The Company is subject primarily to commodity price risk due to fluctuations in the market price of natural gas, SRECs and electricity. To manage this risk, the Company enters into a variety of derivative instruments including, but not limited to, futures contracts, physical forward contracts, financial options and swaps to economically hedge the commodity price risk associated with its existing and anticipated commitments to purchase and sell natural gas, SRECs and electricity. In addition, the Company is exposed to foreign currency and interest rate risk and may utilize foreign currency derivatives to hedge Canadian dollar denominated natural gas purchases and/or sales and interest rate derivatives to reduce exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. All of these types of contracts are accounted for as derivatives, unless the Company elects NPNS, which is done on a contract-by-contract election. Accordingly, all of the financial and certain of the Company's physical derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For a more detailed discussion of the Company’s fair value measurement policies and level disclosures associated with the Company’s derivative instruments, see Note 6. Fair Value.

Energy Services chooses not to designate its financial commodity and physical forward commodity derivatives as accounting hedges or to elect NPNS. The changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded as a component of natural gas purchases or operating revenues, as appropriate for Energy Services, on the Consolidated Statements of Operations as unrealized gains or losses. For Energy Services at settlement, realized gains and losses on all financial derivative instruments are recognized as a component of natural gas purchases and realized gains and losses on all physical derivatives follow the presentation of the related unrealized gains and losses as a component of either natural gas purchases or operating revenues.

Energy Services also enters into natural gas transactions in Canada and, consequently, is exposed to fluctuations in the value of Canadian currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Energy Services may utilize foreign currency derivatives to lock in the exchange rates associated with natural gas transactions denominated in Canadian currency. The derivatives may include currency forwards, futures or swaps and are accounted for as derivatives. These derivatives are typically used to hedge demand fee payments on pipeline capacity, storage and natural gas purchase agreements.

As a result of Energy Services entering into transactions to borrow natural gas, commonly referred to as “park and loans,” an embedded derivative is recognized relating to differences between the fair value of the amount borrowed and the fair value of the amount that will ultimately be repaid, based on changes in the forward price for natural gas prices at the borrowed location over the contract term. This embedded derivative is accounted for as a forward sale in the month in which the repayment of the borrowed natural gas is expected to occur, and is considered a derivative transaction that is recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in value recognized in current-period earnings.

Expected production of SRECs is hedged through the use of forward and futures contracts. All contracts require the Company to physically deliver SRECs through the transfer of certificates as per contractual settlement schedules. Energy Services recognizes changes in the fair value of these derivatives as a component of operating revenues. Upon settlement of the contract, the related revenue is recognized when the SREC is transferred to the counterparty.

NJNG’s physical and financial commodity derivatives, except for those designated as NPNS, are recognized at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Because NJNG recovers these amounts through future BGSS rates as increases or decreases to the cost of natural gas in NJNG’s tariff for gas service, the changes in fair value of these contracts are deferred as a component of regulatory assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Effective January 1, 2016, the Company prospectively applies the NPNS scope exception on a case-by-case basis to certain qualifying physical commodity contracts. Contracts that are designated as NPNS are recognized in regulatory assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balances Sheets upon settlement. The average cost of natural gas is charged to expense in the current-period earnings based on the BGSS factor times the therm sales.

In June 2015, NJNG entered into a treasury lock transaction to fix a benchmark treasury rate of 3.26 percent associated with a $125 million debt issuance that was finalized in May 2018. This debt issuance coincided with the maturity of NJNG's $125 million, 5.6 percent notes that came due May 15, 2018. This treasury lock was settled on March 13, 2018, which coincided with the pricing of the new debt being issued. Settlement of the treasury lock resulted in a $2.6 million loss, which was recorded as a component of regulatory assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and will be amortized in earnings over the term of the $125 million, 4.01 percent notes that were issued on May 11, 2018.

During fiscal 2020, NJNG entered into treasury lock transactions to fix the benchmark treasury rate associated with a $75 million debt tranche that was issued in September 2020. Settlement of the treasury locks resulted in a $6.6 million loss, which was recorded as a component of regulatory assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and will be amortized in earnings over the term of the debt as a component of interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, which totaled $50,000, as of September 30, 2020.

The Company elects NPNS accounting treatment on qualifying PPA contracts executed by Clean Energy Ventures that meet the definition of a derivative. Contracts designated as NPNS are accounted for on an accrual basis. Accordingly, electricity sales are recognized in revenues throughout the term of the PPA as electricity is delivered. NPNS is a contract-by-contract election and where it makes sense to do so, the Company can and may elect certain contracts to be normal.

