10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

The registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instructions H (1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is therefore filing this form with the reduced disclosure format.

[X]          QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018

OR

[  ]           TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 0-31248

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Illinois	36-2554642
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

3075 Sanders Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062

(Address of principal executive offices)      (Zip Code)

(847) 402-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes   X  No ___

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes   X  No ___

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,”  “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ____	Accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer    X    (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company
	Emerging growth company _____

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ____

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ___No   X  

As of May 7, 2018, the registrant had 23,800 common shares, $227 par value, outstanding, all of which are held by Allstate Insurance Company.

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

INDEX TO QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

March 31, 2018

PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	PAGE
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of March 31, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholder’s Equity for the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	4
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	30
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
	Highlights	31
	Operations	32
	Investments	36
	Capital Resources and Liquidity	43
	Forward Looking Statements	45
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	45
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	46
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	46
Item 6.	Exhibits	46

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
	(unaudited)
Revenues
Premiums	$	177		$	169
Contract charges	176			179
Other revenue	8			11
Net investment income	407			404
Realized capital gains and losses:
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	—			(28		)
OTTI losses reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income	(1		)	4
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1		)	(24		)
Sales and valuation changes on equity investments and derivatives	(31		)	23
Total realized capital gains and losses	(32		)	(1		)
	736			762
Costs and expenses
Contract benefits	370			354
Interest credited to contractholder funds	148			161
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	39			41
Operating costs and expenses	68			80
Interest expense	1			1
	626			637
Gain on disposition of operations	1			2
Income from operations before income tax expense	111			127
Income tax expense	21			41
Net income	90			86
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	(175		)	65
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	4			(3		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax	(171		)	62
Comprehensive (loss) income	$	(81	)	$	148

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

1

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

($ in millions, except par value data)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets	(unaudited)
Investments
Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost $21,645 and $22,004)	$	22,401		$	23,261
Mortgage loans	3,988			3,876
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $1,213 and $1,306)	1,503			1,614
Limited partnership interests	3,413			3,147
Short-term, at fair value (amortized cost $596 and $725)	596			725
Policy loans	558			561
Other	1,310			1,254
Total investments	33,769			34,438
Cash	100			145
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,217			1,156
Reinsurance recoverables from non-affiliates	2,217			2,243
Reinsurance recoverables from affiliates	432			437
Accrued investment income	263			263
Other assets	550			501
Separate Accounts	3,292			3,422
Total assets	$	41,840		$	42,605
Liabilities
Contractholder funds	$	18,284		$	18,592
Reserve for life-contingent contract benefits	11,398			11,625
Unearned premiums	4			4
Payable to affiliates, net	44			55
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	1,017			1,076
Deferred income taxes	811			836
Notes due to related parties	140			140
Separate Accounts	3,292			3,422
Total liabilities	34,990			35,750
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 7)
Shareholder’s equity
Redeemable preferred stock - series A, $100 par value, 1,500,000 shares authorized, none issued	—			—
Redeemable preferred stock - series B, $100 par value, 1,500,000 shares authorized, none issued	—			—
Common stock, $227 par value, 23,800 shares authorized and outstanding	5			5
Additional capital paid-in	2,024			2,024
Retained income	4,385			3,981
Accumulated other comprehensive income:
Unrealized net capital gains and losses:
Unrealized net capital gains and losses on fixed income securities with OTTI	49			47
Other unrealized net capital gains and losses	551			1,186
Unrealized adjustment to DAC, DSI and insurance reserves	(178		)	(398		)
Total unrealized net capital gains and losses	422			835
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	14			10
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”)	436			845
Total shareholder’s equity	6,850			6,855
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity	$	41,840		$	42,605

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
	(unaudited)
Common stock	$	5		$	5
Additional capital paid-in
Balance, beginning of period	2,024			1,990
Gain on reinsurance with an affiliate	—			34
Balance, end of period	2,024			2,024
Retained income
Balance, beginning of period	3,981			3,736
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	314			—
Net income	90			86
Dividends	—			(300		)
Balance, end of period	4,385			3,522
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance, beginning of period	845			678
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	(238		)	—
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	(175		)	65
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	4			(3		)
Balance, end of period	436			740
Total shareholder’s equity	$	6,850		$	6,291

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities	(unaudited)
Net income	$	90		$	86
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization and other non-cash items	(16		)	(18		)
Realized capital gains and losses	32			1
Gain on disposition of operations	(1		)	(2		)
Interest credited to contractholder funds	148			161
Changes in:
Policy benefits and other insurance reserves	(178		)	(143		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	15			12
Reinsurance recoverables, net	10			18
Income taxes	10			32
Other operating assets and liabilities	(83		)	(18		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	27			129
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sales
Fixed income securities	1,679			1,346
Equity securities	267			616
Limited partnership interests	23			87
Other investments	1			3
Investment collections
Fixed income securities	267			495
Mortgage loans	42			202
Other investments	34			31
Investment purchases
Fixed income securities	(1,594		)	(1,269		)
Equity securities	(167		)	(624		)
Limited partnership interests	(138		)	(129		)
Mortgage loans	(154		)	(86		)
Other investments	(99		)	(40		)
Change in short-term investments, net	64			(205		)
Change in policy loans and other investments, net	(19		)	(13		)
Net cash provided by investing activities	206			414
Cash flows from financing activities
Contractholder fund deposits	194			204
Contractholder fund withdrawals	(472		)	(468		)
Dividends paid	—			(300		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(278		)	(564		)
Net decrease in cash	(45		)	(21		)
Cash at beginning of period	145			138
Cash at end of period	$	100		$	117

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. General

Basis of presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Allstate Life Insurance Company (“ALIC”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”). ALIC is wholly owned by Allstate Insurance Company (“AIC”), which is wholly owned by Allstate Insurance Holdings, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Allstate Corporation (the “Corporation”). These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The condensed consolidated financial statements and notes as of March 31, 2018 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 are unaudited. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. The results of operations for the interim periods should not be considered indicative of results to be expected for the full year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Reinsurance transaction

Effective January 1, 2017, ALIC entered into a coinsurance reinsurance agreement with Allstate Assurance Company to assume certain term life insurance policies. The agreement covered policies issued from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017. In connection with the agreement, the Company recorded cash of $20 million, deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) of $45 million, other assets of $11 million, reserve for life-contingent contract benefits of $24 million and deferred tax liabilities of $18 million. The $34 million gain on the transaction was recorded as an increase to additional capital paid-in since the transaction was between entities under common control.

Premiums and contract charges

The following table summarizes premiums and contract charges by product.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Premiums
Traditional life insurance	$	147	$	143
Accident and health insurance	30		26
Total premiums	177		169
Contract charges
Interest-sensitive life insurance	173		176
Fixed annuities	3		3
Total contract charges	176		179
Total premiums and contract charges	$	353	$	348

Adopted accounting standard

Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance requiring equity investments, including equity securities and limited partnership interests not accounted for under the equity method of accounting or that do not result in consolidation to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The guidance clarifies that an entity should evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets related to available-for-sale fixed income securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. The Company’s adoption of the new FASB guidance included adoption of the relevant elements of Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments, issued in February 2018.

Upon adoption of the new guidance on January 1, 2018, $308 million of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from AOCI to retained income. The after-tax change in accounting for equity securities did not affect the Company’s total shareholder’s equity and the unrealized net capital gains reclassified to retained income will never be recognized in net income.

5

Upon adoption of the new guidance on January 1, 2018, the carrying value of cost method limited partnership interests increased $95 million, pre-tax, to fair value. The after-tax cumulative-effect increase in retained income of $76 million increased the Company’s shareholder’s equity but will never be recognized in net income.

Changes to significant accounting policies

Investments

Changes were made to the Company’s Significant Accounting Policies upon adoption of new FASB guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets. Equity securities primarily include common stocks, exchange traded and mutual funds, non-redeemable preferred stocks and real estate investment trust equity investments. Equity securities are carried at fair value. The periodic change in fair value of equity securities is recognized within realized capital gains and losses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Investments in limited partnership interests include interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds. Where the Company’s interest is so minor that it exercises virtually no influence over operating and financial policies, investments in limited partnership interests purchased prior to January 1, 2018 are accounted for at fair value primarily utilizing the net asset value as a practical expedient (“NAV”) to determine fair value. All other investments in limited partnership interests, including those purchased subsequent to January 1, 2018, are accounted for in accordance with the equity method of accounting (“EMA”).

Investment income from limited partnership interests carried at fair value is recognized based upon the changes in fair value primarily utilizing NAV. Income from EMA limited partnership interests is recognized based on the Company’s share of the partnerships’ earnings. Income for EMA limited partnership interests is generally recognized on a three month delay due to the availability of the related financial statements.

Tax Reform

On December 22, 2017, Public Law 115-97, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Legislation”) became effective, permanently reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning January 1, 2018. As a result, the corporate tax rate is not comparable between periods.

Pending accounting standards

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance which revises the credit loss recognition criteria for certain financial assets measured at amortized cost, including reinsurance recoverables. The new guidance replaces the existing incurred loss recognition model with an expected loss recognition model. The objective of the expected credit loss model is for the reporting entity to recognize its estimate of expected credit losses for affected financial assets in a valuation allowance deducted from the amortized cost basis of the related financial assets that results in presenting the net carrying value of the financial assets at the amount expected to be collected. The reporting entity must consider all relevant information available when estimating expected credit losses, including details about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of an asset. Financial assets may be evaluated individually or on a pooled basis when they share similar risk characteristics. The measurement of credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities measured at fair value is not affected except that credit losses recognized are limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost and the carrying value adjustment is recognized through a valuation allowance and not as a direct write-down. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for most affected instruments must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to beginning retained income. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption.

Accounting for Hedging Activities

In August 2017, the FASB issued amendments intended to better align hedge accounting with an organization’s risk management activities. The amendments expand hedge accounting for nonfinancial and financial risk components and revise the measurement methodologies to better align with an organization’s risk management activities. Separate presentation of hedge ineffectiveness is eliminated to provide greater transparency of the full impact of hedging by requiring presentation of the results of the hedged item and hedging instrument in a single financial statement line item. In addition, the amendments reduce complexity by simplifying the manner in which assessments of hedge effectiveness may be performed. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The presentation and disclosure guidance is effective on a prospective basis. The impact of adoption is not expected to be material to the Company’s results of operations or financial position.

Other revenue presentation

The Company revised the presentation of total revenue to include other revenue. Previously, components of other revenue were presented within operating costs and expenses and primarily represent gross dealer concessions received in connection with Allstate exclusive agencies and exclusive financial specialists sales of non-proprietary products. Other revenue is recognized

6

when performance obligations are fulfilled. Prior periods have been reclassified to conform to current separate presentation of other revenue.

2. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Non-cash investing activities include $7 million and $2 million related to mergers and exchanges completed with equity and fixed income securities, and modifications of certain mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Liabilities for collateral received in conjunction with the Company’s securities lending program and over-the-counter (“OTC”) and cleared derivatives are reported in other liabilities and accrued expenses or other investments. The accompanying cash flows are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows along with the activities resulting from management of the proceeds, which are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net change in proceeds managed
Net change in fixed income securities	$	15		$	(36	)
Net change in short-term investments	66			11
Operating cash flow provided (used)	$	81		$	(25	)
Net change in liabilities
Liabilities for collateral, beginning of period	$	(542	)	$	(550	)
Liabilities for collateral, end of period	(461		)	(575		)
Operating cash flow (used) provided	$	(81	)	$	25

3. Investments

Fair values

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed income securities are as follows:

($ in millions)	Amortized		Gross unrealized					Fair
	cost		Gains		Losses			value
March 31, 2018
U.S. government and agencies	$	538	$	31	$	(1	)	$	568
Municipal	2,033		234		(4		)	2,263
Corporate	18,135		667		(239		)	18,563
Foreign government	271		15		—			286
Asset-backed securities (“ABS”)	399		6		(5		)	400
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”)	191		49		(1		)	239
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”)	64		5		(2		)	67
Redeemable preferred stock	14		1		—			15
Total fixed income securities	$	21,645	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	22,401
December 31, 2017
U.S. government and agencies	$	768	$	38	$	(2	)	$	804
Municipal	2,001		275		(3		)	2,273
Corporate	18,262		960		(86		)	19,136
Foreign government	279		20		—			299
ABS	383		6		(4		)	385
RMBS	205		49		(1		)	253
CMBS	93		6		(2		)	97
Redeemable preferred stock	13		1		—			14
Total fixed income securities	$	22,004	$	1,355	$	(98	)	$	23,261

7

Scheduled maturities

The scheduled maturities for fixed income securities are as follows as of March 31, 2018:

($ in millions)	Amortized cost		Fair value
Due in one year or less	$	1,337	$	1,338
Due after one year through five years	8,596		8,781
Due after five years through ten years	7,068		7,089
Due after ten years	3,990		4,487
	20,991		21,695
ABS, RMBS and CMBS	654		706
Total	$	21,645	$	22,401

Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. ABS, RMBS and CMBS are shown separately because of the potential for prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates.

Net investment income

Net investment income is as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	251		$	268
Mortgage loans	44			49
Equity securities	7			15
Limited partnership interests (1) (2)	96			65
Short-term investments	4			1
Policy loans	7			8
Other	22			19
Investment income, before expense	431			425
Investment expense	(24		)	(21		)
Net investment income	$	407		$	404

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair valuewith changes in fair value recognized in net investment income.

⁽²⁾  Includes net investment income of $58 million for EMA limited partnership interests and $38 million for limited partnership interests carried at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2018

Realized capital gains and losses

Realized capital gains and losses by asset type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	(6	)	$	(7	)
Equity securities	(26		)	—
Limited partnership interests	3			13
Derivatives	(3		)	(5		)
Other	—			(2		)
Realized capital gains and losses	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

8

Realized capital gains and losses by transaction type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Impairment write-downs (1)	$	(1	)	$	(21	)
Change in intent write-downs (1)	—			(3		)
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1		)	(24		)
Sales (1)	(5		)	28
Valuation of equity investments (1)	(23		)	—
Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments	(3		)	(5		)
Realized capital gains and losses	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in valuation of equity investments and are no longer included in impairment write-downs, change in intent write-downs and sales.

