LIABILITY FOR LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Liability for Future Policy Benefits and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract]

LIABILITY FOR LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of beginning and ending reserves for losses and settlement expenses of the Company. Amounts presented are on a net basis, with a reconciliation of beginning and ending reserves to the gross amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements.



	Year ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Gross reserves at beginning of year	$	690,532		$	678,774		$	661,309
Re-valuation due to foreign currency exchange rates	(1,913		)	(2,475		)	(2,061		)
Less ceded reserves at beginning of year	20,664			23,477			28,253
Net reserves at beginning of year	671,781			657,772			635,117

Incurred losses and settlement expenses related to:
Current year	441,588			427,838			405,850
Prior years	(19,619		)	(40,941		)	(35,114		)
Total incurred losses and settlement expenses	421,969			386,897			370,736

Paid losses and settlement expenses related to:
Current year	179,354			172,652			154,958
Prior years	213,232			200,236			193,123
Total paid losses and settlement expenses	392,586			372,888			348,081

Net reserves at end of year	701,164			671,781			657,772
Plus ceded reserves at end of year	30,923			20,664			23,477
Re-valuation due to foreign currency exchange rates	525			(1,913		)	(2,475		)
Gross reserves at end of year	$	732,612		$	690,532		$	678,774

There is an inherent amount of uncertainty involved in the establishment of insurance liabilities. This uncertainty is greatest in the current and more recent accident years because a smaller percentage of the expected ultimate claims have been reported, adjusted and settled compared to more mature accident years. For this reason, carried reserves for these accident years reflect prudently conservative assumptions. As the carried reserves for these accident years run off, the overall expectation is that, more often than not, favorable development will occur. However, there is also the possibility that the ultimate settlement of liabilities associated with these accident years will show adverse development, and such adverse development could be substantial.

Changes in reserve estimates are reflected in net income in the year such changes are recorded. Following is an analysis of the reserve development the Company experienced during the past three years. Care should be exercised when attempting to analyze the financial impact of the reported development amounts because, as noted above, the overall expectation is that, more often than not, favorable development will occur as the prior accident years’ reserves run off.

2017 Development

For the property and casualty insurance segment, the December 31, 2017 estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves for accident years 2016 and prior decreased $15.7 million from the estimate at December 31, 2016. This decrease represents 3.2 percent of the December 31, 2016 gross carried reserves and is primarily attributed to reductions in prior year ultimate loss ratios for every line of business except commercial auto liability and surety bonds (included in "other" lines of business). Commercial auto liability experienced adverse development as ultimate loss and settlement expense ratios were increased for accident years 2013-2016 due to increases in projected severity and/or frequency. The adverse development from surety bonds was due to two large accident year 2015 losses. The two lines of business contributing the majority of favorable development were other liability and workers' compensation. Other liability’s ultimate loss ratios were decreased for most accident years from 2001 through 2016 mainly in response to decreases in expected ultimate severity. Workers' compensation’s favorable development reflects a reduction in the accident year 2016 ultimate ratio as reported losses to date are materially more favorable than anticipated in frequency and severity assumptions underlying the December 31, 2016 selection. Included in the development amount is adverse development experienced in the other liability line of business stemming from the settlement of claims for past and future legal fees and losses on a multi-year asbestos exposure associated with a former insured, and a slight strengthening of remaining reserves.

For the reinsurance segment, the December 31, 2017 estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves for accident years 2016 and prior decreased $3.9 million from the estimate at December 31, 2016. This decrease represents 1.9 percent of the December 31, 2016 gross carried reserves and primarily reflects favorable development in the property/casualty global pro rata and excess contracts, and the per risk excess contracts. For the property/casualty global pro rata contracts, the favorable development was related to a change in ultimate loss assumptions for several prior years due to the use of company experience in place of Reinsurance Association of America data for calculating development factors to ultimate.