On January 26, 2018, NJR entered into a variable-for-fixed interest rate swap on its $100 million variable rate term loan, which fixed the variable rate at 2.84 percent. The swap terminated on August 16, 2019, which coincided with the maturity of the debt. The change in the fair value and the settlement of the interest rate swap was recorded as a component of interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

During fiscal 2020, NJR entered into treasury lock transactions to fix the benchmark treasury rate associated with $260 million debt issuance that was finalized in July 2020 and a $200 million debt issuance that was finalized in September 2020. NJR designated its treasury lock contracts as cash flow hedges, therefore, changes in fair value of the effective portion of the hedges were recorded in OCI. Settlement of the treasury locks resulted in a loss of $13.7 million, which was recorded within OCI and will be amortized in earnings over the life of the debt as a component of interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, which totaled $108,000, net of tax, as of September 30, 2020.


			Fair Value
			2020						2019
(Thousands)	Balance Sheet Location	Asset Derivatives			Liability Derivatives			Asset Derivatives			Liability Derivatives
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Natural Gas Distribution:
Physical commodity contracts	Derivatives - current		$	78		$	76		$	67		$	245

Financial commodity contracts	Derivatives - current		71			282			382			570



Energy Services:
Physical commodity contracts	Derivatives - current		6,454			20,438			6,847			27,540
	Derivatives - noncurrent		1,264			12,003			1,710			12,641
Financial commodity contracts	Derivatives - current		16,671			12,965			17,806			29,057
	Derivatives - noncurrent		2,037			1,346			5,716			6,105
Foreign currency contracts	Derivatives - current		36			104			1			211
	Derivatives - noncurrent		48			3			—			75




Total fair value of derivatives			$	26,659		$	47,217		$	32,529		$	76,444


(Thousands)	Amounts Presented on Balance Sheets (1)			Offsetting Derivative Instruments (2)			Financial Collateral Received/Pledged (3)			Net Amounts (4)
As of September 2020:
Derivative assets:
Energy Services
Physical commodity contracts		$	7,718		$	(3,587)		$	(200)		$	3,931
Financial commodity contracts		18,708			(14,311)			—			4,397
Foreign currency contracts		84			(84)			—			—
Total Energy Services		$	26,510		$	(17,982)		$	(200)		$	8,328
Natural Gas Distribution
Physical commodity contracts		$	78		$	(65)		$	—		$	13
Financial commodity contracts		71			(71)			—			—

Total Natural Gas Distribution		$	149		$	(136)		$	—		$	13



Derivative liabilities:
Energy Services
Physical commodity contracts		$	32,441		$	(3,587)		$	—		$	28,854
Financial commodity contracts		14,311			(14,311)			—			—
Foreign currency contracts		107			(84)			—			23
Total Energy Services		$	46,859		$	(17,982)		$	—		$	28,877
Natural Gas Distribution
Physical commodity contracts		$	76		$	(65)		$	—		$	11
Financial commodity contracts		282			(71)			—			211

Total Natural Gas Distribution		$	358		$	(136)		$	—		$	222



As of September 30, 2019:
Derivative assets:
Energy Services
Physical commodity contracts		$	8,557		$	(2,906)		$	(200)		$	5,451
Financial commodity contracts		23,522			(19,646)			—			3,876
Foreign currency contracts		1			(1)			—			—
Total Energy Services		$	32,080		$	(22,553)		$	(200)		$	9,327
Natural Gas Distribution
Physical commodity contracts		$	67		$	(9)		$	—		$	58
Financial commodity contracts		382			(382)						—

Total Natural Gas Distribution		$	449		$	(391)		$	—		$	58



Derivative liabilities:
Energy Services
Physical commodity contracts		$	40,181		$	(2,906)		$	—		$	37,275
Financial commodity contracts		35,162			(19,646)			(15,516)			—
Foreign currency contracts		286			(1)			—			285
Total Energy Services		$	75,629		$	(22,553)		$	(15,516)		$	37,560
Natural Gas Distribution
Physical commodity contracts		$	245		$	(9)		$	—		$	236
Financial commodity contracts		570			(382)			(188)			—

Total Natural Gas Distribution		$	815		$	(391)		$	(188)		$	236

Energy Services utilizes financial derivatives to economically hedge the gross margin associated with the purchase of physical natural gas to be used for storage injection and its subsequent sale at a later date. The gains (losses) on the financial transactions that are economic hedges of the cost of the purchased natural gas are recognized prior to the gains (losses) on the physical transaction, which are recognized in earnings when the natural gas is delivered. Therefore, mismatches between the timing of the recognition of realized gains (losses) on the financial derivative instruments and gains (losses) associated with the actual sale of the natural gas that is being economically hedged, along with fair value changes in derivative instruments, creates volatility in the results of Energy Services, although the Company’s intended economic results relating to the entire transaction are unaffected.


