(4) Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

The following tables present the recorded investment in loans by loan class:

	December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	New York and other states*		Florida		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	149,368		12,524		161,892
Other		23,606		709		24,315
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,286,148		765,929		3,052,077
Home equity loans		66,455		13,989		80,444
Home equity lines of credit		263,275		45,641		308,916
Installment		7,141		1,622		8,763
Total loans, net	$	2,795,993		840,414		3,636,407
Less: Allowance for loan losses						44,170
Net loans					$	3,592,237

	December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)	New York and other states*		Florida		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	151,366		12,243		163,609
Other		27,539		46		27,585
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,158,904		665,183		2,824,087
Home equity loans		60,892		10,754		71,646
Home equity lines of credit		286,586		48,255		334,841
Installment		7,048		1,770		8,818
Total loans, net	$	2,692,335		738,251		3,430,586
Less: Allowance for loan losses						43,890
Net loans					$	3,386,696

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont, and Massachusetts.

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had approximately $30.9 million and $24.8 million of real estate construction loans, respectively. Of the $30.9 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2017, approximately $21.1 million were secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers with the remaining $9.8 million were to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. Of the $24.8 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2016, approximately $16.3 million are secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers while approximately $8.5 million were to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. The vast majority of construction loans are in the Company’s New York market.

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, loans to executive officers, directors, and to associates of such persons aggregated $6.9 million and $7.6 million, respectively. During 2017, approximately $3.6 million of new loans were made and repayments of loans totaled approximately $4.3 million. The composition of related parties changed during the year resulting in a reduction of approximately $100 thousand to outstanding loans to related parties at December 31, 2017. All loans are current according to their terms.

TrustCo lends in the geographic territory of its branch locations in New York, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Vermont. Although the loan portfolio is diversified, a portion of its debtors’ ability to repay depends significantly on the economic conditions prevailing in the respective geographic territory.

The following tables present the recorded investment in non-accrual loans by loan class:

	December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	New York and other states		Florida		Total
Loans in non-accrual status:
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	1,443		-		1,443
Other		100		-		100
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		16,654		2,259		18,913
Home equity loans		93		-		93
Home equity lines of credit		3,603		130		3,733
Installment		57		-		57
Total non-accrual loans		21,950		2,389		24,339
Restructured real estate mortgages - 1 to 4 family		38		-		38
Total nonperforming loans	$	21,988		2,389		24,377

	December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)	New York and other states		Florida		Total
Loans in non-accrual status:
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	1,843		-		1,843
Other		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		17,727		1,659		19,386
Home equity loans		95		-		95
Home equity lines of credit		3,376		270		3,646
Installment		48		-		48
Total non-accrual loans		23,089		1,929		25,018
Restructured real estate mortgages - 1 to 4 family		42		-		42
Total nonperforming loans	$	23,131		1,929		25,060

The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned, at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through legal title or through a deed in lieu). As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, other real estate owned included $2.7 million and $3.5 million, respectively, of residential foreclosed properties. In addition, non-accrual residential mortgage loans that are in the process of foreclosure had a recorded investment of $12.6 million and $12.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans by loan class and by region as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:

New York and other states:
	December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Total 30+ days Past Due		Current		Total Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	183		174		1,332		1,689		147,679		149,368
Other		-		-		100		100		23,506		23,606
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		5,669		1,300		9,014		15,983		2,270,165		2,286,148
Home equity loans		6		-		45		51		66,404		66,455
Home equity lines of credit		489		18		2,139		2,646		260,629		263,275
Installment		46		17		25		88		7,053		7,141

Total	$	6,393		1,509		12,655		20,557		2,775,436		2,795,993

Florida:

(dollars in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Total 30+ days Past Due		Current		Total Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		-		-		12,524		12,524
Other		-		-		-		-		709		709
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		277		-		1,404		1,681		764,248		765,929
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		13,989		13,989
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		-		-		45,641		45,641
Installment		3		5		26		34		1,588		1,622

Total	$	280		5		1,430		1,715		838,699		840,414

Total:

(dollars in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 + Days Past Due		Total 30+ days Past Due		Current		Total Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	183		174		1,332		1,689		160,203		161,892
Other		-		-		100		100		24,215		24,315
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		5,946		1,300		10,418		17,664		3,034,413		3,052,077
Home equity loans		6		-		45		51		80,393		80,444
Home equity lines of credit		489		18		2,139		2,646		306,270		308,916
Installment		49		22		51		122		8,641		8,763

Total	$	6,673		1,514		14,085		22,272		3,614,135		3,636,407

New York and other states:
	December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 + Days Past Due		Total 30+ days Past Due		Current		Total Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	50		43		1,706		1,799		149,567		151,366
Other		-		-		-		-		27,539		27,539
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		6,379		2,924		9,643		18,946		2,139,958		2,158,904
Home equity loans		50		3		74		127		60,765		60,892
Home equity lines of credit		685		111		1,839		2,635		283,951		286,586
Installment		34		32		15		81		6,967		7,048

Total	$	7,198		3,113		13,277		23,588		2,668,747		2,692,335

Florida:

(dollars in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 + Days Past Due		Total 30+ days Past Due		Current		Total Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		-		-		12,243		12,243
Other		-		-		-		-		46		46
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		1,942		69		1,255		3,266		661,917		665,183
Home equity loans		19		-		-		19		10,735		10,754
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		156		156		48,099		48,255
Installment		30		6		-		36		1,734		1,770

Total	$	1,991		75		1,411		3,477		734,774		738,251

Total:

(dollars in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 + Days Past Due		Total 30+ days Past Due		Current		Total Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	50		43		1,706		1,799		161,810		163,609
Other		-		-		-		-		27,585		27,585
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		8,321		2,993		10,898		22,212		2,801,875		2,824,087
Home equity loans		69		3		74		146		71,500		71,646
Home equity lines of credit		685		111		1,995		2,791		332,050		334,841
Installment		64		38		15		117		8,701		8,818

Total	$	9,189		3,188		14,688		27,065		3,403,521		3,430,586

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no loans that are 90 days past due and still accruing interest. As a result, non-accrual loans includes all loans 90 days past due and greater as well as certain loans less than 90 days past due that were placed in non-accruing status for reasons other than delinquent status. There are no commitments to extend further credit on nonaccrual or restructured loans.

Activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment is summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31, 2017
	Commercial			Real Estate Mortgage- 1 to 4 Family		Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	4,929			38,231		730		43,890
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		72			2,053		200		2,325
Florida		-			167		19		186
Total loan chargeoffs		72			2,220		219		2,511

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		96			596		26		718
Florida		-			73		-		73
Total recoveries		96			669		26		791
Net loans charged off		(24	)		1,551		193		1,720
Provision for loan losses		(629	)		2,397		232		2,000
Balance at end of period	$	4,324			39,077		769		44,170

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31, 2016
	Commercial		Real Estate Mortgage- 1 to 4 Family		Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	4,491		39,753		518		44,762
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		795		3,447		303		4,545
Florida		-		126		39		165
Total loan chargeoffs		795		3,573		342		4,710

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		207		613		64		884
Florida		-		4		-		4
Total recoveries		207		617		64		888
Net loans charged off		588		2,956		278		3,822
Provision for loan losses		1,026		1,434		490		2,950
Balance at end of period	$	4,929		38,231		730		43,890

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31, 2015
	Commercial		Real Estate Mortgage- 1 to 4 Family		Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	4,071		42,088		168		46,327
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		779		4,631		168		5,578
Florida		-		320		17		337
Total loan chargeoffs		779		4,951		185		5,915

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		20		572		46		638
Florida		7		5		-		12
Total recoveries		27		577		46		650
Net loans charged off		752		4,374		139		5,265
Provision for loan losses		1,172		2,039		489		3,700
Balance at end of period	$	4,491		39,753		518		44,762

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:

	December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial Loans		1-to-4 Family Residential Real Estate		Installment Loans		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		-		-		-
Collectively evaluated for impairment		4,324		39,077		769		44,170

