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DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS 5. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The Company is subject primarily to commodity price risk due to fluctuations in the market price of natural gas, SRECs and electricity. To manage this risk, the Company enters into a variety of derivative instruments including, but not limited to, futures contracts, physical forward contracts, financial options and swaps to economically hedge the commodity price risk associated with its existing and anticipated commitments. In addition, the Company is exposed to interest rate risk and may utilize derivatives to reduce exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These contracts are accounted for as derivatives, unless the Company elects NPNS, which is done on a contract-by-contract election. Accordingly, financial and certain of the Company’s physical contracts are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For a more detailed discussion of the Company’s fair value measurement policies and level disclosures associated with the Company’s derivative instruments, see Note 6. Fair Value.

Energy Services

ES chooses not to designate its financial commodity and physical forward commodity derivatives as accounting hedges or to elect NPNS. The changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded as a component of operating expenses or operating revenues, as appropriate for ES, on the Consolidated Statements of Operations as unrealized gains or losses. For ES at settlement, realized gains and losses on all financial derivative instruments are recognized as a component of natural gas purchases, and realized gains and losses on all physical derivatives follow the presentation of the related unrealized gains and losses as a component of either operating expenses or operating revenues.

As a result of ES entering into transactions to borrow natural gas, commonly referred to as “park and loans,” an embedded derivative is recognized relating to differences between the fair value of the amount borrowed and the fair value of the amount that will ultimately be repaid, based on changes in the forward price for natural gas prices at the borrowed location over the contract term. This embedded derivative is accounted for as a forward sale in the month in which the repayment of the borrowed natural gas is expected to occur and is considered a derivative transaction that is recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in value recognized in current-period earnings.

Expected production of SRECs are hedged through the use of forward and futures contracts. All contracts require the Company to physically deliver SRECs through the transfer of certificates as per contractual settlement schedules. ES recognizes changes in the fair value of these derivatives as a component of operating revenues. For SRECs that are acquired by ES, changes in the fair value of these derivatives are reported as a component of operating expenses. Upon settlement of these contracts, the related revenue or expense is recognized when the SREC is transferred to the counterparty or acquired by ES, respectively.
Natural Gas Distribution

Changes in fair value of NJNG’s financial commodity derivatives are recorded as a component of regulatory assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company elects NPNS accounting treatment on all physical commodity contracts that NJNG entered into on or before December 31, 2015, and accounts for these contracts on an accrual basis. Accordingly, physical natural gas purchases are recognized in regulatory assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets when the contract settles and the natural gas is delivered. The average cost of natural gas is charged to expense in the current period earnings based on the BGSS factor times the therm sales. NJNG no longer elects NPNS accounting treatment on a portfolio basis. However, since NPNS is a contract-by-contract election, where it makes sense to do so, NJNG can and may elect to treat certain contracts as normal. Because NJNG recovers these amounts through future BGSS rates as increases or decreases to the cost of natural gas in NJNG’s tariff for natural gas service, the changes in fair value of these contracts are deferred as a component of regulatory assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Clean Energy Ventures

The Company elects NPNS accounting treatment on PPA contracts executed by CEV that meet the definition of a derivative and accounts for the contract on an accrual basis. Accordingly, electricity sales are recognized in revenues throughout the term of the PPA as electricity is delivered. NPNS is a contract-by-contract election and where it makes sense to do so, the Company can and may elect to treat certain contracts as normal.

Fair Value of Derivatives

The following table presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30:
Derivatives at Fair Value
20252024
(Thousands)Balance Sheet LocationAssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
ES:
Physical commodity contractsDerivatives - current$3,709 $5,878 $1,660 $4,346 
Derivatives - noncurrent1,312 3,931 727 10,758 
Financial commodity contractsDerivatives - current8,426 1,736 5,132 1,344 
Derivatives - noncurrent1,006 352 79 732 
NJNG:
Physical commodity contractsDerivatives - current30 2 21 579 
Financial commodity contractsDerivatives - current349 4 — 2 
Derivatives - noncurrent1 — — — 
Total fair value of derivatives$14,833 $11,903 $7,619 $17,761 