(Thousands)	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:		2020		2019		2018
Energy Services:
Physical commodity contracts	Operating revenues	$	1,163	$	(5,732)	$	(9,311)
Physical commodity contracts	Natural gas purchases	(3,366)		(521)		(197)
Financial commodity contracts	Natural gas purchases	58,949		(643)		(24,622)
Foreign currency contracts	Natural gas purchases	(41)		(283)		(379)
Home Services and Other:
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense	—		(233)		334
Total unrealized and realized (losses) gains		$	56,705	$	(7,412)	$	(34,175)

NJNG’s derivative contracts are part of the Company’s risk management activities that relate to its natural gas purchases, BGSS incentive programs and debt financing. These transactions are entered into pursuant to regulatory approval. At settlement, the resulting gains and/or losses are payable to or recoverable from utility customers and are deferred in regulatory assets or liabilities resulting in no impact to earnings.

Futures exchanges have contract-specific margin requirements that require the posting of cash or cash equivalents relating to traded contracts. Margin requirements consist of initial margin that is posted upon the initiation of a position, maintenance margin that is usually expressed as a percent of initial margin, and variation margin that fluctuates based on the daily marked-to-market relative to maintenance margin requirements. The Company maintains separate broker margin accounts for the Natural Gas Distribution and Energy Services segments. The balances as of September 30, by segment, are as follows:

NJNG, Energy Services and Clean Energy Ventures are exposed to credit risk as a result of their sales/wholesale marketing activities. As a result of the inherent volatility in the prices of natural gas commodities, derivatives, SRECs, electricity and RECs, the market value of contractual positions with individual counterparties could exceed established credit limits or collateral provided by those counterparties. If a counterparty fails to perform the obligations under its contract (e.g., fails to deliver or pay for natural gas, SRECs, electricity or RECs), then the Company could sustain a loss.

The Company monitors and manages the credit risk of its wholesale operations through credit policies and procedures that management believes reduce overall credit risk. These policies include a review and evaluation of current and prospective counterparties’ financial statements and/or credit ratings, daily monitoring of counterparties’ credit limits and exposure, daily communication with traders regarding credit status and the use of credit mitigation measures, such as collateral requirements and netting agreements. Examples of collateral include letters of credit and cash received for either prepayment or margin deposit. Collateral may be requested due to the Company’s election not to extend credit or because exposure exceeds defined thresholds. Most of the Company’s wholesale marketing contracts contain standard netting provisions. These contracts include those governed by ISDA and the NAESB. The netting provisions refer to payment netting, whereby receivables and payables with the same counterparty are offset and the resulting net amount is paid to the party to which it is due.

Internally-rated exposure applies to counterparties that are not rated by Fitch or Moody’s. In these cases, the counterparty’s or guarantor’s financial statements are reviewed, and similar methodologies and ratios used by Fitch and/or Moody’s are applied to arrive at a substitute rating. Gross credit exposure is defined as the unrealized fair value of physical and financial derivative commodity contracts, plus any outstanding wholesale receivable for the value of natural gas delivered and/or financial derivative commodity contract that has settled for which payment has not yet been received.

Conversely, certain of NJNG’s and Energy Services’ derivative instruments are linked to agreements containing provisions that would require cash collateral payments from the Company if certain events occur. These provisions vary based upon the terms in individual counterparty agreements and can result in cash payments if NJNG’s credit rating were to fall below its current level. Specifically, most, but not all, of these additional payments will be triggered if NJNG’s debt is downgraded by the major credit agencies, regardless of investment grade status. In addition, some of these agreements include threshold amounts that would result in additional collateral payments if the values of derivative liabilities were to exceed the maximum values provided for in relevant counterparty agreements. Other provisions include payment features that are not specifically linked to ratings, but are based on certain financial metrics.

Collateral amounts associated with any of these conditions are determined based on a sliding scale and are contingent upon the degree to which the Company’s credit rating and/or financial metrics deteriorate, and the extent to which liability amounts exceed applicable threshold limits. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position on September 30, 2020 and 2019, were considered immaterial. These amounts differ from the respective net derivative liabilities reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because the agreements also include clauses, commonly known as “Rights of Offset,” that would permit the Company to offset its derivative assets against its derivative liabilities for determining additional collateral to be posted, as previously discussed.