Gross gains of $7 million and gross losses of $12 million were realized on sales of fixed income securities during the three months ended March 31, 2018. Gross gains of $33 million and gross losses of $21 million were realized on sales of fixed income and equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Valuation changes included in net income for investments still held as of March 31, 2018 are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018
Equity securities	$	(9	)
Limited partnership interests carried at fair value	38
Total valuation changes	$	29

OTTI losses by asset type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31, 2018								Three months ended March 31, 2017
	Gross		Included in OCI			Net			Gross			Included in OCI			Net
Fixed income securities:
Corporate	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	(7	)	$	3		$	(4	)
RMBS	—		—			—			—			(2		)	(2		)
CMBS	—		(1		)	(1		)	(6		)	3			(3		)
Total fixed income securities	—		(1		)	(1		)	(13		)	4			(9		)
Equity securities (1)	—		—			—			(10		)	—			(10		)
Limited partnership interests (1)	—		—			—			(3		)	—			(3		)
Other	—		—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)
OTTI losses	$	—	$	(1	)	$	(1	)	$	(28	)	$	4		$	(24	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities and limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income and are no longer included in the table above.

The total amount of OTTI losses included in AOCI at the time of impairment for fixed income securities, which were not included in earnings, are presented in the following table. The amounts exclude $111 million and $113 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of net unrealized gains related to changes in valuation of the fixed income securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Municipal	$	(4	)	$	(4	)
ABS	(6		)	(8		)
RMBS	(36		)	(37		)
CMBS	(4		)	(4		)
Total	$	(50	)	$	(53	)

9

Rollforwards of the cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities held as of the end of the period are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	(138	)	$	(176	)
Additional credit loss for securities previously other-than-temporarily impaired	(1		)	(4		)
Additional credit loss for securities not previously other-than-temporarily impaired	—			(5		)
Reduction in credit loss for securities disposed or collected	11			18
Ending balance	$	(128	)	$	(167	)

The Company uses its best estimate of future cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed income security, discounted at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, to calculate a recovery value and determine whether a credit loss exists. The determination of cash flow estimates is inherently subjective and methodologies may vary depending on facts and circumstances specific to the security. All reasonably available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable assumptions and forecasts, are considered when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information generally includes, but is not limited to, the remaining payment terms of the security, prepayment speeds, foreign exchange rates, the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer, expected defaults, expected recoveries, the value of underlying collateral, vintage, geographic concentration of underlying collateral, available reserves or escrows, current subordination levels, third party guarantees and other credit enhancements. Other information, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, financial condition of the bond insurer for insured fixed income securities, and other market data relevant to the realizability of contractual cash flows, may also be considered. The estimated fair value of collateral will be used to estimate recovery value if the Company determines that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for ultimate settlement. If the estimated recovery value is less than the amortized cost of the security, a credit loss exists and an OTTI for the difference between the estimated recovery value and amortized cost is recorded in earnings. The portion of the unrealized loss related to factors other than credit remains classified in AOCI. If the Company determines that the fixed income security does not have sufficient cash flow or other information to estimate a recovery value for the security, the Company may conclude that the entire decline in fair value is deemed to be credit related and the loss is recorded in earnings.

Unrealized net capital gains and losses

Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in AOCI are as follows:

($ in millions)	Fair value		Gross unrealized					Unrealized net gains (losses)
March 31, 2018			Gains		Losses
Fixed income securities	$	22,401	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	756
Short-term investments	596		—		—			—
Derivative instruments (1)	2		2		—			2
EMA limited partnerships (2)								1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax								759
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves(3)								(119		)
DAC and DSI(4)								(106		)
Amounts recognized								(225		)
Deferred income taxes								(112		)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax								$	422

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.

⁽²⁾  Unrealized net capital gains and losses for limited partnership interests represent the Company’s share of EMA limited partnerships’ other comprehensive income. Fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses are not applicable.

⁽³⁾  The insurance reserves adjustment represents the amount by which the reserve balance would increase if the net unrealized gains in the applicable product portfolios were realized and reinvested at current lower interest rates, resulting in a premium deficiency. This adjustment primarily relates to structured settlement annuities with life contingencies (a type of immediate fixed annuities).

⁽⁴⁾  The DAC and DSI adjustment balance represents the amount by which the amortization of DAC and DSI would increase or decrease if the unrealized gains or losses in the respective product portfolios were realized.

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($ in millions)	Fair value		Gross unrealized					Unrealized net gains (losses)
December 31, 2017			Gains		Losses
Fixed income securities	$	23,261	$	1,355	$	(98	)	$	1,257
Equity securities	1,614		311		(3		)	308
Short-term investments	725		—		—			—
Derivative instruments(1)	2		2		—			2
EMA limited partnerships								1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax								1,568
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves								(315		)
DAC and DSI								(189		)
Amounts recognized								(504		)
Deferred income taxes								(229		)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax								$	835

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.

Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses

The change in unrealized net capital gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 is as follows:

($ in millions)
Fixed income securities	$	(501	)
Equity securities (1)	—
Total	(501		)
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves	196
DAC and DSI	83
Amounts recognized	279
Deferred income taxes	47
Decrease in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax	$	(175	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾ Upon adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard on January 1, 2018, $308 million of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from AOCI to retained income.  See Note 1 of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Portfolio monitoring

The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired.

For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed income security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compares this to the amortized cost of the security. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed income security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income.

For fixed income securities managed by third parties, either the Company has contractually retained its decision making authority as it pertains to selling securities that are in an unrealized loss position or it recognizes any unrealized loss at the end of the period through a charge to earnings.

The Company’s portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential OTTI using all reasonably available

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information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company’s evaluation of OTTI for these securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost.

The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair value of securities by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

($ in millions)	Less than 12 months						12 months or more						Total unrealized losses
	Number of issues	Fair value		Unrealized losses			Number of issues	Fair value		Unrealized losses
March 31, 2018
Fixed income securities
U.S. government and agencies	9	$	104	$	(1	)	1	$	5	$	—		$	(1	)
Municipal	55	119		(2		)	1	11		(2		)	(4		)
Corporate	1,082	6,649		(153		)	139	1,250		(86		)	(239		)
Foreign government	2	16		—			—	—		—			—
ABS	48	215		(2		)	6	10		(3		)	(5		)
RMBS	86	4		—			56	16		(1		)	(1		)
CMBS	—	—		—			6	24		(2		)	(2		)
Total fixed income securities	1,282	7,107		(158		)	209	1,316		(94		)	(252		)
Investment grade fixed income securities	960	$	6,028	$	(123	)	177	$	1,211	$	(79	)	$	(202	)
Below investment grade fixed income securities	322	1,079		(35		)	32	105		(15		)	(50		)
Total fixed income securities	1,282	$	7,107	$	(158	)	209	$	1,316	$	(94	)	$	(252	)
December 31, 2017
Fixed income securities
U.S. government and agencies	17	$	443	$	(2	)	2	$	25	$	—		$	(2	)
Municipal	4	14		—			1	11		(3		)	(3		)
Corporate	456	2,899		(28		)	144	1,324		(58		)	(86		)
ABS	33	170		(1		)	8	24		(3		)	(4		)
RMBS	70	3		—			56	18		(1		)	(1		)
CMBS	2	1		—			6	23		(2		)	(2		)
Redeemable preferred stock	1	—		—			—	—		—			—
Total fixed income securities	583	3,530		(31		)	217	1,425		(67		)	(98		)
Equity securities	87	66		(3		)	1	—		—			(3		)
Total fixed income and equity securities	670	$	3,596	$	(34	)	218	$	1,425	$	(67	)	$	(101	)
Investment grade fixed income securities	472	$	3,192	$	(22	)	181	$	1,320	$	(52	)	$	(74	)
Below investment grade fixed income securities	111	338		(9		)	36	105		(15		)	(24		)
Total fixed income securities	583	$	3,530	$	(31	)	217	$	1,425	$	(67	)	$	(98	)

As of March 31, 2018, $233 million of the $252 million unrealized losses are related to securities with an unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost, the degree of which suggests that these securities do not pose a high risk of being other-than-temporarily impaired.  Of the $233 million, $190 million are related to unrealized losses on investment grade fixed income securities. Of the remaining $43 million, $32 million have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. Investment grade is defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A or Baa from Moody’s, a rating of AAA, AA, A or BBB from S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”), a comparable rating from another nationally recognized rating agency, or a comparable internal rating if an externally provided rating is not available. Market prices for certain securities may have credit spreads which imply higher or lower credit quality than the current third party rating. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to an increase in market yields which may include increased risk-free interest rates and/or wider credit spreads since the time of initial purchase.

As of March 31, 2018, the remaining $19 million of unrealized losses are related to securities in unrealized loss positions greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost. Investment grade fixed income securities comprising $12 million of these unrealized losses were evaluated based on factors such as discounted cash flows and the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer and were determined to have adequate resources to fulfill contractual obligations. Of the $19 million, $7 million are related to below investment grade fixed income securities. Of these amounts, $3 million are related to

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below investment grade fixed income securities that had been in an unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost for a period of twelve or more consecutive months as of March 31, 2018.

ABS, RMBS and CMBS in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on actual and projected collateral losses relative to the securities’ positions in the respective securitization trusts, security specific expectations of cash flows, and credit ratings. This evaluation also takes into consideration credit enhancement, measured in terms of (i) subordination from other classes of securities in the trust that are contractually obligated to absorb losses before the class of security the Company owns, and (ii) the expected impact of other structural features embedded in the securitization trust beneficial to the class of securities the Company owns, such as overcollateralization and excess spread. Municipal bonds in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on the underlying credit quality of the primary obligor, obligation type and quality of the underlying assets.

As of March 31, 2018, the Company has not made the decision to sell and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell fixed income securities with unrealized losses before recovery of the amortized cost basis.

Limited partnerships

Investments in limited partnership interests include interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying value of EMA limited partnerships totaled $2.66 billion and $2.54 billion, respectively, and limited partnerships carried at fair value as of March 31, 2018, while at cost method as of December 31, 2017, totaled $751 million and $611 million, respectively.

Mortgage loans

Mortgage loans are evaluated for impairment on a specific loan basis through a quarterly credit monitoring process and review of key credit quality indicators. Mortgage loans are considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not collect the contractual principal and interest. Valuation allowances are established for impaired loans to reduce the carrying value to the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or the present value of the loan’s expected future repayment cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Impaired mortgage loans may not have a valuation allowance when the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is higher than the carrying value. Valuation allowances are adjusted for subsequent changes in the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or present value of the loan’s expected future repayment cash flows. Mortgage loans are charged off against their corresponding valuation allowances when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. The impairment evaluation is non-statistical in respect to the aggregate portfolio but considers facts and circumstances attributable to each loan. It is not considered probable that additional impairment losses, beyond those identified on a specific loan basis, have been incurred as of March 31, 2018.

Accrual of income is suspended for mortgage loans that are in default or when full and timely collection of principal and interest payments is not probable. Cash receipts on mortgage loans on nonaccrual status are generally recorded as a reduction of carrying value.

Debt service coverage ratio is considered a key credit quality indicator when mortgage loans are evaluated for impairment. Debt service coverage ratio represents the amount of estimated cash flows from the property available to the borrower to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Debt service coverage ratio estimates are updated annually or more frequently if conditions are warranted based on the Company’s credit monitoring process.

The following table reflects the carrying value of non-impaired mortgage loans summarized by debt service coverage ratio distribution.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
Debt service coverage ratio distribution	Fixed rate mortgage loans		Variable rate mortgage loans		Total		Fixed rate mortgage loans		Variable rate mortgage loans		Total
Below 1.0	$	27	$	—	$	27	$	3	$	—	$	3
1.0 - 1.25	323		—		323		326		—		326
1.26 - 1.50	1,058		15		1,073		1,033		15		1,048
Above 1.50	2,519		42		2,561		2,482		13		2,495
Total non-impaired mortgage loans	$	3,927	$	57	$	3,984	$	3,844	$	28	$	3,872

Mortgage loans with a debt service coverage ratio below 1.0 that are not considered impaired primarily relate to instances where the borrower has the financial capacity to fund the revenue shortfalls from the properties for the foreseeable term, the decrease in cash flows from the properties is considered temporary, or there are other risk mitigating circumstances such as additional collateral, escrow balances or borrower guarantees.

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The net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans is as follows:

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Impaired mortgage loans with a valuation allowance	$	4	$	4
Impaired mortgage loans without a valuation allowance	—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	4	$	4
Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans	$	3	$	3

The valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans had no activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. The average balance of impaired loans was $4 million and $5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Payments on all mortgage loans were current as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Short-term investments

Short-term investments, including commercial paper, U.S. Treasury bills, money market funds and other short-term investments, are carried at fair value. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of short-term investments totaled $596 million and $725 million, respectively.

Policy loans

Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying value of policy loans totaled $558 million and $561 million, respectively.

Other investments

Other investments primarily consist of agent loans, bank loans, real estate and derivatives. Agent loans are loans issued to exclusive Allstate agents and are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of valuation allowances and unamortized deferred fees or costs. Bank loans are primarily senior secured corporate loans and are carried at amortized cost. Real estate is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Derivatives are carried at fair value. The following table summarizes other investments.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Agent loans	$	562	$	538
Bank loans	450		437
Real estate	207		157
Derivatives and other	91		122
Total	$	1,310	$	1,254

4. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.

Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

(a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

(b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or

(c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

The availability of observable inputs varies by instrument. In situations where fair value is based on internally developed pricing models or inputs that are unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. The degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is typically greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In

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many instances, valuation inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The category level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments.