2016 Development

During the third quarter of 2016, management implemented a new reserving methodology for the determination of direct bulk reserves in the property and casualty insurance segment. The new methodology, which is referred to as the accident year ultimate estimate approach, better conforms to industry practices and provides increased transparency of the drivers of the property and casualty insurance segment's performance. In connection with this change in reserving methodology, there was a reallocation of IBNR loss reserves and allocated settlement expense reserves from prior accident years to the current accident year in multiple lines of business. This change resulted in the movement of approximately $5.6 million of reserves from prior accident years to the current accident year that was reported as favorable development; however, this development is "mechanical in nature", and did not have an impact on earnings because the total amount of carried reserves did not change.

For the property and casualty insurance segment, the December 31, 2016 estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves for accident years 2015 and prior decreased $30.0 million from the estimate at December 31, 2015. Excluding the $5.6 million of "mechanical" favorable development that resulted from the change in reserving methodology noted above, the implied amount of favorable development that had an impact on earnings was approximately $24.4 million. This decrease represented 5.1 percent of the December 31, 2015 gross carried reserves and was primarily attributed to a significant amount of favorable reserve development experienced in the workers' compensation and other liability lines of business. The favorable development in the workers' compensation line of business was generated from a change in assumptions due to better than expected loss frequency for accident year 2015 and loss severity for the most recent accident years. The favorable development in the other liability line of business was generated from a change in assumptions due to better than expected loss severity.

For the reinsurance segment, the December 31, 2016 estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves for accident years 2015 and prior decreased $10.9 million from the estimate at December 31, 2015. This decrease represented 5.5 percent of the December 31, 2015 gross carried reserves and was attributed to favorable development in the 2015 accident year in the HORAD pro rata line of business, and an increase in the amount of negative bulk IBNR loss reserve carried on prior years' reserves in the MRB book of business.

During 2016, the expected loss ratios utilized for prior contract years remained unchanged, except for ocean marine pro rata business. The expected loss ratios associated with this contract type were decreased in contract years 2012, 2014 and 2015 from the ratios utilized during 2015. Additionally, the expected loss ratio for contract year 2013 was increased slightly relative to the 2015 value. These changes were made in response to reserving information supplied by the ceding company, a large writer of ocean marine pro rata business.

2015 Development

For the property and casualty insurance segment, the December 31, 2015 estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves for accident years 2014 and prior decreased $13.8 million from the estimate at December 31, 2014. No changes were made in the key actuarial assumptions utilized to estimate loss and settlement expense reserves during 2015; however, the accident year allocation factors applied to IBNR loss reserves, bulk case loss reserves and the defense and cost containment portion of settlement expense reserves were revised at December 31, 2015 as part of the annual review. This change resulted in the movement of $423,000 of reserves from prior accident years to the current accident year, and hence, was reported as favorable development on prior years' reserves. Development on prior years’ reserves resulting solely from changes in the allocation of bulk reserves between the current and prior accident years is also "mechanical in nature", and does not have an impact on earnings. Excluding this $423,000 of "mechanical" favorable development, the implied amount of favorable development that had an impact on earnings was approximately $13.4 million. This decrease represented 2.9 percent of the December 31, 2014 gross carried reserves and was primarily attributed to better than expected outcomes on claims reported in prior years and favorable development on prior years' settlement expenses.

For the reinsurance segment, the December 31, 2015 estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves for accident years 2014 and prior decreased $21.3 million from the estimate at December 31, 2014. No changes were made in the key actuarial assumptions utilized to estimate loss and settlement expense reserves during 2015; however, the accident year allocation factors applied to IBNR loss reserves were revised during 2015, resulting in $1.0 million of "mechanical" adverse development. Excluding this $1.0 million of adverse development, the implied amount of favorable development that had an impact on earnings was approximately $22.3 million. This decrease represented 11.3 percent of the December 31, 2014 gross carried reserves and was attributed to several factors, including adjustments made in the offshore energy and liability proportional account, a reduction in carried IBNR loss reserves that was no longer necessary and a negative bulk IBNR loss reserve established for the MRB book of business.

