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Stock-Based Compensation Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Plans STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

At December 31, 2018, the Company had four equity incentive plans which include two stock option plans, a restricted stock plan and an employee stock purchase plan. All of the plans and any material amendments thereto have previously been approved by shareholders.

Employee Stock Option Plan
In May 2014, the Employee Stock Option Plan was approved by shareholders, amending and restating a prior plan. The Company may grant up to 24,000,000 shares of common stock under the plan. The purpose of the plan is to provide an opportunity to use stock options as a means of recruiting new managerial and technical personnel and as a means for retaining certain employees of the Company by allowing them to purchase shares of common stock of the Corporation and thereby have an additional incentive to contribute to the prosperity of the Company.
The Company has granted options on 12,787,960 shares (net of shares from canceled/expired options) under the plan through December 31, 2018. Under the plan, the option exercise price equals the stock’s market price on date of grant. The options vest after one to five years, and expire after five to ten years.

The fair value of each option grant in the Employee Stock Option Plan was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the indicated periods:
 
2018
 
2017

2016
Dividend yield (1)
2.1
%
 
2.1
%
 
2.2
%
Expected volatility (2)
26.0
%
 
26.7
%
 
33.2
%
Risk-free interest rate (3)
2.7
%
 
2.0
%
 
1.4
%
Expected term of options (in years) (4)
4.2

 
4.2

 
4.7

Weighted-average grant-date fair value
$
5

 
$
4

 
$
4


(1)    Represents the Company's estimated cash dividend yield over the expected term of option grant.
(2)
Amount is determined based on analysis of historical price volatility of the Company's common stock. The expected volatility is based on the daily percentage change in the price of the stock over a period equal to the expected term of the option grant.
(3)    Represents the U.S. Treasury yield over the expected term of the option grant.
(4)
Represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. Based on analysis of historical option exercise activity, the Company has determined that all employee groups exhibit similar exercise and post-vesting termination behavior.
As of December 31, 2018, there was $8,445,267 of unrecognized compensation cost related to share-based payments which is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting periods, with a weighted-average period of 1.90 years.
A summary of the status of the Company’s employee stock option plan at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and changes during the same periods are presented in the tables below.
 
2018
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
 
Wtd. Avg. 
Remaining
Contract Life
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic 
Value
(000)
Outstanding at Beginning of Year
11,837

 
$
16

 
 
 
 
Granted
1,613

 
22

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(4,278
)
 
15

 
 
 
$
38,097

Forfeited
(228
)
 
18

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at End of Year
8,944

 
18

 
2.8 Yrs
 
$
24,881

Exercisable at End of Year
4,101

 
$
16

 
1.7 Yrs
 
$
16,162


 
2017
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
 
Wtd. Avg. 
Remaining
Contract Life
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic 
Value
(000)
Outstanding at Beginning of Year
14,252

 
$
15

 
 
 
 
Granted
1,295

 
20

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(3,476
)
 
13

 
 
 
$
25,156

Forfeited
(234
)
 
16

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at End of Year
11,837

 
16

 
2.7 Yrs
 
$
58,202

Exercisable at End of Year
5,297

 
$
15

 
2 Yrs
 
$
32,152


 
 
2016
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
 
Wtd. Avg. 
Remaining
Contract Life
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic 
Value
(000)
Outstanding at Beginning of Year
17,692

 
$
14

 
 
 
 
Granted
3,227

 
17

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(6,291
)
 
12

 
 
 
$
31,790

Forfeited
(376
)
 
15

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at End of Year
14,252

 
15

 
3 Yrs
 
$
67,763

Exercisable at End of Year
4,855

 
$
14

 
2.3 Yrs
 
$
30,021


A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, are presented in the table below: 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg
Grant
Date
Fair Value
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg
Grant
Date
Fair Value
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg
Grant
Date
Fair Value
Nonvested Stock Options at Beginning of Year
6,540

 
$
4

 
9,397

 
$
4

 
10,835

 
$
4

Granted
1,613

 
5

 
1,295

 
4

 
3,227

 
4

Vested
(3,089
)
 
4

 
(3,941
)
 
4

 
(4,343
)
 
4

Forfeited
(222
)
 
4

 
(211
)
 
4

 
(322
)
 
4

Nonvested Stock Options at End of Year
4,842

 
$
4

 
6,540

 
$
4

 
9,397

 
$
4



Non-employee Director Stock Option Plan
In 2012, an Amended and Restated Non-employee Director Stock Option Plan, covering a total of 1,000,000 shares of common stock, was approved by shareholders replacing a prior plan. The Company has granted options on 483,940 shares (net of shares from canceled options) under the new director plan and 1,074,480 shares (net of shares from canceled options) under a prior plan through December 31, 2018. Under the shareholder approved plans, the option exercise price equals the stock's market price on date of grant. The options vest after six months, and expire after ten years.
The fair value of each option grant in the Non-employee Director Stock Option Plans was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the indicated periods:

