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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes is based on the earnings reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred income tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the cumulative temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be applied to taxable income in years which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred income tax expense is measured by the net change in deferred income tax assets and liabilities during the year.
The foreign components of income before the provision for income taxes were not material for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:
202320222021
Currently payable:
Federal$85,978,954 $62,670,986 $89,507,896 
State6,242,525 4,310,783 5,642,926 
Foreign2,091,533 1,761,732 2,098,433 
Total94,313,012 68,743,501 97,249,255 
Deferred income tax benefit:
Primarily federal(17,735,110)(17,777,777)(41,694,751)
Provision for income taxes$76,577,902 $50,965,724 $55,554,504 
The effective income tax rates are different from the statutory federal income tax rates for the following reasons:
202320222021
Statutory federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit0.8 0.9 0.7 
Research tax credit(1.3)(1.8)(1.0)
(Decrease) Increase in reserve for uncertain tax provisions— (0.2)0.1 
Non-deductible executive compensation0.1 0.3 0.1 
Non-deductible expenses0.1 0.3 — 
Foreign tax credit(0.5)(0.3)(0.2)
Foreign derived intangible income deduction(5.1)(6.2)(6.3)
Stock compensation(0.4)(0.6)(1.3)
Other0.5 0.4 0.2 
Effective income tax rate15.2 %13.8 %13.3 %

The tax effect of temporary differences which give rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities at    December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows: 
 December 31,
 20232022
Assets:
Accruals not currently deductible$10,989,677 $9,778,184 
Research and development costs70,252,363 58,501,232 
Stock based compensation15,536,416 14,670,250 
Excess tax over book depreciation7,060,777 — 
Other4,025,082 4,722,513 
Total deferred income tax assets$107,864,315 $87,672,179 
Liabilities:
Excess tax over book depreciation$— $(3,460,485)
Goodwill(47,185,855)(42,580,026)
Intangible assets(15,235,639)(13,268,772)
Other(4,329,062)(2,834,196)
Total deferred income tax liabilities$(66,750,556)$(62,143,479)
Net deferred income taxes$41,113,759 $25,528,700 


Net operating loss carryforwards with no expiration totaling $6.0 million are available to reduce future taxable earnings of certain domestic and foreign subsidiaries.

Income taxes paid in cash were approximately $110.3 million, $35.2 million and $105.8 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
202320222021
Beginning of year$4,630,000 $5,275,000 $4,864,000 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year1,046,000 951,000 1,023,000 
Additions for tax positions in prior years671,000 353,000 364,000 
Reductions for tax positions in prior years(31,000)(26,000)(51,000)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations(1,538,000)(1,923,000)(925,000)
End of year$4,778,000 $4,630,000 $5,275,000 
If recognized, unrecognized tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits through the provision for income taxes. The Company has accrued approximately $365,000, $379,000, and $605,000 for interest as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Interest expensed during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was not considered significant.
The Company is also subject to periodic and routine audits in both domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions. It is reasonably possible that the amounts of unrecognized tax benefits could change as a result of an audit, new positions taken on income tax returns, settlement of tax positions and the closing of statute of limitations. It is not expected that any change will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
For the majority of tax jurisdictions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2018.