Following is information about reported incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2017, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the amount of IBNR loss reserves carried (representing both IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims). The information displayed for assumed reinsurance is restated to reflect all foreign currency denominated transactions on the basis of current (December 31, 2017) exchange rates. The number of reported claims (cumulative claim frequency) for the Company’s direct insurance business represents the total number of claims reported by the participants in the pooling agreement, and is determined on the basis of each unique combination of claimant, specific policy coverage, and type of loss. This is in contrast to all other reported amounts that are stated at the aggregate 30 percent pool participation percentage of the Company's property and casualty insurance subsidiaries. The cumulative claim frequency for the Company’s assumed reinsurance business is not readily available. Consistent with industry practices, bordereauxs on pro rata accounts often exclude claim frequency information, and if it is included, the level of detail provided by the ceding companies can vary significantly. Excess of loss contracts customarily report total losses subject to the treaty without detailed loss listings.



($ in thousands)
Commercial auto liability insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																					As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited			Audited			Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017			IBNR reserves carried			Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	29,898	$	30,082	$	29,433	$	27,968	$	26,886	$	26,923	$	26,878	$	26,741	$	26,768	$	26,764		$	(1	)	11,511
2009			28,973		27,923		26,667		25,370		24,986		24,874		24,730		24,655		24,697			15			10,482
2010					30,377		27,480		26,478		26,401		26,252		26,479		26,166		26,166			—			11,393
2011							32,775		29,790		31,098		31,961		31,914		31,635		31,638			275			11,767
2012									32,768		34,235		37,098		37,681		37,693		37,753			(203		)	11,941
2013											37,265		40,382		42,086		42,336		43,159			(52		)	13,640
2014													50,342		49,998		51,455		51,933			1,225			15,059
2015															53,883		57,824		58,627			1,664			16,494
2016																	59,468		61,188			6,307			16,829
2017																			63,909			16,652			15,220
																	Total		$	425,834

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	6,551	$	13,437	$	19,204	$	23,144	$	25,215	$	26,306	$	26,527	$	26,648	$	26,750	$	26,756
2009			6,952		12,957		17,359		21,532		24,001		24,495		24,593		24,608		24,628
2010					7,025		13,278		19,274		23,547		24,674		25,558		26,039		26,088
2011							6,801		14,875		22,206		26,598		29,121		30,293		30,878
2012									8,830		19,398		26,023		32,636		35,406		36,541
2013											8,729		19,975		29,997		36,232		40,807
2014													12,069		25,746		37,433		44,783
2015															13,336		27,424		39,478
2016																	13,583		30,233
2017																			14,474
																	Total		$	314,666
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										(34		)
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	111,134



($ in thousands)
Commercial property insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																					As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited			Audited			Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017			IBNR reserves carried			Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	48,559	$	42,870	$	42,645	$	42,422	$	42,562	$	42,649	$	42,784	$	42,765	$	42,707	$	42,786		$	23		15,799
2009			39,511		36,003		35,985		35,881		35,622		35,926		36,056		36,020		36,292			(71		)	14,654
2010					40,422		38,650		38,770		39,071		39,154		39,379		39,428		39,347			(75		)	16,276
2011							58,930		57,614		57,271		57,629		57,703		58,375		58,148			22			19,509
2012									41,535		44,157		45,313		46,273		46,566		46,750			22			16,054
2013											50,266		50,976		52,511		53,070		52,966			268			16,005
2014													60,018		60,990		60,662		60,867			456			16,735
2015															55,508		56,798		55,659			99			14,366
2016																	59,708		58,343			(176		)	14,866
2017																			55,459			65			13,818
																	Total		$	506,617