The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. The Company gains assurance that assets and liabilities are appropriately valued through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation methodologies, including inputs and assumptions, and compliance with accounting standards. For fair values received from third parties or internally estimated, the Company’s processes and controls are designed to ensure that the valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistently applied, the inputs and assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. For example, on a continuing basis, the Company assesses the reasonableness of individual fair values that have stale security prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous fair values received from valuation service providers or brokers or derived from internal models. The Company performs procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of valuation service providers. In addition, the Company may validate the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from valuation service providers or brokers to other third party valuation sources for selected securities. The Company performs ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, the Company validates them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

The Company has two types of situations where investments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The first is where specific inputs significant to the fair value estimation models are not market observable. This primarily occurs in the Company’s use of broker quotes to value certain securities where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, and the use of valuation models that use significant non-market observable inputs.

The second situation where the Company classifies securities in Level 3 is where quotes continue to be received from independent third-party valuation service providers and all significant inputs are market observable; however, there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity such that the degree of market observability has declined to a point where categorization as a Level 3 measurement is considered appropriate. The indicators considered in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, the level of credit spreads over historical levels, applicable bid-ask spreads, and price consensus among market participants and other pricing sources.

Certain assets are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including investments such as mortgage loans, bank loans, agent loans and policy loans. Accordingly, such investments are only included in the fair value hierarchy disclosure when the investment is subject to remeasurement at fair value after initial recognition and the resulting remeasurement is reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In determining fair value, the Company principally uses the market approach which generally utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. To a lesser extent, the Company uses the income approach which involves determining fair values from discounted cash flow methodologies. For the majority of Level 2 and Level 3 valuations, a combination of the market and income approaches is used.

Summary of significant valuation techniques for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

Level 1 measurements

• Fixed income securities: Comprise certain U.S. Treasury fixed income securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

• Equity securities: Comprise actively traded, exchange-listed equity securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

• Short-term: Comprise U.S. Treasury bills valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access and actively traded money market funds that have daily quoted net asset values for identical assets that the Company can access.

• Separate account assets: Comprise actively traded mutual funds that have daily quoted net asset values that are readily determinable for identical assets that the Company can access. Net asset values for the actively traded mutual funds in which the separate account assets are invested are obtained daily from the fund managers.

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Level 2 measurements

• Fixed income securities:

U.S. government and agencies: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Municipal: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate - public: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate - privately placed: Valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses market observable inputs and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. The primary inputs to the discounted cash flow model include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets in markets that are not active that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.

Foreign government: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

ABS - collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”) and ABS - consumer and other: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral performance and credit spreads. Certain ABS - CDO and ABS - consumer and other are valued based on non-binding broker quotes whose inputs have been corroborated to be market observable.

RMBS: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral performance and credit spreads.

CMBS: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads.

Redeemable preferred stock: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, underlying stock prices and credit spreads.

• Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.

• Short-term: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.  For certain short-term investments, amortized cost is used as the best estimate of fair value.

• Other investments: Free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are not actively traded are valued based on quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not active.

OTC derivatives, including interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, foreign exchange forward contracts, certain options and certain credit default swaps, are valued using models that rely on inputs such as interest rate yield curves, implied volatilities, currency rates, and credit spreads that are observable for substantially the full term of the contract. The valuation techniques underlying the models are widely accepted in the financial services industry and do not involve significant judgment.

Level 3 measurements

• Fixed income securities:

Municipal: Comprise municipal bonds that are not rated by third party credit rating agencies.  The primary inputs to the valuation of these municipal bonds include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Also included are municipal bonds valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and municipal bonds in default valued based on the present value of expected cash flows.

Corporate - public and Corporate - privately placed: Primarily valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable. Other inputs include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.

ABS - CDO, ABS - consumer and other: Valued based on non-binding broker quotes received from brokers who are familiar with the investments and where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable.

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• Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements.

• Other investments: Certain OTC derivatives, such as interest rate caps, certain credit default swaps and certain options (including swaptions), are valued using models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs such as volatility. Other primary inputs include interest rate yield curves and credit spreads.

• Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in certain life and annuity contracts are valued internally using models widely accepted in the financial services industry that determine a single best estimate of fair value for the embedded derivatives within a block of contractholder liabilities. The models primarily use stochastically determined cash flows based on the contractual elements of embedded derivatives, projected option cost and applicable market data, such as interest rate yield curves and equity index volatility assumptions. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

Mortgage loans written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing impairments are valued based on the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. EMA limited partnership interests written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing OTTI losses are generally valued using net asset values.

Investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy

Limited partnerships carried at fair value, which do not have readily determinable fair values, use NAV provided by the investees and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and generally cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. We receive distributions of income and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the investees over the life of these investments, typically 10-12 years. As of March 31, 2018, the Company has commitments to invest $385 million in limited partnership interests valued using NAV.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of March 31, 2018
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	258		$	310		$	—					$	568
Municipal	—			2,207			56						2,263
Corporate - public	—			12,766			47						12,813
Corporate - privately placed	—			5,535			215						5,750
Foreign government	—			286			—						286
ABS - CDO	—			36			10						46
ABS - consumer and other	—			313			41						354
RMBS	—			239			—						239
CMBS	—			67			—						67
Redeemable preferred stock	—			15			—						15
Total fixed income securities	258			21,774			369						22,401
Equity securities	1,389			15			99						1,503
Short-term investments	69			527			—						596
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	—			87			1			$	(4	)	84
Separate account assets	3,292			—			—						3,292
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	5,008		$	22,403		$	469		$	(4	)	$	27,876
% of total assets at fair value	18.0		%	80.3		%	1.7		%	—		%	100		%
Investments reported at NAV													751
Total													$	28,627
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(260	)				$	(260	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	—			(43		)	—			$	5		(38		)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(43	)	$	(260	)	$	5		$	(298	)
% of total liabilities at fair value	—		%	14.4		%	87.3		%	(1.7		)%	100		%

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The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2017.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of December 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	488		$	316		$	—					$	804
Municipal	—			2,216			57						2,273
Corporate - public	—			13,168			49						13,217
Corporate - privately placed	—			5,699			220						5,919
Foreign government	—			299			—						299
ABS - CDO	—			38			10						48
ABS - consumer and other	—			297			40						337
RMBS	—			253			—						253
CMBS	—			97			—						97
Redeemable preferred stock	—			14			—						14
Total fixed income securities	488			22,397			376						23,261
Equity securities	1,508			16			90						1,614
Short-term investments	110			615			—						725
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	—			117			1			$	(3	)	115
Separate account assets	3,422			—			—						3,422
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	5,528		$	23,145		$	467		$	(3	)	$	29,137
% of total assets at fair value	19.0		%	79.4		%	1.6		%	—		%	100		%
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(284	)				$	(284	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	—			(62		)	—			$	1		(61		)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(62	)	$	(284	)	$	1		$	(345	)
% of total liabilities at fair value	—		%	18.0		%	82.3		%	(0.3		)%	100		%

The following table summarizes quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements.

($ in millions)	Fair value			Valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average
March 31, 2018
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts – Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(230	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.2%	1.74	%
December 31, 2017
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts – Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(250	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.2%	1.74	%

The embedded derivatives are equity-indexed and forward starting options in certain life and annuity products that provide customers with interest crediting rates based on the performance of the S&P 500. If the projected option cost increased (decreased), it would result in a higher (lower) liability fair value.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Level 3 fair value measurements of fixed income securities total $369 million and $376 million, respectively, and include $235 million and $237 million, respectively, of securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable. The Company does not develop the unobservable inputs used in measuring fair value; therefore, these are not included in the table above. However, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads for fixed income securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes would result in a lower (higher) fair value.

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The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:
	Balance as of December 31, 2017			Net income(1)			OCI			Transfers into Level 3			Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	57		$	—		$	(1	)	$	—		$	—
Corporate - public	49			—			(1		)	3			—
Corporate - privately placed	220			—			(2		)	—			(13		)
ABS - CDO	10			—			—			—			—
ABS - consumer and other	40			—			—			3			—
Total fixed income securities	376			—			(4		)	6			(13		)
Equity securities	90			1			—			—			—
Free-standing derivatives, net	1			—			—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	467		$	1		$	(4	)	$	6		$	(13	)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(284	)	$	23		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(284	)	$	23		$	—		$	—		$	—
	Purchases			Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of March 31, 2018
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	56
Corporate - public	—			(1		)	—			(3		)	47
Corporate - privately placed	11			—			—			(1		)	215
ABS - CDO	—			—			—			—			10
ABS - consumer and other	3			(4		)	—			(1		)	41
Total fixed income securities	14			(5		)	—			(5		)	369
Equity securities	8			—			—			—			99
Free-standing derivatives, net	—			—			—			—			1			(2)
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	22		$	(5	)	$	—		$	(5	)	$	469
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(260	)
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(260	)

 ____________

⁽¹⁾  The effect to net income totals $24 million and is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $19 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $4 million in contract benefits.

⁽²⁾  Comprises $1 million of assets.

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The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:
	Balance as of December 31, 2016			Net income (1)			OCI			Transfers into Level 3			Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	59		$	—		$	1		$	—		$	—
Corporate - public	47			1			—			—			(10		)
Corporate - privately placed	264			—			5			—			—
ABS - CDO	27			(1		)	2			3			—
ABS - consumer and other	42			—			—			—			(2		)
Total fixed income securities	439			—			8			3			(12		)
Equity securities	76			5			—			—			—
Free-standing derivatives, net	(2		)	1			—			—			—
Other assets	1			(1		)	—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	514		$	5		$	8		$	3		$	(12	)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(289	)	$	3		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(289	)	$	3		$	—		$	—		$	—
	Purchases			Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of March 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	60
Corporate - public	—			—			—			(2		)	36
Corporate - privately placed	—			—			—			(1		)	268
ABS - CDO	5			—			—			(4		)	32
ABS - consumer and other	8			—			—			(1		)	47
Total fixed income securities	13			—			—			(8		)	443
Equity securities	—			(1		)	—			—			80
Free-standing derivatives, net	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(2)
Other assets	—			—			—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	13		$	(1	)	$	—		$	(8	)	$	522
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(285	)
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(285	)

__________

⁽¹⁾  The effect to net income totals $8 million and is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $5 million in net investment income, $(5) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $7 million in contract benefits.

⁽²⁾  Comprises $1 million of assets and $2 millionof liabilities.

Transfers between level categorizations may occur due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs, which generally are caused by changes in market conditions such as liquidity, trading volume or bid-ask spreads. Transfers between level categorizations may also occur due to changes in the valuation source. Transfers in and out of level categorizations are reported as having occurred at the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurred. Therefore, for all transfers into Level 3, all realized and changes in unrealized gains and losses in the quarter of transfer are reflected in the Level 3 rollforward table.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

Transfers into Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 included situations where a fair value quote was not provided by the Company’s independent third-party valuation service provider and as a result the price was stale or had

21

been replaced with a broker quote where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3. Transfers out of Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 included situations where a broker quote was used in the prior period and a fair value quote became available from the Company’s independent third-party valuation service provider in the current period. A quote utilizing the new pricing source was not available as of the prior period, and any gains or losses related to the change in valuation source for individual securities were not significant.

The following table provides valuation changes included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of March 31.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Assets
Equity securities	$	1	$	5
Free-standing derivatives, net	—		1
Other assets	—		(1		)
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	1	$	5
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	23	$	3
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	23	$	3

The amounts in the table above represent gains and losses related to valuation changes included in net income for the period of time that the asset or liability was held and determined to be in Level 3. These gains and losses total $24 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and are reported as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $19 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $4 million in contract benefits. These gains and losses total $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and are reported as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $5 million in net investment income, $(5) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $7 million in contract benefits.

Presented below are the carrying values and fair value estimates of financial instruments not carried at fair value.

Financial assets

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Mortgage loans	$	3,988	$	4,081	$	3,876	$	4,052
Bank loans	450		451		437		437
Agent loans	562		553		538		536

The fair value measurements for mortgage loans, bank loans and agent loans are categorized as Level 3.

Financial liabilities

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Contractholder funds on investment contracts	$	10,053	$	10,562	$	10,331	$	11,036
Liability for collateral	461		461		542		542
Notes due to related parties	140		139		140		141

The fair value measurement is Level 3 for contractholder funds on investment contracts and notes due to related parties and Level 2 for liability for collateral.

5. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses derivatives for risk reduction and to increase investment portfolio returns through asset replication. Risk reduction activity is focused on managing the risks with certain assets and liabilities arising from the potential adverse impacts from changes in risk-free interest rates, changes in equity market valuations, increases in credit spreads and foreign currency fluctuations. Asset replication refers to the “synthetic” creation of assets through the use of derivatives. The Company replicates fixed income securities using a combination of a credit default swap or a foreign currency forward contract and one or more highly rated fixed income securities, primarily investment grade host bonds, to synthetically replicate the economic characteristics of one or more cash market securities. The Company replicates equity securities using futures and options to increase equity exposure.

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The Company utilizes several derivative strategies to manage risk. Asset-liability management is a risk management strategy that is principally employed to balance the respective interest-rate sensitivities of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Depending upon the attributes of the assets acquired and liabilities issued, derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps, caps, swaptions and futures are utilized to change the interest rate characteristics of existing assets and liabilities to ensure the relationship is maintained within specified ranges and to reduce exposure to rising or falling interest rates. Credit default swaps are typically used to mitigate the credit risk within the Company’s fixed income portfolio. Futures and options are used for hedging the equity exposure contained in the Company’s equity indexed life and annuity product contracts that offer equity returns to contractholders. In addition, the Company uses equity index futures and options to offset valuation losses in the equity portfolio during periods of declining equity market values. Foreign currency swaps and forwards are primarily used by the Company to reduce the foreign currency risk associated with holding foreign currency denominated investments.

The Company also has derivatives embedded in non-derivative host contracts that are required to be separated from the host contracts and accounted for at fair value with changes in fair value of embedded derivatives reported in net income. The Company’s primary embedded derivatives are equity options in life and annuity product contracts, which provide equity returns to contractholders.