Offsetting of Derivatives

The Company transacts under master netting arrangements or equivalent agreements that allow it to offset derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. However, the Company’s policy is to present its derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis at the contract level unit of account on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table summarizes the reported gross amounts, the amounts that the Company has the right to offset but elects not to, financial collateral and the net amounts the Company could present on the Consolidated Balance Sheets but elects not to.
Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
(Thousands)
Fair Value (1)
Amounts Offset (2)
Collateral Received/Pledged (3)
Net Value (4)
Fair Value (1)
Amounts Offset (2)
Collateral Received/Pledged (3)
Net Value (4)
As of September 30, 2025
ES Contracts
Physical commodity$5,021 (2,061)— $2,960 $9,809 (2,061)(2,022)$5,726 
Financial commodity9,432 (2,088)(3,951)3,393 2,088 (2,088)— — 
Total ES$14,453 (4,149)(3,951)$6,353 $11,897 (4,149)(2,022)$5,726 
NJNG Contracts
Physical commodity$30 (1)— $29 $2 (1)— $1 
Financial commodity350 (4)— 346 4 (4)— — 
Total NJNG$380 (5)— $375 $6 (5)— $1 
As of September 30, 2024
ES Contracts
Physical commodity$2,387 (535)— $1,852 $15,104 (535)(5,551)$9,018 
Financial commodity5,211 (2,076)(1,170)1,965 2,076 (2,076)— — 
Total ES$7,598 (2,611)(1,170)$3,817 $17,180 (2,611)(5,551)$9,018 
NJNG Contracts
Physical commodity$21 (13)— $8 $579 (13)— $566 
Financial commodity— — — — 2 — (2)— 
Total NJNG$21 (13)— $8 $581 (13)(2)$566 
(1)Derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as the Company does not elect balance sheet offsetting under ASC 210-20.
(2)Includes transactions with NAESB netting election, transactions held by FCMs with net margining and transactions with ISDA netting.
(3)Financial collateral includes cash balances at FCMs, as well as cash received from or pledged to other counterparties.
(4)Net amounts represent presentation of derivative assets and liabilities if the Company were to elect balance sheet offsetting under ASC 210-20.

ES utilizes financial derivatives to economically hedge the gross margin associated with the purchase of physical natural gas to be used for storage injection and its subsequent sale at a later date. The gains or losses on the financial transactions that are economic hedges of the cost of the purchased natural gas are recognized prior to the gains or losses on the physical transaction, which are recognized in earnings when the natural gas is delivered. Therefore, mismatches between the timing of the recognition of realized gains or losses on the financial derivative instruments and gains or losses associated with the actual sale of the natural gas that is being economically hedged, along with fair value changes in derivative instruments, create volatility in the results of ES, although the Company’s intended economic results relating to the entire transaction are unaffected.

The following table presents the effect of derivative instruments recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations as of September 30:
(Thousands)Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivativesAmount of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivatives
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:202520242023
Physical commodity contractsOperating revenues$3,110 $12,070 $33,610 
Physical commodity contractsNatural gas purchases(1,474)(2,391)(6,846)
Financial commodity contractsNatural gas purchases12,407 11,722 80,406 
Physical commodity contractsOperation and maintenance845 — — 
Total unrealized and realized gain$14,888 $21,401 $107,170 

NJNG’s derivative contracts are part of the Company’s risk management activities that relate to its natural gas purchases and BGSS incentive programs. At settlement, the resulting gains and/or losses are payable to or recoverable from utility customers and are deferred in regulatory assets or liabilities resulting in no impact to earnings.
The following table reflects the gains and/or (losses) associated with NJNG’s derivative instruments as of September 30:
(Thousands)202520242023
Physical commodity contracts$(16,913)$(5,215)$(34,241)
Financial commodity contracts(3,295)11,064 (50,130)
Total unrealized and realized (loss) gain$(20,208)$5,849 $(84,371)

ES and NJNG had the following outstanding long (short) derivatives as of September 30:
ESNJNG
Volumes (Bcf)2025202420252024
Futures(4.7)(7.7)36.131.9
Physical Commodity5.52.86.010.9
Not included in the above table are 0.9M and 1.2M SRECs that were open as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively
Broker Margin

Futures exchanges have contract-specific margin requirements that require the posting of cash or cash equivalents relating to traded contracts. Margin requirements consist of initial margin that is posted upon the initiation of a position, maintenance margin that is usually expressed as a percent of initial margin and variation margin that fluctuates based on the daily marked-to-market relative to maintenance margin requirements. The Company maintains separate broker margin accounts for NJNG and ES.