Total ending allowance balance	$	4,324		39,077		769		44,170

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	2,248		22,032		-		24,280
Collectively evaluated for impairment		183,959		3,419,405		8,763		3,612,127

Total ending loans balance	$	186,207		3,441,437		8,763		3,636,407

	December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial Loans		1-to-4 Family Residential Real Estate		Installment Loans		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		-		-		-
Collectively evaluated for impairment		4,929		38,231		730		43,890

Total ending allowance balance	$	4,929		38,231		730		43,890

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	2,418		21,607		-		24,025
Collectively evaluated for impairment		188,776		3,208,967		8,818		3,406,561

Total ending loans balance	$	191,194		3,230,574		8,818		3,430,586

The Company has identified nonaccrual commercial and commercial real estate loans, as well as all loans restructured under a troubled debt restructuring (TDR), as impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the borrower will be unable to repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is restructured in a TDR.

A loan for which the terms have been modified, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, is considered a TDR and is classified as impaired. TDR’s at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception or the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan is considered collateral dependent.

The following tables present impaired loans by loan class as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:

New York and other states:

	December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		YTD Avg Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	2,148		3,120		-		2,711
Other		100		100		-		87
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		15,850		16,540		-		16,508
Home equity loans		270		291		-		263
Home equity lines of credit		2,606		2,847		-		2,193

Total	$	20,974		22,898		-		21,762

Florida:

(dollars in thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		YTD Avg Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		-		-
Other		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,707		2,813		-		2,335
Home equity loans		89		89		-		92
Home equity lines of credit		510		510		-		561

Total	$	3,306		3,412		-		2,988

Total:

(dollars in thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		YTD Avg Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	2,148		3,120		-		2,711
Other		100		100		-		87
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		18,557		19,353		-		18,843
Home equity loans		359		380		-		355
Home equity lines of credit		3,116		3,357		-		2,754

Total	$	24,280		26,310		-		24,750

New York and other states:
	December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		YTD Avg Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	2,418		3,470		-		2,214
Other		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		16,675		17,439		-		15,665
Home equity loans		269		305		-		251
Home equity lines of credit		1,999		2,160		-		1,806

Total	$	21,361		23,374		-		19,936

Florida:

(dollars in thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		YTD Avg Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-		-		-		-
Other		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,009		2,100		-		1,800
Home equity loans		94		94		-		81
Home equity lines of credit		561		633		-		591

Total	$	2,664		2,827		-		2,472

Total:

(dollars in thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		YTD Avg Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	2,418		3,470		-		2,214
Other		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		18,684		19,539		-		17,465
Home equity loans		363		399		-		332
Home equity lines of credit		2,560		2,793		-		2,397

Total	$	24,025		26,201		-		22,408

The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as impaired. Interest income recognized on impaired loans was not material in 2017, 2016, and 2015.

Included in impaired loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are approximately $11.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively, of loans in accruing status that were identified as TDR’s.

Management evaluates impairment on impaired loans on a quarterly basis. If, during this evaluation, impairment of the loan is identified, a charge-off is taken at that time if necessary. As a result, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, based upon management’s evaluation and due to the sufficiency of charge-offs taken, none of the allowance for loan losses has been allocated to a specific impaired loan(s).

The following table presents modified loans by class that were determined to be TDR’s that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

The following table presents modified loans by class that were determined to be TDR's that occurred:

	Year ended 12/31/2017						Year ended 12/31/2016						Year ended 12/31/2015
New York and other states*:			Pre- Modification		Post- Modification				Pre- Modification		Post-Modification				Pre- Modification		Post- Modification
(dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		4	$	426		426		2	$	401		401		-	$	-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		44		5,653		5,653		30		2,871		2,871		35		4,797		4,797
Home equity loans		3		56		56		1		44		44		1		137		137
Home equity lines of credit		18		868		868		10		402		402		7		506		506

Total		69	$	7,003		7,003		43	$	3,718		3,718		43	$	5,440		5,440

Florida:			Pre- Modification		Post-Modification				Pre- Modification		Post- Modification				Pre- Modification		Post- Modification
(dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment

Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		10		1,076		1,076		4		504		504		6		780		780
Home equity loans		-		-		-		1		45		45		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		2		95		95		1		6		6		4		107		107

Total		12	$	1,171		1,171		6	$	555		555		10	$	887		887

The addition of these TDR’s did not have a significant impact on the allowance for loan losses.