When derivatives meet specific criteria, they may be designated as accounting hedges and accounted for as fair value, cash flow, foreign currency fair value or foreign currency cash flow hedges. The Company designates certain investment risk transfer reinsurance agreements as fair value hedges when the hedging instrument is highly effective in offsetting the risk of changes in the fair value of the hedged item. The Company designates certain of its foreign currency swap contracts as cash flow hedges when the hedging instrument is highly effective in offsetting the exposure of variations in cash flows for the hedged risk that could affect net income. Amounts are reclassified to net investment income or realized capital gains and losses as the hedged item affects net income.

The notional amounts specified in the contracts are used to calculate the exchange of contractual payments under the agreements and are generally not representative of the potential for gain or loss on these agreements. However, the notional amounts specified in credit default swaps where the Company has sold credit protection represent the maximum amount of potential loss, assuming no recoveries.

Fair value, which is equal to the carrying value, is the estimated amount that the Company would receive or pay to terminate the derivative contracts at the reporting date. The carrying value amounts for OTC derivatives are further adjusted for the effects, if any, of enforceable master netting agreements and are presented on a net basis, by counterparty agreement, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For those derivatives which qualify for fair value hedge accounting, net income includes the changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged risk, and therefore reflects any hedging ineffectiveness. For cash flow hedges, gains and losses are amortized from AOCI and are reported in net income in the same period the forecasted transactions being hedged impact net income.

Non-hedge accounting is generally used for “portfolio” level hedging strategies where the terms of the individual hedged items do not meet the strict homogeneity requirements to permit the application of hedge accounting. For non-hedge derivatives, net income includes changes in fair value and accrued periodic settlements, when applicable. With the exception of non-hedge derivatives used for asset replication and non-hedge embedded derivatives, all of the Company’s derivatives are evaluated for their ongoing effectiveness as either accounting hedge or non-hedge derivative financial instruments on at least a quarterly basis.

23

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as well as their reporting location in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions, except number of contracts)		Volume (1)
	Balance sheet location	Notional amount		Number of contracts	Fair value, net			Gross asset		Gross liability
Asset derivatives
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other investments	$	16	n/a	$	—		$	—	$	—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other investments	—		4,136	84			84		—
Financial futures contracts	Other assets	—		84	—			—		—
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other investments	11		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other investments	2		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other investments	80		n/a	—			—		—
Other contracts
Other contracts	Other assets	3		n/a	—			—		—
Total asset derivatives		$	112	4,220	$	84		$	84	$	—
Liability derivatives
Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments
Foreign currency swap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	$	19	n/a	$	2		$	2	$	—
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	26		n/a	1			1		—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	—		4,135	(34		)	—		(34		)
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	148		n/a	(7		)	—		(7		)
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Guaranteed accumulation benefits	Contractholder funds	215		n/a	(20		)	—		(20		)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits	Contractholder funds	266		n/a	(10		)	—		(10		)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts	Contractholder funds	1,722		n/a	(230		)	—		(230		)
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	59		n/a	(1		)	1		(2		)
Subtotal		2,436		4,135	(301		)	2		(303		)
Total liability derivatives		2,455		4,135	(299		)	$	4	$	(303	)
Total derivatives		$	2,567	8,355	$	(215	)

___________

⁽¹⁾  Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts. Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

24

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as well as their reporting location in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2017.

($ in millions, except number of contracts)		Volume(1)
	Balance sheet location	Notional amount		Number of contracts	Fair value, net			Gross asset		Gross liability
Asset derivatives
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other investments	$	15	n/a	$	—		$	—	$	—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other investments	—		4,485	114			114		—
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other investments	3		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other investments	80		n/a	1			1		—
Other contracts
Other contracts	Other assets	3		n/a	—			—		—
Total asset derivatives		$	101	4,485	$	115		$	115	$	—
Liability derivatives
Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments
Foreign currency swap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	$	19	n/a	$	2		$	2	$	—
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	30		n/a	1			1		—
Equity and index contracts
Options and futures	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	—		4,464	(53		)	—		(53		)
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	207		n/a	(8		)	—		(8		)
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Guaranteed accumulation benefits	Contractholder funds	225		n/a	(22		)	—		(22		)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits	Contractholder funds	274		n/a	(12		)	—		(12		)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts	Contractholder funds	1,735		n/a	(250		)	—		(250		)
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	34		n/a	(1		)	—		(1		)
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	1		n/a	—			—		—
Subtotal		2,506		4,464	(345		)	1		(346		)
Total liability derivatives		2,525		4,464	(343		)	$	3	$	(346	)
Total derivatives		$	2,626	8,949	$	(228	)

____________

⁽¹⁾  Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts.  Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

The following table provides gross and net amounts for the Company’s OTC derivatives, all of which are subject to enforceable master netting agreements.

($ in millions)				Offsets
	Gross amount			Counter- party netting			Cash collateral (received) pledged			Net amount on balance sheet			Securities collateral (received) pledged		Net amount
March 31, 2018
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(4	)	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—
Liability derivatives	(9		)	4			1			(4		)	2		(2		)
December 31, 2017
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(3	)	$	—		$	1		$	—	$	1
Liability derivatives	(10		)	3			(2		)	(9		)	3		(6		)

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The following table provides a summary of the impacts of the Company’s foreign currency contracts in cash flow hedging relationships. Amortization of net gains from AOCI related to cash flow hedges is expected to be a gain of $2 million during the next twelve months. There was no hedge ineffectiveness reported in realized gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Loss recognized in OCI on derivatives during the period	$	—	$	(2	)
Gain recognized in OCI on derivatives during the term of the hedging relationship	2		3

The following tables present gains and losses from valuation and settlements reported on derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no derivatives used in fair value hedging relationships.

($ in millions)	Realized capital gains and losses			Contract benefits		Interest credited to contractholder funds			Total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives
Three months ended March 31, 2018
Equity and index contracts	$	—		$	—	$	(4	)	$	(4	)
Embedded derivative financial instruments	—			4		20			24
Foreign currency contracts	(3		)	—		—			(3		)
Total	$	(3	)	$	4	$	16		$	17
Three months ended March 31, 2017
Equity and index contracts	$	(2	)	$	—	$	13		$	11
Embedded derivative financial instruments	—			7		(4		)	3
Foreign currency contracts	(4		)	—		—			(4		)
Credit default contracts	1			—		—			1
Total	$	(5	)	$	7	$	9		$	11

The Company manages its exposure to credit risk by utilizing highly rated counterparties, establishing risk control limits, executing legally enforceable master netting agreements (“MNAs”) and obtaining collateral where appropriate. The Company uses MNAs for OTC derivative transactions that permit either party to net payments due for transactions and collateral is either pledged or obtained when certain predetermined exposure limits are exceeded. As of March 31, 2018, counterparties pledged $4 million in cash to the Company, and the Company pledged $7 million in cash and securities to counterparties which includes $4 million of collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent provisions that are in a liability position and $3 million of collateral posted under MNAs for contracts without credit-risk-contingent features. The Company has not incurred any losses on derivative financial instruments due to counterparty nonperformance. Other derivatives, including futures and certain option contracts, are traded on organized exchanges which require margin deposits and guarantee the execution of trades, thereby mitigating any potential credit risk.

Counterparty credit exposure represents the Company’s potential loss if all of the counterparties concurrently fail to perform under the contractual terms of the contracts and all collateral, if any, becomes worthless. This exposure is measured by the fair value of OTC derivative contracts with a positive fair value at the reporting date reduced by the effect, if any, of legally enforceable master netting agreements.

The following table summarizes the counterparty credit exposure by counterparty credit rating as it relates to the Company’s OTC derivatives.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
Rating(1)	Number of counter-parties	Notional amount (2)		Credit exposure (2)		Exposure, net of collateral(2)		Number of counter- parties	Notional amount (2)		Credit exposure (2)		Exposure, net of collateral(2)
A+	2	$	54	$	4	$	—	2	$	59	$	3	$	—

__________

⁽¹⁾  Rating is the lower of S&P or Moody’s ratings.

⁽²⁾  Only OTC derivatives with a net positive fair value are included for each counterparty.

For certain exchange traded and cleared derivatives, margin deposits are required as well as daily cash settlements of margin accounts. As of March 31, 2018, the Company pledged $3 million in the form of margin deposits.

26

Market risk is the risk that the Company will incur losses due to adverse changes in market rates and prices. Market risk exists for all of the derivative financial instruments the Company currently holds, as these instruments may become less valuable due to adverse changes in market conditions. To limit this risk, the Company’s senior management has established risk control limits. In addition, changes in fair value of the derivative financial instruments that the Company uses for risk management purposes are generally offset by the change in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged risk component of the related assets, liabilities or forecasted transactions.

Certain of the Company’s derivative instruments contain credit-risk-contingent termination events, cross-default provisions and credit support annex agreements. Credit-risk-contingent termination events allow the counterparties to terminate the derivative agreement or a specific trade on certain dates if AIC’s, ALIC’s or Allstate Life Insurance Company of New York’s (“ALNY”) financial strength credit ratings by Moody’s or S&P fall below a certain level. Credit-risk-contingent cross-default provisions allow the counterparties to terminate the derivative agreement if the Company defaults by pre-determined threshold amounts on certain debt instruments. Credit-risk-contingent credit support annex agreements specify the amount of collateral the Company must post to counterparties based on AIC’s, ALIC’s or ALNY’s financial strength credit ratings by Moody’s or S&P, or in the event AIC, ALIC or ALNY are no longer rated by either Moody’s or S&P.

The following summarizes the fair value of derivative instruments with termination, cross-default or collateral credit-risk-contingent features that are in a liability position, as well as the fair value of assets and collateral that are netted against the liability in accordance with provisions within legally enforceable MNAs.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Gross liability fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	$	12		$	12
Gross asset fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features and subject to MNAs	(8		)	(5		)
Collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	(4		)	(3		)
Maximum amount of additional exposure for contracts with credit-risk-contingent features if all features were triggered concurrently	$	—		$	4

Credit derivatives - selling protection

A credit default swap (“CDS”) is a derivative instrument, representing an agreement between two parties to exchange the credit risk of a specified entity (or a group of entities), or an index based on the credit risk of a group of entities (all commonly referred to as the “reference entity” or a portfolio of “reference entities”), in return for a periodic premium. In selling protection, CDS are used to replicate fixed income securities and to complement the cash market when credit exposure to certain issuers is not available or when the derivative alternative is less expensive than the cash market alternative. CDS typically have a five-year term.

The following table shows the CDS notional amounts by credit rating and fair value of protection sold.

($ in millions)	Notional amount
	AA		A		BBB		BB and lower		Total		Fair value
March 31, 2018
Index
Corporate debt	$	1	$	19	$	47	$	13	$	80	$	—
December 31, 2017
Single name
Corporate debt	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1	$	—
Index
Corporate debt	1		19		45		15		80		1
Total	$	1	$	19	$	45	$	16	$	81	$	1

In selling protection with CDS, the Company sells credit protection on an identified single name, a basket of names in a first-to-default (“FTD”) structure or credit derivative index (“CDX”) that is generally investment grade, and in return receives periodic premiums through expiration or termination of the agreement. With single name CDS, this premium or credit spread generally corresponds to the difference between the yield on the reference entity’s public fixed maturity cash instruments and swap rates at the time the agreement is executed. With a FTD basket, because of the additional credit risk inherent in a basket of named reference entities, the premium generally corresponds to a high proportion of the sum of the credit spreads of the names in the basket and the correlation between the names. CDX is utilized to take a position on multiple (generally 125) reference entities. Credit events are typically defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, or restructuring, depending on the nature of the reference entities. If a credit

27

event occurs, the Company settles with the counterparty, either through physical settlement or cash settlement. In a physical settlement, a reference asset is delivered by the buyer of protection to the Company, in exchange for cash payment at par, whereas in a cash settlement, the Company pays the difference between par and the prescribed value of the reference asset. When a credit event occurs in a single name or FTD basket (for FTD, the first credit event occurring for any one name in the basket), the contract terminates at the time of settlement. For CDX, the reference entity’s name incurring the credit event is removed from the index while the contract continues until expiration. The maximum payout on a CDS is the contract notional amount. A physical settlement may afford the Company with recovery rights as the new owner of the asset.

The Company monitors risk associated with credit derivatives through individual name credit limits at both a credit derivative and a combined cash instrument/credit derivative level. The ratings of individual names for which protection has been sold are also monitored.

6. Reinsurance

The effects of reinsurance on premiums and contract charges are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	185		$	180
Assumed
Affiliate	60			53
Non-affiliate	189			198
Ceded
Affiliate	(13		)	(13		)
Non-affiliate	(68		)	(70		)
Premiums and contract charges, net of reinsurance	$	353		$	348

The effects of reinsurance on contract benefits are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	257		$	259
Assumed
Affiliate	34			29
Non-affiliate	134			116
Ceded
Affiliate	(12		)	(8		)
Non-affiliate	(43		)	(42		)
Contract benefits, net of reinsurance	$	370		$	354

The effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	130		$	136
Assumed
Affiliate	2			2
Non-affiliate	25			33
Ceded
Affiliate	(5		)	(5		)
Non-affiliate	(4		)	(5		)
Interest credited to contractholder funds, net of reinsurance	$	148		$	161

7. Guarantees and Contingent Liabilities

In the normal course of business, the Company provides standard indemnifications to contractual counterparties in connection with numerous transactions, including acquisitions and divestitures. The types of indemnifications typically provided include indemnifications for breaches of representations and warranties, taxes and certain other liabilities, such as third party lawsuits. The indemnification clauses are often standard contractual terms and are entered into in the normal course of business based on an assessment that the risk of loss would be remote. The terms of the indemnifications vary in duration and nature. In many cases,

28

the maximum obligation is not explicitly stated and the contingencies triggering the obligation to indemnify have not occurred and are not expected to occur. Consequently, the maximum amount of the obligation under such indemnifications is not determinable. Historically, the Company has not made any material payments pursuant to these obligations.

