Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

(11) Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rates were 23.8% and 24.5% during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and 24.2% and 24.4% during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rates during the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the comparable periods of 2022, was primarily due to the increases in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests during the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the comparable periods of 2022.

The global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) provisions from the TCJA-17 require the inclusion of the earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries in excess of an acceptable rate of return on certain assets of the respective subsidiaries in our U.S. tax return for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. An accounting policy election was made during 2018 to treat taxes related to GILTI as a period cost when the tax is incurred. We recorded a GILTI tax provision of zero for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

As of January 1, 2023, our unrecognized tax benefits were approximately $2 million. The amount, if recognized, that would favorably affect the effective tax rate is approximately $2 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, changes to the estimated liabilities for uncertain tax positions (including accrued interest) relating to tax positions taken during prior and current periods did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

We recognize accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of the tax provision. As of September 30, 2023, we have less than $1 million of accrued interest and penalties. The U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for 2019 and subsequent years. Foreign and U.S. state and local jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from 3 to 4 years. The statute of limitations on certain jurisdictions could expire within the next twelve months. It is reasonably possible that the amount of uncertain tax benefits will change during the next 12 months, however, it is anticipated that any such change, if it were to occur, would not have a material impact on our results of operations.

We operate in multiple jurisdictions with varying tax laws. We are subject to audits by any of these taxing authorities. Our tax returns have been examined by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) through the year ended December 31, 2006. We believe that adequate accruals have been provided for federal, foreign and state taxes.