottom of this rate cycle.  The Federal Reserve’s decision regarding whether to cut or hold rates in the upcoming meetings will have an effect on the Company’s ability to decrease deposit costs which should help margin in future quarters.  During the first quarter of 2024, the Company has been able to lower the rates offered on our time deposits while continuing to retain and grow that product.  This is expected bring down the cost of time deposits over time. 

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Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets include nonperforming loans (“NPLs”), which are those loans in a non‑accrual status and loans past due three payments or more and still accruing interest.  Also included in the total of nonperforming assets are foreclosed real estate properties, which are included in other assets and categorized as other real estate owned.

The following describes the nonperforming assets of TrustCo as of March 31, 2024:

Nonperforming loans and foreclosed real estate: Total NPLs were $18.3 million as of March 31, 2024, compared to $17.7 million at December 31, 2023, and $19.2 million as of March 31, 2023.  There were no loans as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 and December 31, 2023 that were past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest.

As of March 31, 2024, nonperforming loans primarily include a mix of commercial and residential loans.  Of total nonperforming loans of $18.3 million as of March 31, 2024, $17.3 million were residential real estate loans, $846 thousand were commercial loans and mortgages and $149 thousand were installment loans, compared to $16.7 million, $850 thousand and $166 thousand, respectively at December 31, 2023.

A significant percentage of nonperforming loans are residential real estate loans, which are historically lower-risk than most other types of loans.  Net recoveries were $78 thousand on residential real estate loans (including home equity lines of credit) for the first quarter of 2024 as well as the first quarter of 2023.  Management believes that these loans have been appropriately written down where required.

Ongoing portfolio management is intended to result in early identification and disengagement from deteriorating credits.  TrustCo has a diversified loan portfolio that includes a significant balance of residential mortgage loans to borrowers in the Capital Region of New York and Central Florida, and avoids concentrations to any one borrower or any single industry.  TrustCo has no advances to borrowers or projects located outside the United States.  TrustCo continues to identify delinquent loans as quickly as possible and to move promptly to resolve problem loans.  Efforts to resolve delinquencies begin immediately after the payment grace period expires, with repeated, automatically generated notices, as well as personalized phone calls and letters.  Loans are placed in nonaccrual status once they are 90 days past due, or earlier if management has determined that such classification is appropriate.  Once in nonaccrual status, loans are either brought current and maintained current, at which point they may be returned to accrual status, or they proceed through the foreclosure process.  The collateral on nonaccrual loans is evaluated periodically, and the loan value is written down if the collateral value is insufficient.

The Company originates loans throughout its deposit franchise area.  As of March 31, 2024, 65.0% of its gross loan portfolio balances were in New York State and the immediately surrounding areas (including New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts), and 35.0% were in Florida.  Those figures compare to 65.1% and 34.9%, respectively at December 31, 2023.

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Economic conditions vary widely by geographic location.   As a percentage of the total nonperforming loans as of March 31, 2024, 17.7% were to Florida borrowers, compared to 82.3% to borrowers in New York and surrounding areas.  For the three months ended March 31, 2024, New York and surrounding areas experienced net recoveries of approximately $42 thousand, and Florida experienced no net recoveries.

Other than loans currently identified as nonperforming, management is aware of no other loans in the Bank’s portfolio that pose material risk of the eventual non-collection of principal and interest.  Also as of March 31, 2024, there were no other loans classified for regulatory purposes that management reasonably expects will materially impact future operating results, liquidity, or capital resources.

Loans individually evaluated for impairment are non-accrual loans delinquent greater than 180 days, non-accrual commercial loans, as well as loans classified as loan modifications.  There were $952 thousand of commercial mortgages and commercial loans classified as individually evaluated as of March 31, 2024 compared to $957 thousand at December 31, 2023.  There were $23.8 million of individually evaluated residential loans as of March 31, 2024 compared to $23.6 million at December 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the Company’s loan portfolio did not include any subprime mortgages or loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality.

As of March 31, 2024 there was $2.3 million of foreclosed real estate compared to $194 thousand at December 31, 2023.

Allowance for credit losses on loans: The Company evaluated several external forecasts in choosing the forecast to element for the economic components of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The Company selected the stagflation forecast and there have been no changes in the economic modeling since its adoption on January 1, 2022.

In the first quarter of 2024, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $600 thousand, which is all related to the provision for credit losses on loans, as there was no provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments.  The increase in the ACLL from during the first quarter of 2024 was primarily a result of loan growth and an increase in the expected life of loans.