Related to the sale of Lincoln Benefit Life Company (“LBL”) on April 1, 2014, the Company agreed to indemnify Resolution Life Holdings, Inc. in connection with certain representations, warranties and covenants of the Company, and certain liabilities specifically excluded from the transaction, subject to specific contractual limitations regarding the Company’s maximum obligation. Management does not believe these indemnifications will have a material effect on results of operations, cash flows or financial position of the Company.

Related to the disposal through reinsurance of substantially all of the Company’s variable annuity business to Prudential in 2006, the Company and the Corporation have agreed to indemnify Prudential for certain pre-closing contingent liabilities (including extra-contractual liabilities of the Company and liabilities specifically excluded from the transaction) that the Company has agreed to retain. In addition, the Company and the Corporation will each indemnify Prudential for certain post-closing liabilities that may arise from the acts of the Company and its agents, including certain liabilities arising from the Company’s provision of transition services. The reinsurance agreements contain no limitations or indemnifications with regard to insurance risk transfer, and transferred all of the future risks and responsibilities for performance on the underlying variable annuity contracts to Prudential, including those related to benefit guarantees. Management does not believe this agreement will have a material effect on results of operations, cash flows or financial position of the Company.

The aggregate liability balance related to all guarantees was not material as of March 31, 2018.

Regulation and Compliance

The Company is subject to extensive laws, regulations and regulatory actions. From time to time, regulatory authorities or legislative bodies seek to impose additional regulations regarding agent and broker compensation, regulate the nature of and amount of investments, impose fines and penalties for unintended errors or mistakes, impose additional regulations regarding cybersecurity and privacy, and otherwise expand overall regulation of insurance products and the insurance industry. In addition, the Company is subject to laws and regulations administered and enforced by federal agencies, international agencies, and other organizations, including but not limited to the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Department of Labor, and the U.S. Department of Justice. The Company has established procedures and policies to facilitate compliance with laws and regulations, to foster prudent business operations, and to support financial reporting. The Company routinely reviews its practices to validate compliance with laws and regulations and with internal procedures and policies. As a result of these reviews, from time to time the Company may decide to modify some of its procedures and policies. Such modifications, and the reviews that led to them, may be accompanied by payments being made and costs being incurred. The ultimate changes and eventual effects of these actions on the Company’s business, if any, are uncertain.

8. Other Comprehensive Income

The components of other comprehensive (loss) income on a pre-tax and after-tax basis are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018									2017
	Pre- tax			Tax			After- tax			Pre- tax			Tax			After- tax
Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets	$	(224	)	$	47		$	(177	)	$	105		$	(37	)	$	68
Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses	(2		)	—			(2		)	4			(1		)	3
Unrealized net capital gains and losses	(222		)	47			(175		)	101			(36		)	65
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	5			(1		)	4			(5		)	2			(3		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(217	)	$	46		$	(171	)	$	96		$	(34	)	$	62

29

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholder of

Allstate Life Insurance Company

Northbrook, Illinois 60062

Results of Review of Interim Financial Information

We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position of Allstate Life Insurance Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”), an affiliate of The Allstate Corporation, as of March 31, 2018, and the related condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, shareholder’s equity and cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “condensed consolidated financial statements”). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated statement of financial position of Allstate Life Insurance Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, shareholder’s equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated March 5, 2018, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017 is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated statement of financial position from which it has been derived.

Basis for Review Results

These condensed consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our reviews in accordance with standards of the PCAOB. A review of condensed consolidated financial statements consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

Emphasis of a Matter

As discussed in Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its presentation and method of accounting for the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities due to an adopted accounting standard.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Chicago, Illinois

May 7, 2018

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Item 2.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OFOPERATIONS FOR THE THREE-MONTH PERIODS ENDED MARCH 31, 2018 AND 2017

OVERVIEW

The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the consolidated financial position and results of operations of Allstate Life Insurance Company (referred to in this document as “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” or “ALIC”). It should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto found under Part I. Item 1. contained herein, and with the discussion, analysis, consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Part I. Item 1. and Part II. Item 7. and Item 8. of the Allstate Life Insurance Company annual report on Form 10-K for 2017. We operate as a single segment entity based on the manner in which we use financial information to evaluate business performance and to determine the allocation of resources.

HIGHLIGHTS

• Net income was $90 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to $86 million in the first quarter 2017.

• Premiums and contract charges totaled $353 million in the first quarter of 2018, an increase of 1.4% from $348 million in the first quarter of 2017.

• Investments totaled $33.77 billion as of March 31, 2018, reflecting a decrease of $669 million from $34.44 billion as of December 31, 2017. Net investment income increased 0.7% to $407 million in the first quarter of 2018 from $404 million in the first quarter of 2017.

• Net realized capital losses totaled $32 millionin the first quarter of 2018 compared to $1 million in the first quarter of 2017.

• Contractholder funds totaled $18.28 billion as of March 31, 2018, reflecting a decrease of $308 million from $18.59 billion as of December 31, 2017.

• On December 22, 2017, Public Law 115-97, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Legislation”) became effective, permanently reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning January 1, 2018. The decrease in the effective tax rate will impact the comparative trends.

• Concurrent with the adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) standard on revenue from contracts with customers and our objective of providing more information, we revised the presentation of total revenue to include other revenue. Previously, components of other revenue were presented within operating costs and expenses and primarily represent gross dealer concessions received in connection with Allstate exclusive agencies and exclusive financial specialists sales of non-proprietary products, including mutual funds, fixed and variable annuities, disability insurance and long-term care insurance. Other revenue is recognized when performance obligations are fulfilled. Prior periods have been reclassified to conform to current separate presentation of other revenue.

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OPERATIONS

Summary analysis Summarized financial data is presented in the following table.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Revenues
Premiums	$	177		$	169
Contract charges	176			179
Other revenue	8			11
Net investment income	407			404
Realized capital gains and losses	(32		)	(1		)
Total revenues	736			762
Costs and expenses
Contract benefits	(370		)	(354		)
Interest credited to contractholder funds	(148		)	(161		)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”)	(39		)	(41		)
Operating costs and expenses	(68		)	(80		)
Restructuring and related charges	—			—
Interest expense	(1		)	(1		)
Total costs and expenses	(626		)	(637		)
Gain on disposition of operations	1			2
Income tax expense	(21		)	(41		)
Net income	$	90		$	86

Net income was $90 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to $86 million in the first quarter of 2017. The increase was primarily due to a lower effective tax rate from the Tax Legislation, lower interest credited to contractholder funds, lower operating costs and expenses and higher premiums, partially offset by higher net realized capital losses and higher contract benefits.

Analysis of revenues Total revenues decreased 3.4% or $26 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to higher net realized capital losses, partially offset by higher premiums.

Premiums represent revenues generated from traditional life insurance, accident and health insurance products, and immediate annuities with life contingencies that have significant mortality or morbidity risk.

Contract charges are revenues generated from interest-sensitive and variable life insurance and fixed annuities for which deposits are classified as contractholder funds or separate account liabilities. Contract charges are assessed against the contractholder account values for maintenance, administration, cost of insurance and surrender prior to contractually specified dates.

The following table summarizes premiums and contract charges by product.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Underwritten products
Traditional life insurance premiums	$	147	$	143
Accident and health insurance premiums	30		26
Interest-sensitive life insurance contract charges	173		176
Subtotal	350		345
Annuities
Fixed annuity contract charges	3		3
Premiums and contract charges(1)	$	353	$	348

____________

⁽¹⁾  Contract charges related to the cost of insurance totaled $125 million for both the first quarter of 2018 and 2017.

Premiums and contract charges increased 1.4% or $5 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to growth in traditional life insurance and voluntary accident and health insurance.

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Analysis of costs and expenses Total costs and expenses decreased 1.7% or $11 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to lower interest credited to contractholder funds and operating costs and expenses, partially offset by higher contract benefits.

Contract benefits increased 4.5% or $16 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to higher claim experience on traditional life insurance and unfavorable immediate annuity mortality experience.

We analyze our mortality and morbidity results using the difference between premiums and contract charges earned for the cost of insurance and contract benefits excluding the portion related to the implied interest on immediate annuities with life contingencies (“benefit spread”). This implied interest totaled $123 million and $125 million in the first quarter of 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The benefit spread by product group is disclosed in the following table.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Life insurance	$	63		$	69
Accident and health insurance	17			11
Annuities	(25		)	(15		)
Total benefit spread	$	55		$	65

Benefit spread decreased 15.4% or $10 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to unfavorable immediate annuity mortality experience and higher life insurance claim experience, partially offset by growth in voluntary accident and health insurance.

Interest credited to contractholder funds decreased 8.1% or $13 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to lower average contractholder funds. Valuation changes on derivatives embedded in equity-indexed annuity contracts that are not hedged decreased interest credited to contractholder funds by $5 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to no impact in the first quarter of 2017.

In order to analyze the impact of net investment income and interest credited to contractholders on net income, we monitor the difference between net investment income and the sum of interest credited to contractholder funds and the implied interest on immediate annuities with life contingencies, which is included as a component of contract benefits on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (“investment spread”).

The investment spread is shown in the following table.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Investment spread before valuation changes on embedded derivatives not hedged	$	131	$	118
Valuation changes on derivatives embedded in equity-indexed annuity contracts that are not hedged	5		—
Total investment spread	$	136	$	118

Investment spread before valuation changes on embedded derivatives not hedged increased 11.0% or $13 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to lower credited interest and higher investment income.

To further analyze investment spreads, the following table summarizes the weighted average investment yield on assets supporting product liabilities and capital, interest crediting rates and investment spreads. Investment spreads may vary significantly between periods due to the variability in investment income, particularly for immediate fixed annuities where the investment portfolio includes performance-based investments.

	Three months ended March 31,
	Weighted average investment yield				Weighted average interest crediting rate				Weighted average investment spreads
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Interest-sensitive life insurance	5.1	%	5.1	%	3.7	%	3.8	%	1.4	%	1.3	%
Deferred fixed annuities	4.0		4.4		2.8		2.8		1.2		1.6
Immediate fixed annuities with and without life contingencies	6.9		6.3		6.0		5.9		0.9		0.4
Investments supporting capital, traditional life and other products	3.5		3.8		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a

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Amortization of DAC The components of amortization of DAC are summarized in the following table.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Amortization of DAC before amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses, valuation changes on embedded derivatives not hedged and changes in assumptions	$	37	$	37
Amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses (1)and valuation changes on embedded derivatives not hedged	2		4
Amortization deceleration for changes in assumptions (“DAC unlocking”)	—		—
Total amortization of DAC	$	39	$	41

_____________

⁽¹⁾  The impact of realized capital gains and losses on amortization of DAC is dependent upon the relationship between the assets that give rise to the gain or loss and the product liability supported by the assets. Fluctuations result from changes in the impact of realized capital gains and losses on actual and expected gross profits.

Amortization of DAC decreased 4.9% or $2 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017. The decrease relates to higher net realized capital losses on interest-sensitive life insurance.

Operating costs and expenses decreased 15.0% or $12 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to lower non-deferred acquisition-related costs since we stopped assuming new term life insurance business from Allstate Assurance Company (“AAC”) effective January 1, 2018.

The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Non-deferrable commissions	$	4	$	5
General and administrative expenses	64		75
Total operating costs and expenses	$	68	$	80

Analysis of reserves and contractholder funds

The following table summarizes our product liabilities.

($ in millions)	March 31,
	2018		2017
Traditional life insurance	$	2,462	$	2,402
Accident and health insurance	232		233
Immediate fixed annuities with life contingencies
Sub-standard structured settlements and group pension terminations (1)	5,134		5,033
Standard structured settlements and SPIA (2)	3,487		3,553
Other	83		103
Reserve for life-contingent contract benefits	$	11,398	$	11,324
Interest-sensitive life insurance	$	7,371	$	7,328
Deferred fixed annuities	7,848		8,685
Immediate fixed annuities without life contingencies	2,653		2,970
Other	412		265
Contractholder funds	$	18,284	$	19,248

____________

⁽¹⁾  Comprises structured settlement annuities for annuitants with severe injuries or other health impairments which increased their expected mortality rate at the time the annuity was issued (“sub-standard structured settlements”) and group annuity contracts issued to sponsors of terminated pension plans (“ABO”).

⁽²⁾  Comprises structured settlement annuities for annuitants with standard life expectancy (“standard structured settlements”) and single premium immediate annuities (“SPIA”) with life contingencies.

34

Contractholder funds represent interest-bearing liabilities arising from the sale of products such as interest-sensitive life insurance and fixed annuities. The balance of contractholder funds is equal to the cumulative deposits received and interest credited to the contractholder less cumulative contract benefits, surrenders, withdrawals and contract charges for mortality or administrative expenses. The following table shows the changes in contractholder funds.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Contractholder funds, beginning balance	$	18,592		$	19,470
Deposits
Interest-sensitive life insurance	213			230
Fixed annuities	4			11
Total deposits	217			241
Interest credited	147			160
Benefits, withdrawals and other adjustments
Benefits	(214		)	(228		)
Surrenders and partial withdrawals	(262		)	(242		)
Contract charges	(162		)	(164		)
Net transfers from separate accounts	2			1
Other adjustments(1)	(36		)	10
Total benefits, withdrawals and other adjustments	(672		)	(623		)
Contractholder funds, ending balance	$	18,284		$	19,248

____________

⁽¹⁾  The table above illustrates the changes in contractholder funds, which are presented gross of reinsurance recoverables on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The table above is intended to supplement our discussion and analysis of revenues, which are presented net of reinsurance on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. As a result, the net change in contractholder funds associated with products reinsured is reflected as a component of the other adjustments line.

Contractholder funds decreased 1.7% in the first quarter of 2018, primarily due to the continued runoff of our deferred fixed annuity business. We discontinued the sale of annuities over an eight year period from 2006 to 2014, but still accept additional deposits on existing contracts.

Contractholder deposits decreased 10.0% in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to lower deposits on interest-sensitive life insurance and fixed annuities.