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	31,514	$	40,603	$	41,868	$	41,991	$	42,071	$	42,607	$	42,691	$	42,755	$	42,755	$	42,761
2009			25,321		32,602		34,624		35,422		35,803		35,803		35,849		35,893		36,224
2010					28,032		35,730		36,931		37,926		38,901		39,314		39,318		39,323
2011							41,524		53,226		54,803		56,249		57,065		57,607		58,106
2012									32,879		41,862		43,628		44,543		46,270		46,562
2013											36,555		47,683		50,460		51,457		52,182
2014													43,022		55,679		58,045		59,255
2015															37,208		50,068		52,444
2016																	41,652		51,103
2017																			38,114
																	Total		$	476,074
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										(1		)
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	30,542



($ in thousands)
Workers' compensation insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																				As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited		Audited		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		IBNR reserves carried		Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	49,577	$	46,240	$	44,113	$	43,156	$	43,766	$	43,338	$	43,301	$	43,737	$	42,943	$	43,272	$	1,540	21,622
2009			46,130		43,335		44,098		44,041		44,093		43,590		43,724		42,774		43,417		1,642		19,236
2010					46,328		49,336		50,057		49,906		49,851		50,069		49,145		49,435		2,032		19,624
2011							47,836		46,724		44,709		44,506		44,427		43,695		44,056		1,831		19,569
2012									51,099		50,094		47,756		46,928		45,088		45,276		2,335		19,380
2013											52,141		51,637		48,946		46,102		45,949		2,509		19,843
2014													51,515		50,973		47,472		47,836		2,902		19,457
2015															54,960		48,919		47,227		1,777		19,177
2016																	57,832		48,276		3,084		20,147
2017																			52,409		6,721		19,181
																	Total		$	467,153

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	12,432	$	25,214	$	31,110	$	34,302	$	36,024	$	37,270	$	37,938	$	38,654	$	39,099	$	39,496
2009			11,879		25,157		31,802		35,363		37,409		38,329		39,167		39,583		39,908
2010					14,237		28,074		35,029		39,001		41,437		42,651		43,614		44,175
2011							13,291		26,291		32,237		35,295		37,027		38,437		39,167
2012									14,015		28,109		33,943		37,307		39,456		40,292
2013											14,917		29,219		35,061		37,907		39,254
2014													14,692		28,894		35,883		39,046
2015															14,956		29,023		35,458
2016																	15,473		29,592
2017																			16,863
																	Total		$	363,251
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										34,420
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	138,322



($ in thousands)
Other liability insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																				As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited		Audited		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		IBNR reserves carried		Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	46,327	$	40,005	$	38,877	$	34,689	$	38,755	$	37,005	$	36,305	$	35,528	$	35,491	$	34,941	$	538	10,957
2009			44,497		39,908		37,650		34,263		35,614		32,827		32,384		32,521		32,063		647		9,844
2010					41,624		36,213		34,655		38,829		36,137		34,655		34,556		33,736		639		10,144
2011							44,490		42,982		35,125		35,177		33,649		32,452		31,711		992		9,994
2012									42,661		42,081		41,139		40,275		37,093		37,180		38		10,043
2013											47,974		43,837		42,544		42,187		39,175		3,666		10,580
2014													61,382		54,403		52,601		51,047		1,662		10,878
2015															54,221		47,553		43,379		9,566		10,496
2016																	59,052		56,384		12,913		10,262
2017																			59,420		25,293		8,407
																	Total		$	419,036

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	4,299	$	10,443	$	16,525	$	24,139	$	28,476	$	31,270	$	32,514	$	32,863	$	33,162	$	33,451
2009			3,294		10,707		16,718		22,276		26,255		28,172		29,722		30,176		30,488
2010					3,403		8,315		15,041		21,732		27,612		29,688		30,711		31,776
2011							4,730		10,572		17,308		22,154		25,647		28,228		29,060
2012									4,720		12,851		19,661		25,095		29,651		32,753
2013											4,414		11,894		21,122		27,642		31,752
2014													5,630		17,267		27,506		35,318
2015															4,331		11,588		19,022
2016																	6,403		18,784
2017																			6,322
																	Total		$	268,726
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										13,369
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	163,679