From December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024 the actual performance was in line with the forecasted performance pertaining to key variables such as consumer price indices, and Gross Metro Product.

See Note 5 of the financial statements for additional discussion related to the process for determining the provision for credit losses.

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The allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024					As of December 31, 2024
	Amount		Percent of Loans to Total Loans			Amount		Percent of Loans to Total Loans
Commercial	$	2,557		5.21	%	$	2,519		5.05	%
Real estate - construction		258		0.52	%		291		0.58	%
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		41,303		86.84	%		40,745		87.09	%
Home equity lines of credit		4,919		7.11	%		4,805		6.94	%
Installment Loans		183		0.32	%		218		0.34	%
	$	49,220		100.00	%	$	48,578		100.00	%

As of March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses on loans was $49.2 million, compared $48.6 million at December 31, 2023.  The allowance represents 0.98% of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024 compared to 0.97% as December 31, 2023. The coverage ratio was 269.3% and 275.0% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Net recoveries for the three-month period ended March 31, 2024 were $42 thousand and $53 thousand for the prior year period.

During the first quarter of 2024, there were no commercial loan charge-offs, $117 thousand of residential loan charge-offs, and $44 thousand of consumer loan charge-offs compared with no commercial or residential loan charge-offs and $48 thousand of consumer loan charge-offs in the first quarter of 2023.  During the first quarter of 2024 there were no commercial loan recoveries and $203 thousand for residential mortgage and consumer loan recoveries, compared to no commercial loan recoveries and $101 thousand for residential mortgage and consumer loan recoveries in the first quarter of 2023.

The following table presents the net charge-off ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	For the three months ended March 31:
	2024			2023
Commercial		0.00	%		0.00	%
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		0.00	%		0.00	%
Installment		0.22	%		0.19	%
Total		0.00	%		0.00	%

Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity

TrustCo seeks to obtain favorable sources of funding and to maintain prudent levels of liquid assets in order to satisfy varied liquidity demands. Management believes that TrustCo’s earnings performance and strong capital position enable the Company to easily secure new sources of liquidity.  The Company actively manages its liquidity through target ratios established under its liquidity policies.  Continual monitoring of both historical and prospective ratios allows TrustCo to employ strategies necessary to maintain adequate liquidity.  Management has also defined various degrees of adverse liquidity situations which could potentially occur and has prepared appropriate contingency plans should such a situation arise.  As noted, the Company has a number of contingent funding alternatives available in addition to the large cash and cash equivalents position and the investment securities positions it maintains on its balance sheet.  As previously stated, the Bank is a member of the FHLBNY and is an eligible borrower at the FRBNY and has the ability to borrow utilizing securities and/or loans as collateral at either institution.  The Bank does not utilize brokered deposits as a part of its funding strategy, but does incorporate them as a contingent funding source within its Asset/Liability Management Policy.  Like other contingent funding sources, brokered certificates of deposits may be tested from time to time to ensure operational and market readiness.  Management believes that the Company has adequate sources of liquidity to cover its contractual obligations and commitments over the next twelve months and beyond.

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The Company uses an industry standard external model as the primary tool to identify, quantify and project changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds taken both from industry sources and internally generated data based upon historical trends in the Bank’s balance sheet.  Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in market interest rates are also incorporated into the model.  This model calculates an economic or fair value amount with respect to non-time deposit categories since these deposits are part of the core deposit products of the Company.  The assumptions used are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure the fair value of capital or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on the fair value of capital.

Using this model, the fair value of capital projections as of March 31, 2024 are referenced below.  The base case (current rates) scenario shows the present estimate of the fair value of capital assuming no change in the operating environment or operating strategies and no change in interest rates from those existing in the marketplace as of March 31, 2024.  The table indicates the impact on the fair value of capital assuming interest rates were to instantaneously increase or decrease by 100 bp, 200 bp, 300 bp and 400 bp.

As of March 31, 2024	Estimated Percentage of Fair value of Capital to Fair value of Assets
+400 BP		19.60	%
+300 BP		20.10
+200 BP		21.60
+100 BP		23.10
Current rates		23.40
-100 BP		23.10
-200 BP		21.60
-300 BP		19.20
-400 BP		16.40

Noninterest Income

Total noninterest income for the first quarter of 2024 and 2023 was $4.8 million and $4.7 million, respectively.  The increase over the same period in the prior year was primarily related to an increase of $118 thousand in interchange fees.  Financial Services income was up $42 thousand to $1.8 million in the first quarter of 2024 as compared to the year-ago period, primarily as a result of higher market values of assets under management.  The fair value of assets under management was $1.0 billion as of March 31, 2024, $967 million as of December 31, 2023 and $922 million as of March 31, 2023.