The following table presents loans by class modified as TDR’s that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 for which there was a payment default within 12 months of modification:

	Year ended 12/31/2017				Year ended 12/31/2016				Year ended 12/31/2015
New York and other states*:	Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment
(dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment

Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		1		72		3		291		2		148
Home equity lines of credit		1		3		1		141		2		24

Total		2	$	75		4	$	432		4	$	172

Florida:

Number of

Contracts

Recorded

Investment

Number of

Contracts

Recorded

Investment

Number of

Contracts

Recorded

Investment

(dollars in thousands)

Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:

First mortgages

Home equity lines of credit

Total

In situations where the Bank considers a loan modification, management determines whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty by performing an evaluation of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the Company’s underwriting policy. Generally, the modification of the terms of loans was the result of the borrower filing for bankruptcy protection. Chapter 13 bankruptcies generally include the deferral of all past due amounts for a period of generally 60 months in accordance with the bankruptcy court order. In the case of Chapter 7 bankruptcies, even though there is no modification of terms, the borrowers’ debt to the Company was discharged and they may not reaffirm the debt.

A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. In situations involving a borrower filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection, however, a loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 30 days contractually past due, consistent with the treatment by the bankruptcy court.

The TDR’s that subsequently defaulted described above did not have a material impact on the allowance for loan losses as the underlying collateral was evaluated at the time these loans were identified as TDR’s, and a charge-off was taken at that time, if necessary. Collateral values on these loans are reviewed for collateral sufficiency on a quarterly basis.

The Company categorizes non-homogenous loans such as commercial and commercial real estate loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. On at least an annual basis, in accordance with the Company’s Loan Policy, the Company analyzes non-homogeneous loans, individually by grading the loans based on credit risk. The loan grades assigned to all loan types are tested by the Company’s loan review department in accordance with the Company’s loan review policy.

The Company uses the following definitions for classified loans:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those loans classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. All doubtful loans are considered impaired.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above-described process are considered to be pass rated loans.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows:

	December 31, 2017
New York and other states:

(dollars in thousands)
	Pass		Classified		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	140,806		8,562		149,368
Other		21,936		1,670		23,606

	$	162,742		10,232		172,974

Florida:

(dollars in thousands)
	Pass		Classified		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	12,406		118		12,524
Other		709		-		709

	$	13,115		118		13,233

Total:

(dollars in thousands)
	Pass		Classified		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	153,212		8,680		161,892
Other		22,645		1,670		24,315

	$	175,857		10,350		186,207

	December 31, 2016
New York and other states:

(dollars in thousands)
	Pass		Classified		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	136,676		14,690		151,366
Other		25,442		2,097		27,539

	$	162,118		16,787		178,905

Florida:

(dollars in thousands)
	Pass		Classified		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	12,243		-		12,243
Other		46		-		46

	$	12,289		-		12,289

Total:

(dollars in thousands)
	Pass		Classified		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	148,919		14,690		163,609
Other		25,488		2,097		27,585

	$	174,407		16,787		191,194

Included in classified loans in the above tables are impaired loans of $1.5 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

For homogeneous loan pools, such as residential mortgages, home equity lines of credit, and installment loans, the Company uses payment status to identify the credit risk in these loan portfolios. Payment status is reviewed on a daily basis by the Bank’s collection area and on a monthly basis with respect to determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. The payment status of these homogeneous pools at December 31, 2017 and 2016 is included in the aging of the recorded investment of past due loans table. In addition, the total nonperforming portion of these homogeneous loan pools at December 31, 2017 and 2016 is presented in the recorded investment in non-accrual loans table.