Surrenders and partial withdrawals on deferred fixed annuities and interest-sensitive life insurance products increased 8.3% to $262 million in the first quarter of 2018 from $242 million in the first quarter of 2017. The annualized surrender and partial withdrawal rate on deferred fixed annuities and interest-sensitive life insurance products, based on the beginning of year contractholder funds, was 7.1% in the first quarter of 2018 compared to 6.2% in the first quarter of 2017.

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INVESTMENTS

Portfolio composition The composition of the investment portfolio as of March 31, 2018 is presented in the following table.

($ in millions)			Percentto total
Fixed income securities (1)	$	22,401	66.3	%
Mortgage loans	3,988		11.8
Equity securities (2)	1,503		4.4
Limited partnership interests	3,413		10.1
Short-term investments (3)	596		1.8
Policy loans	558		1.7
Other	1,310		3.9
Total	$	33,769	100.0	%

__________

⁽¹⁾  Fixed income securities are carried at fair value. Amortized cost basis for these securities was $21.65 billion.

⁽²⁾  Equity securities are carried at fair value. The cumulative changes in the fair value of equity securities held as of March 31, 2018 totaled $290 million. These net gains were primarily concentrated in the technology, consumer goods and capital goods sectors. Beginning January 1, 2018, the periodic changes in fair value are reflected in realized capital gains and losses.

⁽³⁾  Short-term investments are carried at fair value.

Investments totaled $33.77 billion as of March 31, 2018, decreasing from $34.44 billion as of December 31, 2017, primarily due to lower fixed income and equity valuations and net reductions in contractholder funds, partially offset by positive operating cash flows.

Adopted Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Beginning January 1, 2018, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in realized capital gains and losses.

Limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net investment income.

Portfolio composition by investment strategy

We utilize two primary strategies to manage risks and returns and to position our portfolio to take advantage of market opportunities while attempting to mitigate adverse effects. As strategies and market conditions evolve, the asset allocation may change or assets may be moved between strategies.

Market-based strategies include investments primarily in public fixed income and equity securities. Market-based core seeks to deliver predictable earnings aligned to business needs and returns consistent with the markets in which we invest. Private fixed income assets, such as commercial mortgages, bank loans and privately placed debt that provide liquidity premiums are also included in this category. Market-based activeseeks to outperform within the public markets through tactical positioning and by taking advantage of short-term opportunities. This category may generate results that meaningfully deviate from those achieved by market indices, both favorably and unfavorably.

Performance-based strategy seeks to deliver attractive risk-adjusted returns and supplement market risk with idiosyncratic risk primarily through investments in private equity and real estate.

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The following table presents the investment portfolio by strategy as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)	Market-based core			Market-based active			Performance-based			Total
Fixed income securities	$	21,419		$	974		$	8		$	22,401
Mortgage loans	3,988			—			—			3,988
Equity securities	1,243			193			67			1,503
Limited partnership interests	239			—			3,174			3,413
Short-term investments	563			33			—			596
Policy loans	558			—			—			558
Other	1,089			4			217			1,310
Total	$	29,099		$	1,204		$	3,466		$	33,769
% of total	86		%	4		%	10		%
Unrealized net capital gains and losses
Fixed income securities	$	767		$	(11	)	$	—		$	756
Limited partnership interests	—			—			1			1
Other	2			—			—			2
Total	$	769		$	(11	)	$	1		$	759

Fixed income securities by type are listed in the following table. 

	Fair value as of
($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
U.S. government and agencies	$	568	$	804
Municipal	2,263		2,273
Corporate	18,563		19,136
Foreign government	286		299
Asset-backed securities (“ABS”)	400		385
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”)	239		253
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”)	67		97
Redeemable preferred stock	15		14
Total fixed income securities	$	22,401	$	23,261

Fixed income securities are rated by third party credit rating agencies and/or are internally rated. As of March 31, 2018, 87.5% of the fixed income securities portfolio was rated investment grade, which is defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A or Baa from Moody’s, a rating of AAA, AA, A or BBB from S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”), a comparable rating from another nationally recognized rating agency, or a comparable internal rating if an externally provided rating is not available. Credit ratings below these designations are considered low credit quality or below investment grade, which includes high yield bonds. Market prices for certain securities may have credit spreads which imply higher or lower credit quality than the current third party rating. Our initial investment decisions and ongoing monitoring procedures for fixed income securities are based on a thorough due diligence process which includes, but is not limited to, an assessment of the credit quality, sector, structure, and liquidity risks of each issue.

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The following table summarizes the fair value and unrealized net capital gains and losses for fixed income securities by credit quality as of March 31, 2018. 

($ in millions)	Investment grade					Below investment grade					Total
	Fair value		Unrealized gain/(loss)			Fair value		Unrealized gain/(loss)			Fair value		Unrealized gain/(loss)
U.S. government and agencies	$	568	$	30		$	—	$	—		$	568	$	30
Municipal	2,225		227			38		3			2,263		230
Corporate
Public	11,289		262			1,524		(1		)	12,813		261
Privately placed	4,774		164			976		3			5,750		167
Foreign government	285		15			1		—			286		15
ABS
Collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”)	33		(2		)	13		3			46		1
Consumer and other asset-backed securities (“Consumer and other ABS”)	353		—			1		—			354		—
RMBS
U.S. government sponsored entities (“U.S. Agency”)	35		2			—		—			35		2
Non-agency	15		1			189		45			204		46
CMBS	3		—			64		3			67		3
Redeemable preferred stock	15		1			—		—			15		1
Total fixed income securities	$	19,595	$	700		$	2,806	$	56		$	22,401	$	756

Municipal bonds totaled $2.26 billion as of March 31, 2018 with 98.3% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $230 million. The municipal bond portfolio includes general obligations of state and local issuers and revenue bonds (including pre-refunded bonds, which are bonds for which an irrevocable trust has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest).

Corporate bonds, including publicly traded and privately placed, totaled $18.56 billion as of March 31, 2018, with an unrealized net capital gain of $428 million. Privately placed securities primarily consist of corporate issued senior debt securities that are directly negotiated with the borrower or are in unregistered form.

ABS, including CDO and Consumer and other ABS, totaled $400 million as of March 31, 2018, with 96.5% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $1 million. Credit risk is managed by monitoring the performance of the underlying collateral. Many of the securities in the ABS portfolio have credit enhancement with features such as overcollateralization, subordinated structures, reserve funds, guarantees and/or insurance.

CDO totaled $46 million as of March 31, 2018, with 71.7% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $1 million. CDO consist of obligations collateralized by cash flow CDO, which are structures collateralized primarily by below investment grade senior secured corporate loans. Consumer and other ABS totaled $354 million as of March 31, 2018, with 99.7% rated investment grade.

RMBS totaled $239 million as of March 31, 2018, with 20.9% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $48 million. The RMBS portfolio is subject to interest rate risk, but unlike other fixed income securities, is additionally subject to prepayment risk from the underlying residential mortgage loans. RMBS consists of a U.S. Agency portfolio having collateral issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and a non-agency portfolio consisting of securities collateralized by Prime, Alt-A and Subprime loans. The non-agency portfolio totaled $204 million as of March 31, 2018, with 7.4% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $46 million.

CMBS totaled $67 million as of March 31, 2018, with 4.5% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $3 million. All of the CMBS investments are traditional conduit transactions collateralized by commercial mortgage loans, broadly diversified across property types and geographical area.

Mortgage loans totaled $3.99 billion as of March 31, 2018 and primarily comprise loans secured by first mortgages on developed commercial real estate. Key considerations used to manage our exposure include property type and geographic diversification. For further detail on our mortgage loan portfolio, see Note 3 of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Equity securities primarily include common stocks, exchange traded and mutual funds, non-redeemable preferred stocks and real estate investment trust equity investments. Certain exchange traded and mutual funds have fixed income securities as their underlying investments. The equity securities portfolio was $1.50 billion as of March 31, 2018.

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Limited partnership interestsinclude interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds. The following table presents carrying value and other information about our limited partnership interests as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)	Limited partnership interests(1)		Number of managers	Number of individual investments	Largest exposure to single investment
Private equity	$	2,729	133	257	$	152
Real estate	445		27	51	44
Other	239		5	5	103
Total	$	3,413	165	313

______________________________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value. See Note 1 of the condensed consolidated financial statements. The carrying value includes equity method of accounting limited partnerships of $2.66 billion and limited partnerships carried at fair value of $751 million.

Unrealized net capital gains totaled $759 million as of March 31, 2018 compared to $1.57 billion as of December 31, 2017. 

The following table presents unrealized net capital gains and losses.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
U.S. government and agencies	$	30	$	36
Municipal	230		272
Corporate	428		874
Foreign government	15		20
ABS	1		2
RMBS	48		48
CMBS	3		4
Redeemable preferred stock	1		1
Fixed income securities	756		1,257
Equity securities (1)	—		308
Derivatives	2		2
EMA limited partnerships	1		1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax	$	759	$	1,568

______________________________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in realized capital gains and losses and are no longer included in the table above. Upon adoption of the new guidance on January 1, 2018, $308 million of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained income. See Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements.

The unrealized net capital gain for the fixed income portfolio totaled $756 million, comprised of $1.01 billion of gross unrealized gains and $252 million of gross unrealized losses as of March 31, 2018. This compares to an unrealized net capital gain for the fixed income portfolio totaling $1.26 billion, comprised of $1.36 billion of gross unrealized gains and $98 million of gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2017. Fixed income valuations decreased on higher market yields from wider credit spreads and an increase in long-term risk-free interest rates.

39

Gross unrealized gains and losses on fixed income securities by type and sector as of March 31, 2018 are provided in the following table.

($ in millions)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized					Fair value
			Gains		Losses
Corporate:
Consumer goods (cyclical and non-cyclical)	$	5,147	$	114	$	(79	)	$	5,182
Capital goods	2,325		50		(39		)	2,336
Utilities	3,443		270		(37		)	3,676
Banking	836		8		(19		)	825
Communications	1,274		32		(16		)	1,290
Technology	1,057		15		(13		)	1,059
Energy	1,071		53		(9		)	1,115
Financial services	1,043		37		(9		)	1,071
Transportation	935		48		(9		)	974
Basic industry	855		35		(8		)	882
Other	149		5		(1		)	153
Total corporate fixed income portfolio	18,135		667		(239		)	18,563
U.S. government and agencies	538		31		(1		)	568
Municipal	2,033		234		(4		)	2,263
Foreign government	271		15		—			286
ABS	399		6		(5		)	400
RMBS	191		49		(1		)	239
CMBS	64		5		(2		)	67
Redeemable preferred stock	14		1		—			15
Total fixed income securities	$	21,645	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	22,401

The consumer goods, utilities and capital goods sectors comprise 28%, 20% and 13%, respectively, of the carrying value of our corporate fixed income securities portfolio as of March 31, 2018. The consumer goods, capital goods and utilities sectors had the highest concentration of gross unrealized losses in our corporate fixed income securities portfolio as of March 31, 2018. In general, the gross unrealized losses are related to an increase in market yields which may include increased risk-free interest rates and/or wider credit spreads since the time of initial purchase. Similarly, gross unrealized gains reflect a decrease in market yields since the time of initial purchase.

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Net investment income The following table presents net investment income.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	251		$	268
Mortgage loans	44			49
Equity securities	7			15
Limited partnership interests (1)	96			65
Short-term investments	4			1
Policy loans	7			8
Other	22			19
Investment income, before expense	431			425
Investment expense (2) (3)	(24		)	(21		)
Net investment income	$	407		$	404
Market-based core	$	321		$	342
Market-based active	9			10
Performance-based	101			73
Investment income, before expense	$	431		$	425

______________________________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net investment income.

⁽²⁾  Investment expense includes $5 million and $4 million of investee level expenses in the first quarter of 2018 and 2017, respectively. Investee level expenses include depreciation and asset level operating expenses on directly held real estate and other consolidated investments.

⁽³⁾  Investment expense includes $2 million and $1 million related to the portion of reinvestment income on securities lending collateral paid to the counterparties in the first quarter of 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Net investment income increased 0.7% or $3 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017, primarily due to performance-based investment income, primarily from limited partnerships, partially offset by lower market-based portfolio income, including the impact of lower average investment balances.

Performance-based investmentsprimarily include private equity and real estate. The following table presents investment income for performance-based investments.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Limited partnerships
Private equity	$	88		$	57
Real estate	8			8
Performance-based - limited partnerships (1)	96			65
Non-limited partnerships
Private equity	—			4
Real estate	5			4
Performance-based - non-limited partnerships	5			8
Total
Private equity	88			61
Real estate	13			12
Total performance-based	$	101		$	73
Investee level expenses	$	(5	)	$	(4	)

______________________________

⁽¹⁾  Investee level expenses include depreciation and asset level operating expenses reported in investment expense.

Performance-based investment income increased 38.4% or $28 million in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the first quarter of 2017. The increase reflects asset appreciation and the continued growth of our performance-based portfolio.

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Performance-based investment results and income can vary significantly between periods and are influenced by economic conditions, equity market performance, comparable public company earnings multiples, capitalization rates, operating performance of the underlying investments and the timing of asset sales.

Realized capital gains and losses The following table presents the components of realized capital gains and losses and the related tax effect.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Impairment write-downs
Fixed income securities	$	(1	)	$	(9	)
Equity securities (1)	—			(7		)
Limited partnership interests	—			(3		)
Other investments	—			(2		)
Total impairment write-downs	(1		)	(21		)
Change in intent write-downs (1)	—			(3		)
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1		)	(24		)
Sales (1)	(5		)	28
Valuation of equity investments (1)	(23		)	—
Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments	(3		)	(5		)
Realized capital gains and losses, pre-tax	(32		)	(1		)
Income tax benefit	7			—
Realized capital gains and losses, after-tax	$	(25	)	$	(1	)
Market-based core	$	(22	)	$	1
Market-based active	(6		)	4
Performance-based	(4		)	(6		)
Realized capital gains and losses, pre-tax	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

______________________________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in valuation of equity investments and are no longer included in impairment write-downs, change in intent write-downs, and sales.

Realized capital gains and losses in the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily related to declines in the valuation of equity investments and net realized capital losses on sales of fixed income securities.