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Noninterest Expenses

Total noninterest expenses were $24.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $27.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.  Significant changes included a decrease in salaries and employee benefits primarily as a result of a favorable true-up to the incentive compensation accrual, as well as decreases in various other employee benefit plan expenses.  Other significant changes were decreases in equipment expense, professional services, other real estate expense, net, and other expenses.  These decreases were offset by an increase in outsourced services.  Full time equivalent headcount decreased from 776 as of March 31, 2023 to 761 as of March 31, 2024 and represents a normal fluctuation of headcount.

Income Taxes

In the first quarter of 2024, TrustCo recognized income tax expense of $3.8 million compared to $5.9 million for the first quarter of 2023.  The effective tax rates were 23.8% and 25.0%, respectively, for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

Capital Resources

Consistent with its long-term goal of operating a sound and profitable financial organization, TrustCo strives to maintain strong capital ratios.

Banking regulators have moved towards higher required capital requirements due to the standards included in the “Basel III” banking capital reform measures and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as a general trend towards reducing risk in the banking system by providing a greater capital margin.

Total shareholders’ equity as of March 31, 2024 was $649.2 million compared to $614.7 million as of March 31, 2023.  TrustCo declared a dividend of $0.36 per share in the first quarter of 2024.  This results in a dividend payout ratio of 56.48% based on first quarter 2024 earnings of $12.1 million.

The capital rules, which are generally applicable to both the Company and the Bank, include several measures; specifically, a Tier 1 leverage ratio, a common equity tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio, a tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and a total risk-based capital ratio. The rules also impose a capital conservation buffer that requires the Company and the Bank to maintain additional levels of Tier 1 common equity over the minimum risk-based capital levels before they may pay dividends, repurchase shares or pay discretionary bonuses.

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The Bank and the Company reported the following capital ratios as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(Bank Only)									Minimum for
									Capital Adequacy plus
	As of March 31, 2024					Well			Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Capitalized(1)			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	640,288		10.427	%		5.000	%		4.000
Common equity tier 1 capital		640,288		18.505			6.500			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		640,288		18.505			8.000			8.500
Total risk-based capital		683,633		19.758			10.000			10.500

									Minimum for
									Capital Adequacy plus
	As of December 31, 2023					Well			Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Capitalized(1)			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	636,327		10.428	%		5.000	%		4.000
Common equity tier 1 capital		636,327		18.280			6.500			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		636,327		18.280			8.000			8.500
Total risk-based capital		679,924		19.532			10.000			10.500

(Consolidated)
						Minimum for
						Capital Adequacy plus
	As of March 31, 2024					Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	663,400		10.798	%		4.000	%
Common equity tier 1 capital		663,400		19.168			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		663,400		19.168			8.500
Total risk-based capital		706,757		20.421			10.500

						Minimum for
						Capital Adequacy plus
	As of December 31, 2023					Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Buffer (1)(2)
Tier 1 leverage ratio	$	657,968		10.780	%		4.000	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital		657,968		18.896			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital		657,968		18.896			8.500
Total risk-based capital		701,577		20.149			10.500

(1) Federal regulatory minimum requirements to be considered to be Well Capitalized and Adequately Capitalized

(2) The March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 common equity tier 1, tier 1 risk-based, and total risk-based capital ratios include a capital conservation buffer of 2.50 percent  

In addition, as of March 31, 2024, Trustco’s consolidated equity to total assets ratio was 10.51% compared to 10.46% at December 31, 2023 and 10.17% as of March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024, the capital levels of both TrustCo and the Bank exceeded the minimum standards, including with the current capital conservation buffer taken into account.

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Under the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s (“OCC”) “prompt corrective action” regulations, a bank is deemed to be “well capitalized” when its CET1, Tier 1, total risk-based and leverage capital ratios are at least 7%, 8.5%, 10.5% and 5%, respectively.  A bank is deemed to be “adequately capitalized” or better if its capital ratios meet or exceed the minimum federal regulatory capital requirements, and “undercapitalized” if it fails to meet these minimal capital requirements.  A bank is “significantly undercapitalized” if its CET1, Tier 1, total risk-based and leverage capital ratios fall below 3%, 4%, 6% and 3%, respectively and “critically undercapitalized” if the institution has a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%.  As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Trustco Bank met the definition of “well capitalized.”