($ in thousands)
Personal auto liability insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																				As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited		Audited			Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		IBNR reserves carried			Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	9,024	$	8,221	$	8,121	$	8,098	$	8,094	$	7,909	$	7,876	$	7,833	$	7,862	$	7,804	$	—		6,783
2009			10,168		9,653		9,452		9,386		9,353		9,382		9,339		9,325		9,312		(2		)	7,523
2010					9,815		9,851		9,736		9,698		9,700		9,656		9,676		9,649		2			7,431
2011							9,741		9,388		9,331		9,432		9,460		9,311		9,413		10			8,051
2012									10,917		10,756		11,023		10,731		10,537		10,626		7			7,872
2013											10,492		10,384		10,376		10,085		10,085		22			7,235
2014													10,573		9,631		9,331		9,204		27			6,312
2015															9,119		8,638		8,378		181			5,666
2016																	7,404		6,584		108			4,693
2017																			7,043		553			4,427
																	Total		$	88,098

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	3,096	$	5,798	$	6,743	$	7,291	$	7,558	$	7,794	$	7,810	$	7,809	$	7,805	$	7,804
2009			3,564		6,393		7,966		8,905		9,049		9,194		9,204		9,278		9,314
2010					3,988		6,666		8,250		9,108		9,401		9,562		9,632		9,631
2011							3,950		6,842		8,129		8,883		9,038		9,153		9,335
2012									4,779		7,439		9,091		9,871		10,244		10,415
2013											4,377		7,521		8,985		9,648		9,932
2014													3,970		6,392		7,755		8,598
2015															3,800		6,229		7,535
2016																	3,505		5,427
2017																			3,467
																	Total		$	81,458
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										71
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	6,711



($ in thousands)
Homeowners insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																				As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited		Audited			Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		IBNR reserves carried			Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	22,736	$	20,222	$	19,894	$	19,924	$	19,905	$	19,886	$	19,886	$	19,901	$	19,908	$	19,911	$	—		12,999
2009			18,109		16,606		16,467		16,379		16,352		16,394		16,465		16,464		16,467		—			11,486
2010					17,875		17,523		17,074		17,053		17,093		17,129		17,146		17,139		7			12,146
2011							24,530		23,389		22,975		23,309		23,448		23,415		23,350		(19		)	14,287
2012									16,057		16,496		16,836		16,929		16,892		16,879		(24		)	10,113
2013											14,844		14,833		14,685		14,784		14,737		(14		)	8,688
2014													13,228		13,328		13,447		13,427		18			7,423
2015															11,233		11,153		11,041		(25		)	5,940
2016																	11,801		11,377		87			7,281
2017																			9,926		(221		)	7,359
																	Total		$	154,254

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	15,642	$	19,385	$	19,550	$	19,787	$	19,891	$	19,902	$	19,903	$	19,902	$	19,908	$	19,911
2009			12,645		15,885		16,135		16,246		16,288		16,315		16,421		16,464		16,467
2010					13,457		16,633		16,909		17,011		17,128		17,128		17,130		17,132
2011							19,828		22,421		22,737		23,136		23,403		23,370		23,368
2012									13,759		16,283		16,582		16,793		16,859		16,905
2013											11,735		14,285		14,621		14,681		14,703
2014													11,065		13,025		13,215		13,269
2015															8,650		10,456		10,730
2016																	10,573		10,869
2017																			8,760
																	Total		$	152,114
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										91
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	2,231