 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Dividend yield (1)
2.0
%
 
2.2
%
 
2.2
%
Expected volatility (2)
23.4
%
 
28.3
%
 
34.1
%
Risk-free interest rate (3)
3.1
%
 
2.2
%
 
1.9
%
Expected term of options (in years) (4)
5.8

 
6.4

 
6.2

Weighted-average grant-date fair value
$
5

 
$
5

 
$
4


(1)    Represents the Company's estimated cash dividend yield over the expected term of option grant.
(2)
Amount is determined based on analysis of historical price volatility of the Company's common stock. The expected volatility is based on the daily percentage change in the price of the stock over a period equal to the expected term of the option grant.
(3)    Represents the U.S. Treasury yield over the expected term of the option grant.
(4)
Represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. Based on analysis of historical option exercise activity, the Company has determined that non-employee directors exhibit similar exercise and post-vesting termination behavior.

As of December 31, 2018, there was $23,003 of unrecognized compensation cost related to share-based payments under this plan.



A summary of the status of the Company’s Non-employee Director Stock Option Plan at December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, and changes during the same periods are presented in the tables and narrative below: 
 
2018
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
 
Wtd. Avg. 
Remaining
Contract Life
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic 
Value
(000)
Outstanding at Beginning of Year
406

 
$
15

 
 
 
 
Granted
57

 
24

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(101
)
 
13

 
 
 


Forfeited
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at End of Year
362

 
16

 
6 Yrs
 
$
1,582

Exercisable at End of Year
354

 
$
16

 
6 Yrs
 
$
1,582


 
2017
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
 
Wtd. Avg. 
Remaining
Contract Life
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic 
Value
(000)
Outstanding at Beginning of Year
381

 
$
14

 
 
 
 
Granted
56

 
19

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(31
)
 
14

 
 
 


Forfeited
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at End of Year
406

 
15

 
6.1 Yrs
 
$
2,565

Exercisable at End of Year
406

 
$
15

 
6.1 Yrs
 
$
2,565


 
 
2016
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
 
Wtd. Avg. 
Remaining
Contract Life
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic 
Value
(000)
Outstanding at Beginning of Year
373

 
$
13

 
 
 
 
Granted
56

 
16

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(36
)
 
10

 
 
 


Forfeited
(12
)
 
16

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at End of Year
381

 
14

 
6.4 Yrs
 
$
2,180

Exercisable at End of Year
381

 
$
14

 
6.4 Yrs
 
$
2,180


 
A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested Non-employee Director Stock Option Plan activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, are presented in the table below:
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Shares
(000)
 
Wtd. Avg
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested Stock Options at Beginning of Year
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

Granted
57

 
5

 
56

 
5

 
56

 
4

Vested
(49
)
 
5

 
(56
)
 
5

 
(56
)
 
4

Forfeited
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Nonvested stock options at End of Year
8

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—



Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In 2013, the Gentex Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan covering 2,000,000 shares of common stock was approved by the shareholders, replacing a prior plan. Under such plan, the Company sells shares at 85% of the stock’s market price at the date of purchase. Under ASC 718, the 15% discounted value is recognized as compensation expense. The following table summarizes shares sold to employees under the 2013 Plan in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
Plan
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cumulative Shares Issued in 2018
Weighted Average Fair Value 2018
2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
177,846

 
175,479

 
177,781

972,843

$
18.38


Restricted Stock Plan
In 2015, an amendment to the Company’s Second Restricted Stock Plan was approved by shareholders. The Plan amendment increased the maximum number of shares that may be subject to awards to 9,000,000 shares and to extend the Plan’s termination date to February 19, 2025. The purpose of this plan is to permit grants of shares, subject to restrictions, to employees of the Company as a means of retaining and rewarding them for performance and to increase their ownership in the Company. Shares awarded under the plan entitle the shareholder to all rights of common stock ownership except that the shares may not be sold, transferred, pledged, exchanged or otherwise disposed of during the restriction period. The restriction period is determined by a committee, appointed by the Board of Directors, but may not exceed ten years. The Company has 2,637,853 shares outstanding and has issued 6,376,394 shares under the plan as of December 31, 2018. During 2018, 2017, and 2016, 279,420, 228,630 and 246,660 shares, respectively, were granted with a restriction period of five years, as well as 762,749 and 628,015 share grants during 2018 and 2017, respectively, with a restriction of four years, the cliff vest after the restriction period with no additional restrictions, at market prices ranging from $20.21 to $23.14 in 2018, $18.97 to $21.33 in 2017, and $14.70 to $19.69 in 2016, and has unearned stock-based compensation of $34,824,960 associated with these restricted stock grants. The unearned stock-based compensation related to these grants is being amortized to compensation expense over the applicable restriction periods. Amortization expense of restricted stock for years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $8,841,985, $5,353,339, and $3,885,042 respectively.