Sales resulted in $5 million of net realized capital losses in the three months ended March 31, 2018. Sales include fixed income securities in connection with ongoing portfolio management.

Valuation of equity investments resulted in net realized capital losses of $23 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, which includes $26 million of declines in the valuation of equity securities and $3 million appreciation for certain limited partnerships where the underlying assets primarily consist of public equity securities.

Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments resulted in net realized capital losses of $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, primarily comprised of losses on foreign currency contracts due to the weakening of the U.S. Dollar.

The following table presents realized capital gains and losses for performance-based investments.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Limited partnerships	$	—		$	(3	)
Non-limited partnerships	(4		)	(3		)
Total performance-based	$	(4	)	$	(6	)

______________________________

⁽¹⁾  Other limited partnership interests where the underlying assets primarily consist of public equity securities are held in the market-based core portfolio and are not included in the table above and resulted in net gains of $3 million and $16 million in the first quarter of 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Net realized capital losses on performance-based investments were $4 million in the first quarter of 2018 and included derivative losses related to the hedging of foreign currency risk.

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CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

Capital resources consist of shareholder’s equity and notes due to related parties, representing funds deployed or available to be deployed to support business operations. The following table summarizes our capital resources.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Common stock, retained income and additional capital paid-in	$	6,414	$	6,010
Accumulated other comprehensive income	436		845
Total shareholder’s equity	6,850		6,855
Notes due to related parties	140		140
Total capital resources	$	6,990	$	6,995

Shareholder’s equity decreased in the first three months of 2018, primarily due to decreased unrealized net capital gains on investments, partially offset by net income.

Financial ratings and strength Our ratings are influenced by many factors including our operating and financial performance, asset quality, liquidity, asset/liability management, overall portfolio mix, financial leverage (i.e., debt), exposure to risks, the current level of operating leverage and Allstate Insurance Company’s (“AIC”) ratings. In April 2018, A.M. Best affirmed our insurance financial strength rating of A+ and the outlook for the rating is stable. There have been no changes to our ratings from S&P or Moody’s since December 31, 2017.

Liquidity sources and uses We actively manage our financial position and liquidity levels in light of changing market, economic, and business conditions. Liquidity is managed at both the entity and enterprise level across the Company, and is assessed on both base and stressed level liquidity needs. We believe we have sufficient liquidity to meet these needs. Additionally, we have existing intercompany agreements in place that facilitate liquidity management across the Company to enhance flexibility.

The Company is party to an Amended and Restated Intercompany Liquidity Agreement (“Liquidity Agreement”) with certain of its affiliates, which include, but are not limited to, AIC, AAC and the Corporation. The Liquidity Agreement allows for short-term advances of funds to be made between parties for liquidity and other general corporate purposes. The Liquidity Agreement does not establish a commitment to advance funds on the part of any party. The Company and AIC each serve as a lender and borrower, AAC and certain other affiliates serve only as borrowers, and the Corporation serves only as a lender. The Company also has a capital support agreement with AIC. Under the capital support agreement, AIC is committed to providing capital to the Company to maintain an adequate capital level. The maximum amount of potential funding under each of these agreements is $1.00 billion.

In addition to the Liquidity Agreement, the Company also has an intercompany loan agreement with the Corporation. The amount of intercompany loans available to the Company is at the discretion of the Corporation. The maximum amount of loans the Corporation will have outstanding to all its eligible subsidiaries at any given point in time is limited to $1.00 billion. The Corporation may use commercial paper borrowings, bank lines of credit and securities lending to fund intercompany borrowings.

Allstate parent company capital capacity At the parent holding company level, the Corporation has deployable assets totaling $3.86 billion as of March 31, 2018 comprising cash and investments that are generally saleable within one quarter. This provides funds for the parent company’s fixed charges and other corporate purposes.

The Company has access to resources to support liquidity through the Corporation as follows. The amount available to the Company is at the discretion of the Corporation.

• A commercial paper facility with a borrowing limit of $1.00 billion to cover short-term cash needs. As of March 31, 2018, there were no balances outstanding and therefore the remaining borrowing capacity was $1.00 billion; however, the outstanding balance can fluctuate daily.

• A $1.00 billion unsecured revolving credit facility that is available for short-term liquidity requirements. The maturity date of this facility is April 2021. The facility is fully subscribed among 11 lenders with the largest commitment being $115 million. The commitments of the lenders are several and no lender is responsible for any other lender’s commitment if such lender fails to make a loan under the facility. This facility contains an increase provision that would allow up to an additional $500 million of borrowing. This facility has a financial covenant requiring that the Corporation not exceed a 37.5% debt to capitalization ratio as defined in the agreement. This ratio was 15.6% as of March 31, 2018. Although the right to borrow under the facility is not subject to a minimum rating requirement, the costs of maintaining the facility and borrowing under it are based on the ratings of the Corporation’s senior unsecured, unguaranteed long-term debt. There were no borrowings under the credit facility during the first quarter of 2018.

• A universal shelf registration statement that was filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2018. The Corporation can use this shelf registration to issue an unspecified amount of debt securities, common

43

stock (including 548 million shares of treasury stock as of March 31, 2018), preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, stock purchase contracts, stock purchase units and securities of trust subsidiaries. The specific terms of any securities the Corporation issues under this registration statement will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplements.

Liquidity exposure Contractholder funds were $18.28 billion as of March 31, 2018. The following table summarizes contractholder funds by their contractual withdrawal provisions as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)			Percent to total
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal	$	2,910	15.9	%
Subject to discretionary withdrawal with adjustments:
Specified surrender charges(1)	4,574		25.0
Market value adjustments(2)	1,304		7.1
Subject to discretionary withdrawal without adjustments(3)	9,496		52.0
Total contractholder funds(4)	$	18,284	100.0	%

____________

⁽¹⁾  Includes $888 million of liabilities with a contractual surrender charge of less than 5% of the account balance.

⁽²⁾  $782 million of the contracts with market value adjusted surrenders have a 30-45 day period at the end of their initial and subsequent interest rate guarantee periods (which are typically 1, 5, 7 or 10 years) during which there is no surrender charge or market value adjustment.

⁽³⁾  89% of these contracts have a minimum interest crediting rate guarantee of 3% or higher.

⁽⁴⁾  Includes $722 million of contractholder funds on variable annuities reinsured to The Prudential Insurance Company of America, a subsidiary of Prudential Financial Inc., in 2006.

Retail life and annuity products may be surrendered by customers for a variety of reasons. Reasons unique to individual customers include a current or unexpected need for cash or a change in life insurance coverage needs. Other key factors that may impact the likelihood of customer surrender include the level of the contract surrender charge, the length of time the contract has been in force, distribution channel, market interest rates, equity market conditions and potential tax implications. In addition, the propensity for retail life insurance policies to lapse is lower than it is for fixed annuities because of the need for the insured to be re-underwritten upon policy replacement. The annualized surrender and partial withdrawal rate on deferred fixed annuities and interest-sensitive life insurance products, based on the beginning of year contractholder funds, was 7.1% and 6.2% in the first three months of 2018 and 2017, respectively. We strive to promptly pay customers who request cash surrenders; however, statutory regulations generally provide up to six months in most states to fulfill surrender requests.

Our asset-liability management practices enable us to manage the differences between the cash flows generated by our investment portfolio and the expected cash flow requirements of our life insurance and annuity product obligations.

Cash flows As reflected in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, lower cash provided by operating activities in the first three months of 2018 compared to the first three months of 2017 was primarily due to increased payments for contract benefits and a decrease in payables, as well as cash received in the prior year period relating to the reinsurance agreement with AAC.

Lower cash provided by investing activities in the first three months of 2018 compared to the first three months of 2017 was the result of lower collections of fixed income securities and mortgage loans and lower sales, partially offset by a decrease in short-term investments.

Lower cash used in financing activities in the first three months of 2018 compared to the first three months of 2017 was primarily due to the dividends paid to AIC in 2017.

44

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains “forward-looking statements” that anticipate results based on our estimates, assumptions and plans that are subject to uncertainty. These statements are made subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and may be identified by their use of words like “plans,” “seeks,” “expects,” “will,” “should,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “believes,” “likely,” “targets” and other words with similar meanings. We believe these statements are based on reasonable estimates, assumptions and plans. However, if the estimates, assumptions or plans underlying the forward-looking statements prove inaccurate or if other risks or uncertainties arise, actual results could differ materially from those communicated in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include risks related to:

Insurance Industry Risks (1) the availability of reinsurance at current levels and prices; (2) risk of our reinsurers; (3) changes in underwriting and actual experience; (4) changes in reserve estimates for life-contingent contract benefits payable; (5) changes in estimates of profitability on interest-sensitive life products

Financial Risks (6) conditions in the global economy and capital markets; (7) a downgrade in our financial strength ratings; (8) the effect of adverse capital and credit market conditions; (9) the realization of deferred tax assets

Investment Risks (10) market risk and declines in credit quality relating to our investment portfolio; (11) our subjective determination of the amount of realized capital losses recorded for impairments of our investments and the fair value of our fixed income and equity securities; (12) the influence of changes in market interest rates or performance-based investment returns on our spread-based products

Operational Risks (13) failure in cyber or other information security, as well as the occurrence of events unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems and management continuity planning; (14) the impact of a large scale pandemic, the threat or occurrence of terrorism or military action; (15) loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect confidential, proprietary and personal information; (16) intellectual property infringement, misappropriation and third party claims

Regulatory and Legal Risks (17) regulatory reforms and restrictive regulations; (18) changes in tax laws; (19) our ability to mitigate the capital impact associated with statutory reserving and capital requirements; (20) changes in accounting standards; (21) losses from legal and regulatory actions

Strategic Risks (22) competition in the insurance industry; (23) divestitures of businesses; and (24) reducing our concentration in spread-based business and exiting certain distribution channels

Additional information concerning these and other factors may be found in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the “Risk Factors” section in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements are as of the date on which they are made, and we assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon this evaluation, the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed in our reports filed with or submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act is made known to management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2018, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

45

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Information required for Part II, Item 1 is incorporated by reference to the discussion under the heading “Regulation and Compliance” in Note 7 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Item 6.  Exhibits

(a)Exhibits

The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Form 10-Q.

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	File Number	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed or Furnished Herewith
15	Acknowledgment of awareness from Deloitte & Touche LLP, dated May 7, 2018, concerning unaudited interim financial information					X
31(i)	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer					X
31(i)	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer					X
32	Section 1350 Certifications					X
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document					X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema					X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase					X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase					X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase					X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase					X

46

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Allstate Life Insurance Company
	(Registrant)
May 7, 2018
	By	/s/ Eric K. Ferren
		Eric K. Ferren
		Senior Vice President, Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer
		(Authorized Signatory and Principal Accounting Officer)

47

EX-15

EXHIBIT 15

Allstate Life Insurance Company

3075 Sanders Road

Northbrook, IL 60062

We have reviewed, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the unaudited interim financial information of Allstate Life Insurance Company and subsidiaries for the periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, as indicated in our report dated May 7, 2018; because we did not perform an audit, we expressed no opinion on that information.

We are aware that our report referred to above, which is included in your Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference in the following Registration Statements:

Form S-3 Registration Statement Nos.	Form N-4 Registration Statement Nos.
333-220830	333-102934
333-220831	333-114560
333-220837	333-114561
333-220835	333-114562
333-220836	333-121687
333-220832	333-121691
333-220580	333-121692
333-220569	333-121693
333-220570	333-121695
333-220606
333-220605
333-220581

We also are aware that the aforementioned report, pursuant to Rule 436(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, is not considered a part of the Registration Statement prepared or certified by an accountant or a report prepared or certified by an accountant within the meaning of Sections 7 and 11 of that Act.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Chicago, Illinois

May 7, 2018

EX-31.I

CERTIFICATIONS EXHIBIT 31 (i)

I, Steven E. Shebik, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Allstate Life Insurance Company;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 7, 2018

/s/ Steven E. Shebik

Steven E. Shebik

Chief Executive Officer

CERTIFICATIONS EXHIBIT 31 (i)

I, Mario Imbarrato, certify that:            

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Allstate Life Insurance Company;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 7, 2018

/s/ Mario Imbarrato

Mario Imbarrato

Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32

EXHIBIT 32

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATIONS

Each of the undersigned hereby certifies that to his knowledge the quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 31, 2018 of Allstate Life Insurance Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in such report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of Allstate Life Insurance Company.