($ in thousands)
Auto physical damage insurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																					As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited			Audited			Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017			IBNR reserves carried			Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	19,589	$	17,743	$	17,598	$	17,584	$	17,578	$	17,567	$	17,562	$	17,558	$	17,540	$	17,541		$	(9	)	28,635
2009			18,077		16,744		16,720		16,639		16,593		16,605		16,602		16,587		16,590			(11		)	29,424
2010					19,249		18,657		18,538		18,549		18,527		18,532		18,488		18,494			(28		)	31,518
2011							21,965		21,003		20,919		20,917		20,915		20,877		20,867			(27		)	34,394
2012									21,389		21,342		21,263		21,233		21,161		21,184			(30		)	31,099
2013											22,847		22,553		22,486		22,371		22,408			(4		)	31,041
2014													24,897		24,115		23,904		23,946			(51		)	31,580
2015															27,950		26,612		26,331			(10		)	30,665
2016																	28,070		27,629			(310		)	30,715
2017																			28,523			(1,868		)	29,755
																	Total		$	223,513

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	16,491	$	17,662	$	17,577	$	17,570	$	17,577	$	17,564	$	17,560	$	17,557	$	17,555	$	17,550
2009			15,566		16,661		16,687		16,636		16,592		16,603		16,602		16,601		16,599
2010					17,113		18,557		18,529		18,540		18,523		18,528		18,521		18,521
2011							19,849		20,984		20,912		20,904		20,912		20,900		20,892
2012									19,719		21,328		21,256		21,227		21,216		21,216
2013											20,774		22,512		22,463		22,417		22,408
2014													22,743		24,110		23,987		23,978
2015															24,483		26,538		26,327
2016																	26,871		27,883
2017																			27,452
																	Total		$	222,826
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										(33		)
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	654



($ in thousands)
Assumed pro rata reinsurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																				As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited		Audited		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		IBNR reserves carried		Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	29,931	$	25,463	$	24,129	$	24,473	$	23,972	$	24,103	$	23,914	$	24,068	$	24,126	$	24,084	$	261	Unavailable
2009			23,812		19,364		18,442		17,626		17,447		17,274		17,212		17,204		17,183		225
2010					19,629		17,279		16,658		15,993		15,807		15,589		15,539		15,533		135
2011							30,231		30,316		29,848		29,075		28,459		28,440		28,339		182
2012									22,113		21,580		21,110		18,429		17,855		17,644		349
2013											23,306		30,174		27,545		26,936		25,442		1,883
2014													31,516		27,776		28,007		26,419		753
2015															38,442		35,356		35,148		1,704
2016																	35,830		39,412		7,664
2017																			29,989		14,704
																	Total		$	259,193

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	9,263	$	18,268	$	20,525	$	21,744	$	22,284	$	22,700	$	22,950	$	23,253	$	23,395	$	23,476
2009			6,105		13,004		14,644		15,481		16,024		16,283		16,463		16,651		16,748
2010					5,059		12,057		14,081		14,499		15,172		15,212		15,254		15,299
2011							10,220		23,008		26,733		27,477		27,901		27,973		28,037
2012									4,478		12,826		15,159		16,403		16,772		16,852
2013											3,886		12,639		17,963		21,123		21,864
2014													6,052		16,185		20,745		23,567
2015															9,569		22,042		30,356
2016																	9,673		22,280
2017																			7,674
																	Total		$	206,153
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										2,599
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	55,639



($ in thousands)
Assumed excess of loss reinsurance
	Incurred losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,																				As of December 31, 2017
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited		Audited		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		IBNR reserves carried		Cumulative number of reported claims
2008	$	43,963	$	39,939	$	41,427	$	40,162	$	39,019	$	39,606	$	37,519	$	37,063	$	36,928	$	37,786	$	1,384	Unavailable
2009			38,903		30,552		29,987		30,518		30,167		28,233		27,913		27,142		26,922		1,496
2010					47,426		41,011		40,820		40,307		39,675		40,432		39,628		39,166		1,857
2011							72,124		61,787		60,948		59,345		59,090		58,700		58,279		1,977
2012									58,852		56,119		54,494		53,247		52,896		52,003		2,898
2013											52,699		47,705		45,103		44,947		44,829		3,188
2014													65,573		59,108		60,454		62,009		5,061
2015															60,183		55,190		51,924		6,372
2016																	66,995		67,206		9,099
2017																			91,994		29,426
																	Total		$	532,118