As noted, the Company’s dividend payout ratio was 56.48% of net income for the first quarter of 2024 and 38.59% of net income for the first quarter of 2023.  The per-share dividend paid in the first quarter of 2024, the fourth quarter of 2023, and the first quarter of 2023 was $0.36. The Company’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders is dependent upon the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company.  The payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company is subject to continued compliance with minimum regulatory capital requirements.  The OCC may disapprove a dividend if the Bank would be undercapitalized following the distribution; the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

TrustCo maintains a dividend reinvestment plan (DRP) with approximately 6,586 participants.  The DRP allows participants to reinvest dividends in shares of the Company.  The DRP also allows for additional purchases by participants and has a discount feature (up to a 5% for safe harbor provisions) that can be activated by management as a tool to raise capital.  To date, the discount feature has not been utilized.

Share Repurchase Program

On March 29, 2024 the Company’s Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, another share repurchase program of up to 200,000 shares, or approximately 1% of its currently outstanding common stock.  There were no repurchases during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, income taxes and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as described in the financial statements contained in the 2023 Form 10-K other than what is set forth immediately below.

Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses to be a critical accounting policy given the measurement uncertainty and subjective judgement necessary in evaluating the levels of the allowance required to cover the life-time losses in the loan portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the results of operations.

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TrustCo Bank Corp NY

Management's Discussion and Analysis

STATISTICAL DISCLOSURE

I. DISTRIBUTION OF ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:

INTEREST RATES AND INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL

The following table summarizes the component distribution of the average balance sheet, related interest income and expense and the average annualized yields on interest earning assets and annualized rates on interest bearing liabilities of TrustCo (adjusted for tax equivalency) for each of the reported periods. Nonaccrual loans are included in loans for this analysis. The average balances of securities available for sale and held to maturity are calculated using amortized costs for these securities.  Included in the average balance of shareholders' equity is the unrealized loss, net of tax, in the available for sale portfolio of $25.6 million in 2024 and $29.5 million in 2023.  The subtotals contained in the following table are the arithmetic totals of the items contained in that category.  Increases and decreases in interest income and expense due to both rate and volume have been allocated to the categories of variances (volume and rate) based on the percentage relationship of such variances to each other.

	Three months ended								Three months ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2024								March 31, 2023
	Average			Interest		Average			Average			Interest		Average			Change in			Variance			Variance
	Balance					Rate			Balance					Rate			Interest			Balance			Rate
																	Income/			Change			Change
Assets																	Expense
Securities available for sale:
U. S. government sponsored enterprises	$	125,973		$	906		2.88	%	$	120,692		$	692		2.29	%	$	214		$	31		$	183
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		258,814			1,494		2.30	%		287,046			1,585		2.20	%		(91	)		(450	)		359
State and political subdivisions		26			-		6.90	%		34			-		6.74	%		-			-			-
Corporate bonds		73,625			476		2.59	%		85,578			521		2.43	%		(45	)		(211	)		166
Small Business Administration-guaranteed participation securities		18,224			100		2.20	%		22,129			117		2.12	%		(17	)		(45	)		28
Other		696			3		1.72	%		686			2		1.17	%		1			-			1
Total securities available for sale		477,358			2,979		2.50	%		516,165			2,917		2.26	%		62			(675	)		737
Federal funds sold and other short-term Investments		497,652			6,750		5.45	%		576,931			6,555		4.61	%		195			(4,097	)		4,292
Held to maturity securities:
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		6,329			68		4.30	%		7,542			78		4.14	%		(10	)		(27	)		17
Total held to maturity securities		6,329			68		4.30	%		7,542			78		4.14	%		(10	)		(27	)		17
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,203			152		9.80	%		5,797			110		7.59	%		42			8			34
Commercial loans		277,183			3,661		5.28	%		238,870			3,024		5.06	%		637			502			135
Residential mortgage loans		4,359,476			40,415		3.71	%		4,212,878			36,913		3.50	%		3,502			1,312			2,190
Home equity lines of credit		353,004			5,464		6.22	%		291,326			4,119		5.73	%		1,345			958			387
Installment loans		16,128			264		6.58	%		13,323			216		6.56	%		48			47			1
Loans, net of unearned income		5,005,791			49,804		3.98	%		4,756,397			44,272		3.73	%		5,532			2,819			2,713
Total interest earning assets		5,993,333			59,753		3.99	%		5,862,832			53,932		3.69	%		5,821			(1,972	)		7,793
Allowance for credit losses on loans		(48,824	)							(46,290	)
Cash & non-interest earning assets		185,230								175,097
Total assets	$	6,129,739							$	5,991,639
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Deposits:
Interest bearing checking accounts		990,130			240		0.10	%	$	1,133,383		$	66		0.02	%		174			(58	)		232
Money market accounts		544,687			2,342		1.73	%		600,855			814		0.55	%		1,528			(527	)		2,055
Savings		1,158,558			712		0.25	%		1,456,242			530		0.15	%		182			(632	)		814
Time deposits		1,889,929			19,677		4.19	%		1,160,969			5,272		1.84	%		14,405			4,757			9,648
Total interest bearing deposits		4,583,304			22,971		2.02	%		4,351,449			6,682		0.62	%		16,289			3,540			12,749
Short-term borrowings		93,316			204		0.88	%		131,867			285		0.88	%		(81	)		(81	)		-
Total interest bearing liabilities		4,676,620			23,175		1.99	%		4,483,316			6,967		0.63	%		16,208			3,459			12,749
Demand deposits		726,299								816,565
Other liabilities		80,158								84,092
Shareholders' equity		646,662								607,666
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	6,129,739							$	5,991,639
Net interest income, tax equivalent					36,578								46,965				$	(10,387	)	$	(5,431	)	$	(4,956	)
Net interest spread							2.00	%							3.06	%
Net interest margin (net interest income to total interest earning assets)							2.44	%							3.21	%
Tax equivalent adjustment					-								-
Net interest income				$	36,578							$	46,965

