(3)	Investment Securities

(a)	Securities available for sale

The amortized cost and fair value of the securities available for sale are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	154,868		-		2,708		152,160
State and political subdivisions		168		5		-		173
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		271,386		53		9,407		262,032
Corporate bonds		30,048		-		110		29,938
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		58,376		-		1,901		56,475
Other		685		-		-		685
Total securities available for sale	$	515,531		58		14,126		501,463

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	139,890		27		2,066		137,851
State and political subdivisions		515		10		-		525
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		320,614		84		4,715		315,983
Corporate bonds		40,270		-		108		40,162
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		68,921		-		1,862		67,059
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - commercial		9,810		-		110		9,700
Other		685		-		-		685
Total securities available for sale	$	580,705		121		8,861		571,965

The following table distributes the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities included in the available for sale portfolio as of December 31, 2018, based on the securities’ final maturity. Actual maturities may differ because of securities prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately:

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	10,065		10,053
Due in one year through five years		175,635		172,834
Due after five years through ten years		69		69
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		271,386		262,032
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		58,376		56,475
	$	515,531		501,463

Gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale and the related fair values aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	29,870		106		112,291		2,602		142,161		2,708
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		1,102		11		259,729		9,396		260,831		9,407
Corporate bonds		14,943		98		9,995		12		24,938		110
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		-		-		56,475		1,901		56,475		1,901

Total	$	45,915		215		438,490		13,911		484,405		14,126

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2017
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	29,734		266		98,090		1,800		127,824		2,066
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		48,080		371		266,394		4,344		314,474		4,715
Corporate bonds		-		-		40,162		108		40,162		108
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		-		-		67,059		1,862		67,059		1,862
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - commercial		-		-		9,700		110		9,700		110

Total	$	77,814		637		481,405		8,224		559,219		8,861

The proceeds from sales and calls/paydowns of securities available for sale, gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales and calls during 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Years ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Proceeds from sales	$	-		-		44,829
Proceeds from calls/paydowns		78,230		124,624		201,100
Gross realized gains		-		-		668
Gross realized losses		-		-		-

There were no sales of securities in 2018 and 2017. Tax expense on gain on sale of securities for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled $267 thousand.

The amount of securities that have been pledged to secure short-term borrowings and for other purposes amounted to $205.5 million and $326.5 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(b)	Held to maturity securities

The amortized cost and fair value of the held to maturity securities are as follows:

	December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrecognized Gains		Gross Unrecognized Losses		Fair Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	22,501		577		154		22,924
Total held to maturity	$	22,501		577		154		22,924

	December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrecognized Gains		Gross Unrecognized Losses		Fair Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	27,551		1,150		-		28,701
Total held to maturity	$	27,551		1,150		-		28,701

The following table distributes the debt securities included in the held to maturity portfolio as of December 31, 2018, based on the securities’ final maturity. Actual maturities may differ because of securities prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	22,501		22,924
	$	22,501		22,924

Held to maturity securities in unrecognized losses as of December 31, 2018 had a fair value of $11.0 million and a loss of $154 thousand, all of which was in a loss position under 12 months as of December 31, 2018. There were no sales or transfers of held to maturity securities during 2018 and 2017.

(c)	Concentrations

The Company has the following balances of securities held in the available for sale and held to maturity portfolios as of December 31, 2018 that represent greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity:

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	$	96,320		93,630
Federal National Mortgage Association		200,717		193,767
Federal Home Loan Bank NY		69,976		68,969
Small Business Administration		58,376		56,475
Federal Farm Credit Bureau		49,992		49,066

(d)	Other-Than-Temporary-Impairment

Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. The investment securities portfolio is evaluated for OTTI by segregating the portfolio by type and applying the appropriate OTTI model.

In determining OTTI for debt securities, management considers many factors, including: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. The assessment of whether any other‑than‑temporary decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time.

When OTTI occurs, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether management intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If management intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If management does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI on debt securities shall be separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s security portfolio included certain securities which were in an unrealized loss position, and are discussed below.

U.S. government sponsored enterprises

In the case of unrealized losses on U.S. government sponsored enterprises, because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations – residential

At December 31, 2018, all mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations held by the Company were issued by U.S. government sponsored entities and agencies, primarily Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, institutions which the government has affirmed its commitment to support. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other‑than‑temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Corporate Bonds

At December 31, 2018, corporate bonds held by the Company are investment grade quality. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Small Business Administration (SBA) - guaranteed participation securities

At December 31, 2018, all of the SBA securities held by the Company were issued and guaranteed by U.S. Small Business Administration. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations – commercial

As of December 31, 2018, all of the mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations held by the Company were issued by U.S. government sponsored entities and agencies, are current as to the payment of interest and principal and the Company expects to collect the full amount of the principal and interest payments. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Company does not consider these securities to be other‑than‑temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

As a result of the above analysis, for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company did not recognize any other‑than‑temporary impairment losses for credit or any other reason.