	Cumulative paid losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, for the years ended December 31,
	Supplementary unaudited information																		Audited
Accident year	2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
2008	$	14,314	$	25,556	$	28,756	$	30,690	$	31,320	$	32,634	$	32,784	$	33,216	$	33,660	$	33,837
2009			8,554		15,896		18,803		21,011		21,882		22,231		22,854		23,032		23,264
2010					9,282		24,759		28,037		30,858		32,700		33,709		35,387		35,646
2011							25,309		42,214		47,965		50,613		52,611		53,906		54,628
2012									21,320		36,266		40,641		43,637		45,174		46,735
2013											11,732		27,635		33,422		37,717		39,520
2014													22,172		39,361		46,163		50,242
2015															13,434		30,495		36,918
2016																	18,408		38,913
2017																			27,881
																	Total		$	387,584
									All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										18,772
							Liability for losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance												$	163,306

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for losses and settlement expenses:



($ in thousands)	December 31, 2017
Net outstanding liabilities for losses and allocated settlement expenses:
Commercial auto liability insurance	$	111,134
Commercial property insurance	30,542
Workers' compensation insurance	138,322
Other liability insurance	163,679
Personal auto liability insurance	6,711
Homeowners insurance	2,231
Auto physical damage insurance	654
Assumed pro rata reinsurance	55,639
Assumed excess of loss reinsurance	163,306
Other lines of insurance	2,283
Liability for losses and allocated settlement expenses, net of reinsurance	674,501

Ceded reserves for losses and allocated settlement expenses:
Commercial auto liability insurance	768
Commercial property insurance	4,624
Workers' compensation insurance	10,005
Other liability insurance	3,938
Personal auto liability insurance	1,337
Homeowners insurance	573
Auto physical damage insurance	228
Assumed pro rata reinsurance	7,167
Assumed excess of loss reinsurance	1,444
Other lines of insurance	839
Total ceded reserves for losses and allocated settlement expenses	30,923

Unallocated settlement expenses	27,188
Gross reserve for losses and settlement expenses	$	732,612



Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance
	Supplementary unaudited information
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
Commercial auto liability insurance	23.5	%	25.7	%	21.2	%	15.4	%	8.0	%	3.2	%	1.2	%	0.3	%	0.3	%	0.0	%
Commercial property insurance	70.3	%	20.1	%	4.0	%	1.9	%	1.7	%	0.8	%	0.3	%	0.1	%	0.5	%	0.0	%
Workers' compensation insurance	30.5	%	29.8	%	13.8	%	7.2	%	4.2	%	2.5	%	1.8	%	1.3	%	0.9	%	0.9	%
Other liability insurance	11.5	%	19.6	%	19.5	%	17.2	%	12.7	%	7.3	%	3.5	%	1.9	%	1.0	%	0.8	%
Personal auto liability insurance	44.1	%	29.4	%	14.9	%	8.2	%	2.6	%	1.8	%	0.7	%	0.3	%	0.2	%	0.0	%
Homeowners insurance	82.2	%	14.9	%	1.7	%	0.9	%	0.5	%	0.1	%	0.2	%	0.1	%	0.0	%	0.0	%
Auto physical damage insurance	94.3	%	6.6	%	(0.3	)%	(0.1	)%	(0.1	)%	0.0	%	0.0	%	0.0	%	0.0	%	0.0	%
Assumed pro rata reinsurance	28.4	%	39.5	%	15.0	%	6.5	%	2.7	%	0.9	%	0.6	%	0.9	%	0.6	%	0.3	%
Assumed excess of loss reinsurance	32.3	%	31.2	%	10.3	%	6.7	%	3.3	%	2.5	%	2.1	%	0.8	%	1.1	%	0.5	%