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The information presented in the “Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity” section of Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

As detailed in the 2023 Form 10-K, the Company is subject to interest rate risk as its principal market risk.  As noted in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 the Company continues to strives to changes in interest rates in such a way that positions the Company to meet short term earning goals and also allows the Company to respond to changes in interest rates in the future.  Consequently, for the first quarter of 2024, the Company had an average balance of Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments of $497.7 million compared to $576.9 million in the first quarter of 2023.  As investment opportunities present themselves, management plans to invest funds from the Federal Funds sold and other short-term investment portfolio into the securities available for sale, securities held to maturity and loan portfolios.  TrustCo does not engage in activities involving interest rate swaps, forward placement contracts, or any other instruments commonly referred to as “derivatives.”  Additional disclosure of interest rate risk can be found under “Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity” and “Asset/Liability Management” in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis section of this document.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission.  An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report.  Based upon this evaluation of those disclosure controls and procedures, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company concluded, as of the end of the period covered by this report, that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files and submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required.

In designing and evaluating the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.  Further, no evaluation of a cost-effective system of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, will be detected.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The nature of TrustCo’s business generates a certain amount of litigation against TrustCo and its subsidiaries involving matters arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management of TrustCo, there are no proceedings pending to which TrustCo or any of its subsidiaries is a party, or of which its property is the subject which, if determined adversely to TrustCo or such subsidiaries, would be material in relation to TrustCo’s consolidated shareholders’ equity and financial condition.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in the Company involves risks, including the risks discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K, which risk factors have not materially changed.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Share Repurchase Program

The following table provides certain information with respect to the Company’s purchases of its common shares during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

	Issuer Purchases of Common Shares
Period	Total numbers of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs		Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (1)
January 1, 2024 through January 31, 2024		-	$	-		-
February 1, 2024 through February 29, 2024		-		-		-
March 1, 2024 through March 31, 2024		-		-		-		200,000
Total		-	$	-		-		200,000

(1) On March 29, 2024 the Company’s Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, another share repurchase program of up to 200,000 shares, or approximately 1% of its currently outstanding common stock.  There were no repurchases during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

(a) None.

(b) None.

(c) During the period covered by this report, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).

Item 6. Exhibits

Reg S-K (Item 601)
Exhibit No.	Description
3(a)	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of TrustCo Bank Corp NY, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to TrustCo Bank Corp NY’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 5, 2021.
3(b)	Amended and Restated Bylaws of TrustCo Bank Corp NY, effective October 17, 2023, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to TrustCo Bank Corp NY’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 17, 2023.
15	Crowe LLP Letter Regarding Unaudited Interim Financial Information
31(a)	Rule 13a-15(e)/15d-15(e) Certification of Robert J. McCormick, principal executive officer.
31(b)	Rule 13a-15(e)/15d-15(e) Certification of Michael M. Ozimek, principal financial officer.
32	Section 1350 Certifications of Robert J. McCormick, principal executiveofficer and Michael M. Ozimek, principal financial officer.
101	Sections of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language), submitted in the following files:

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	TrustCo Bank Corp NY
	By:	/s/ Robert J. McCormick
	Robert J. McCormick
	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
	By:	/s/ Michael M. Ozimek
	Michael M. Ozimek
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date:  May 9, 2024

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