The balances as of September 30, by reportable segment, are as follows:
(Thousands)Balance Sheet Location20252024
NJNGRestricted broker margin accounts - current assets$5,480 $4,975 
ESRestricted broker margin accounts - current assets$3,440 $8,268 
Restricted broker margin accounts - current liabilities$3,949 $1,146 

Wholesale Credit Risk

NJNG, ES, CEV and S&T are exposed to credit risk as a result of their sales/wholesale marketing activities. As a result of the inherent volatility in the prices of natural gas commodities, derivatives and SRECs, the market value of contractual positions with individual counterparties could exceed established credit limits or collateral provided by those counterparties. If a counterparty fails to perform the obligations under its contract, then the Company could sustain a loss.

The Company monitors and manages the credit risk of its wholesale operations through credit policies and procedures that management believes reduce overall credit risk. These policies include a review and evaluation of current and prospective counterparties’ financial statements and/or credit ratings, daily monitoring of counterparties’ credit limits and exposure, daily communication with traders regarding credit status and the use of credit mitigation measures, such as collateral requirements and netting agreements. Examples of collateral include letters of credit and cash received for either prepayment or margin deposit. Collateral may be requested due to the Company’s election not to extend credit or because exposure exceeds defined thresholds. Most of the Company’s wholesale marketing contracts contain standard netting provisions. These contracts include those governed by ISDA and the NAESB. The netting provisions refer to payment netting, whereby receivables and payables with the same counterparty are offset and the resulting net amount is paid to the party to which it is due.

Internally-rated exposure applies to counterparties that are not rated by Fitch or Moody’s. In these cases, the counterparty’s or guarantor’s financial statements are reviewed, and similar methodologies and ratios used by credit rating agencies are applied to arrive at a substitute rating. Gross credit exposure is defined as the unrealized fair value of physical and financial derivative commodity contracts, plus any outstanding wholesale receivable for the value of natural gas delivered and/or financial derivative commodity contract that has settled for which payment has not yet been received.
The following is a summary of gross credit exposures grouped by investment and noninvestment grade counterparties, as of September 30, 2025. The amounts presented below have not been reduced by any collateral received or netting and exclude accounts receivable for NJNG retail natural gas sales and services.
(Thousands)Gross Credit
Exposure
Investment grade$96,377 
Noninvestment grade5,862 
Internally-rated investment grade12,678 
Internally-rated noninvestment grade21,669 
Total$136,586 

Conversely, certain of NJNG’s and ES’s derivative instruments are linked to agreements containing provisions that would require cash collateral payments from the Company if certain events occur. These provisions vary based upon the terms in individual counterparty agreements and can result in cash payments if NJNG’s credit rating were to fall below its current level. Specifically, most, but not all, of these additional payments will be triggered if NJNG’s debt is downgraded by the major credit agencies, regardless of investment grade status. In addition, some of these agreements include threshold amounts that would result in additional collateral payments if the values of derivative liabilities were to exceed the maximum values provided for in relevant counterparty agreements. Other provisions include payment features that are not specifically linked to ratings, but are based on certain financial metrics.

Collateral amounts associated with any of these conditions are determined based on a sliding scale and are contingent upon the degree to which the Company’s credit rating and/or financial metrics deteriorate, and the extent to which liability amounts exceed applicable threshold limits. Derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position for which collateral is required were immaterial as of both September 30, 2025 and 2024. These amounts differ from the respective net derivative liabilities reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because the agreements also include clauses, commonly known as “Rights of Offset,” that would permit the Company to offset its derivative assets against its derivative liabilities for determining additional collateral to be posted, as previously discussed.