Date: May 7, 2018

/s/ Steven E. Shebik

Steven E. Shebik

Chief Executive Officer

/s/ Mario Imbarrato

Mario Imbarrato

Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	May 07, 2018
Document and Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	ALLSTATE LIFE INSURANCE CO
Entity Central Index Key	0000352736
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2018
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		23,800
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Revenues
Premiums	$ 177	$ 169
Contract charges	176	179
Other revenue	8	11
Net investment income	407	404
Realized capital gains and losses:
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(28)
OTTI losses reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income	(1)	4
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1)	(24)
Sales and valuation changes on equity investments and derivatives	(31)	23
Total realized capital gains and losses	(32)	(1)
Total revenues	736	762
Costs and expenses
Contract benefits	370	354
Interest credited to contractholder funds	148	161
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	39	41
Operating costs and expenses	68	80
Interest expense	1	1
Total costs and expenses	626	637
Gain on disposition of operations	1	2
Income from operations before income tax expense	111	127
Income tax expense	21	41
Net income	90	86
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	(175)	65
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	4	(3)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax	(171)	62
Comprehensive (loss) income	$ (81)	$ 148

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Investments
Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost $21,645 and $22,004)	$ 22,401	$ 23,261
Mortgage loans	3,988	3,876
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $1,213 and $1,306)	1,503	1,614
Limited partnership interests	3,413	3,147
Short-term, at fair value (amortized cost $596 and $725)	596	725
Policy loans	558	561
Other	1,310	1,254
Total investments	33,769	34,438
Cash	100	145
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,217	1,156
Accrued investment income	263	263
Other assets	550	501
Separate Accounts	3,292	3,422
Total assets	41,840	42,605
Liabilities
Contractholder funds	18,284	18,592
Reserve for life-contingent contract benefits	11,398	11,625
Unearned premiums	4	4
Payable to affiliates, net	44	55
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	1,017	1,076
Deferred income taxes	811	836
Notes due to related parties	140	140
Separate Accounts	3,292	3,422
Total liabilities	34,990	35,750
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 7)
Shareholder’s equity
Common stock, $227 par value, 23,800 shares authorized and outstanding	5	5
Additional capital paid-in	2,024	2,024
Retained income	4,385	3,981
Unrealized net capital gains and losses:
Unrealized net capital gains and losses on fixed income securities with OTTI	49	47
Other unrealized net capital gains and losses	551	1,186
Unrealized adjustment to DAC, DSI and insurance reserves	(178)	(398)
Total unrealized net capital gains and losses	422	835
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	14	10
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”)	436	845
Total shareholder’s equity	6,850	6,855
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity	41,840	42,605
Series A
Shareholder’s equity
Redeemable preferred stock	0	0
Series B
Shareholder’s equity
Redeemable preferred stock	0	0
Affiliate
Investments
Reinsurance recoverables	432	437
Non-affiliate
Investments
Reinsurance recoverables	$ 2,217	$ 2,243

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Fixed income securities, at fair value, amortized cost (in dollars)	$ 21,645	$ 22,004
Equity securities, at fair value, cost (in dollars)	1,213	1,306
Short-term, at fair value, amortized cost (in dollars)	$ 596	$ 725
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 227	$ 227
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	23,800	23,800
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	23,800	23,800
Series A
Redeemable preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 100	$ 100
Redeemable preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,500,000	1,500,000
Redeemable preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Series B
Redeemable preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 100	$ 100
Redeemable preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,500,000	1,500,000
Redeemable preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common stock	Additional capital paid-in	Retained income	Accumulated other comprehensive income
Increase (decrease) in equity
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle				$ 0	$ 0
Balance, beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2016			$ 1,990	3,736	678
Increase (decrease) in equity
Gain on reinsurance with an affiliate			34
Net income	$ 86			86
Dividends				(300)
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	65				65
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	(3)				(3)
Balance, end of period at Mar. 31, 2017	6,291	$ 5	2,024	3,522	740
Increase (decrease) in equity
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle				314	(238)
Balance, beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2017	6,855		2,024	3,981	845
Increase (decrease) in equity
Gain on reinsurance with an affiliate			0
Net income	90			90
Dividends				0
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	(175)				(175)
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	4				4
Balance, end of period at Mar. 31, 2018	$ 6,850	$ 5	$ 2,024	$ 4,385	$ 436

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$ 90	$ 86
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization and other non-cash items	(16)	(18)
Realized capital gains and losses	32	1
Gain on disposition of operations	(1)	(2)
Interest credited to contractholder funds	148	161
Changes in:
Policy benefits and other insurance reserves	(178)	(143)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	15	12
Reinsurance recoverables, net	10	18
Income taxes	10	32
Other operating assets and liabilities	(83)	(18)
Net cash provided by operating activities	27	129
Proceeds from sales
Fixed income securities	1,679	1,346
Equity securities	267	616
Limited partnership interests	23	87
Other investments	1	3
Investment collections
Fixed income securities	267	495
Mortgage loans	42	202
Other investments	34	31
Investment purchases
Fixed income securities	(1,594)	(1,269)
Equity securities	(167)	(624)
Limited partnership interests	(138)	(129)
Mortgage loans	(154)	(86)
Other investments	(99)	(40)
Change in short-term investments, net	64	(205)
Change in policy loans and other investments, net	(19)	(13)
Net cash provided by investing activities	206	414
Cash flows from financing activities
Contractholder fund deposits	194	204
Contractholder fund withdrawals	(472)	(468)
Dividends paid	0	(300)
Net cash used in financing activities	(278)	(564)
Net decrease in cash	(45)	(21)
Cash at beginning of period	145	138
Cash at end of period	$ 100	$ 117

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General

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

General

General

General

Basis of presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Allstate Life Insurance Company (“ALIC”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”). ALIC is wholly owned by Allstate Insurance Company (“AIC”), which is wholly owned by Allstate Insurance Holdings, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Allstate Corporation (the “Corporation”). These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The condensed consolidated financial statements and notes as of March 31, 2018 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 are unaudited. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. The results of operations for the interim periods should not be considered indicative of results to be expected for the full year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Reinsurance transaction

Effective January 1, 2017, ALIC entered into a coinsurance reinsurance agreement with Allstate Assurance Company to assume certain term life insurance policies. The agreement covered policies issued from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017. In connection with the agreement, the Company recorded cash of $20 million, deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) of $45 million, other assets of $11 million, reserve for life-contingent contract benefits of $24 million and deferred tax liabilities of $18 million. The $34 million gain on the transaction was recorded as an increase to additional capital paid-in since the transaction was between entities under common control.

Premiums and contract charges

The following table summarizes premiums and contract charges by product.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Premiums
Traditional life insurance	$	147	$	143
Accident and health insurance	30		26
Total premiums	177		169
Contract charges
Interest-sensitive life insurance	173		176
Fixed annuities	3		3
Total contract charges	176		179
Total premiums and contract charges	$	353	$	348

Adopted accounting standard

Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance requiring equity investments, including equity securities and limited partnership interests not accounted for under the equity method of accounting or that do not result in consolidation to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The guidance clarifies that an entity should evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets related to available-for-sale fixed income securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. The Company’s adoption of the new FASB guidance included adoption of the relevant elements of Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments, issued in February 2018.

Upon adoption of the new guidance on January 1, 2018, $308 million of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from AOCI to retained income. The after-tax change in accounting for equity securities did not affect the Company’s total shareholder’s equity and the unrealized net capital gains reclassified to retained income will never be recognized in net income.

Upon adoption of the new guidance on January 1, 2018, the carrying value of cost method limited partnership interests increased $95 million, pre-tax, to fair value. The after-tax cumulative-effect increase in retained income of $76 million increased the Company’s shareholder’s equity but will never be recognized in net income.

Changes to significant accounting policies

Investments

Changes were made to the Company’s Significant Accounting Policies upon adoption of new FASB guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets. Equity securities primarily include common stocks, exchange traded and mutual funds, non-redeemable preferred stocks and real estate investment trust equity investments. Equity securities are carried at fair value. The periodic change in fair value of equity securities is recognized within realized capital gains and losses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Investments in limited partnership interests include interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds. Where the Company’s interest is so minor that it exercises virtually no influence over operating and financial policies, investments in limited partnership interests purchased prior to January 1, 2018 are accounted for at fair value primarily utilizing the net asset value as a practical expedient (“NAV”) to determine fair value. All other investments in limited partnership interests, including those purchased subsequent to January 1, 2018, are accounted for in accordance with the equity method of accounting (“EMA”).

Investment income from limited partnership interests carried at fair value is recognized based upon the changes in fair value primarily utilizing NAV. Income from EMA limited partnership interests is recognized based on the Company’s share of the partnerships’ earnings. Income for EMA limited partnership interests is generally recognized on a three month delay due to the availability of the related financial statements.

Tax Reform

On December 22, 2017, Public Law 115-97, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Legislation”) became effective, permanently reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning January 1, 2018. As a result, the corporate tax rate is not comparable between periods.

Pending accounting standards

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance which revises the credit loss recognition criteria for certain financial assets measured at amortized cost, including reinsurance recoverables. The new guidance replaces the existing incurred loss recognition model with an expected loss recognition model. The objective of the expected credit loss model is for the reporting entity to recognize its estimate of expected credit losses for affected financial assets in a valuation allowance deducted from the amortized cost basis of the related financial assets that results in presenting the net carrying value of the financial assets at the amount expected to be collected. The reporting entity must consider all relevant information available when estimating expected credit losses, including details about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of an asset. Financial assets may be evaluated individually or on a pooled basis when they share similar risk characteristics. The measurement of credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities measured at fair value is not affected except that credit losses recognized are limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost and the carrying value adjustment is recognized through a valuation allowance and not as a direct write-down. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for most affected instruments must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to beginning retained income. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption.

Accounting for Hedging Activities

In August 2017, the FASB issued amendments intended to better align hedge accounting with an organization’s risk management activities. The amendments expand hedge accounting for nonfinancial and financial risk components and revise the measurement methodologies to better align with an organization’s risk management activities. Separate presentation of hedge ineffectiveness is eliminated to provide greater transparency of the full impact of hedging by requiring presentation of the results of the hedged item and hedging instrument in a single financial statement line item. In addition, the amendments reduce complexity by simplifying the manner in which assessments of hedge effectiveness may be performed. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The presentation and disclosure guidance is effective on a prospective basis. The impact of adoption is not expected to be material to the Company’s results of operations or financial position.

Other revenue presentation

The Company revised the presentation of total revenue to include other revenue. Previously, components of other revenue were presented within operating costs and expenses and primarily represent gross dealer concessions received in connection with Allstate exclusive agencies and exclusive financial specialists sales of non-proprietary products. Other revenue is recognized when performance obligations are fulfilled. Prior periods have been reclassified to conform to current separate presentation of other revenue.

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Non-cash investing activities include $7 million and $2 million related to mergers and exchanges completed with equity and fixed income securities, and modifications of certain mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Liabilities for collateral received in conjunction with the Company’s securities lending program and over-the-counter (“OTC”) and cleared derivatives are reported in other liabilities and accrued expenses or other investments. The accompanying cash flows are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows along with the activities resulting from management of the proceeds, which are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net change in proceeds managed
Net change in fixed income securities	$	15		$	(36	)
Net change in short-term investments	66			11
Operating cash flow provided (used)	$	81		$	(25	)
Net change in liabilities
Liabilities for collateral, beginning of period	$	(542	)	$	(550	)
Liabilities for collateral, end of period	(461		)	(575		)
Operating cash flow (used) provided	$	(81	)	$	25

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Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Investments [Abstract]

Investments

Investments

Fair values

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed income securities are as follows:

($ in millions)	Amortized		Gross unrealized					Fair
	cost		Gains		Losses			value
March 31, 2018
U.S. government and agencies	$	538	$	31	$	(1	)	$	568
Municipal	2,033		234		(4		)	2,263
Corporate	18,135		667		(239		)	18,563
Foreign government	271		15		—			286
Asset-backed securities (“ABS”)	399		6		(5		)	400
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”)	191		49		(1		)	239
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”)	64		5		(2		)	67
Redeemable preferred stock	14		1		—			15
Total fixed income securities	$	21,645	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	22,401
December 31, 2017
U.S. government and agencies	$	768	$	38	$	(2	)	$	804
Municipal	2,001		275		(3		)	2,273
Corporate	18,262		960		(86		)	19,136
Foreign government	279		20		—			299
ABS	383		6		(4		)	385
RMBS	205		49		(1		)	253
CMBS	93		6		(2		)	97
Redeemable preferred stock	13		1		—			14
Total fixed income securities	$	22,004	$	1,355	$	(98	)	$	23,261

Scheduled maturities

The scheduled maturities for fixed income securities are as follows as of March 31, 2018:

($ in millions)	Amortized cost		Fair value
Due in one year or less	$	1,337	$	1,338
Due after one year through five years	8,596		8,781
Due after five years through ten years	7,068		7,089
Due after ten years	3,990		4,487
	20,991		21,695
ABS, RMBS and CMBS	654		706
Total	$	21,645	$	22,401

Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. ABS, RMBS and CMBS are shown separately because of the potential for prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates.

Net investment income

Net investment income is as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	251		$	268
Mortgage loans	44			49
Equity securities	7			15
Limited partnership interests (1) (2)	96			65
Short-term investments	4			1
Policy loans	7			8
Other	22			19
Investment income, before expense	431			425
Investment expense	(24		)	(21		)
Net investment income	$	407		$	404

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair valuewith changes in fair value recognized in net investment income.

⁽²⁾  Includes net investment income of $58 million for EMA limited partnership interests and $38 million for limited partnership interests carried at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2018

Realized capital gains and losses

Realized capital gains and losses by asset type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	(6	)	$	(7	)
Equity securities	(26		)	—
Limited partnership interests	3			13
Derivatives	(3		)	(5		)
Other	—			(2		)
Realized capital gains and losses	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

Realized capital gains and losses by transaction type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Impairment write-downs (1)	$	(1	)	$	(21	)
Change in intent write-downs (1)	—			(3		)
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1		)	(24		)
Sales (1)	(5		)	28
Valuation of equity investments (1)	(23		)	—
Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments	(3		)	(5		)
Realized capital gains and losses	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in valuation of equity investments and are no longer included in impairment write-downs, change in intent write-downs and sales.

Gross gains of $7 million and gross losses of $12 million were realized on sales of fixed income securities during the three months ended March 31, 2018. Gross gains of $33 million and gross losses of $21 million were realized on sales of fixed income and equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Valuation changes included in net income for investments still held as of March 31, 2018 are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018
Equity securities	$	(9	)
Limited partnership interests carried at fair value	38
Total valuation changes	$	29

OTTI losses by asset type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31, 2018								Three months ended March 31, 2017
	Gross		Included in OCI			Net			Gross			Included in OCI			Net
Fixed income securities:
Corporate	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	(7	)	$	3		$	(4	)
RMBS	—		—			—			—			(2		)	(2		)
CMBS	—		(1		)	(1		)	(6		)	3			(3		)
Total fixed income securities	—		(1		)	(1		)	(13		)	4			(9		)
Equity securities (1)	—		—			—			(10		)	—			(10		)
Limited partnership interests (1)	—		—			—			(3		)	—			(3		)
Other	—		—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)
OTTI losses	$	—	$	(1	)	$	(1	)	$	(28	)	$	4		$	(24	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities and limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income and are no longer included in the table above.

The total amount of OTTI losses included in AOCI at the time of impairment for fixed income securities, which were not included in earnings, are presented in the following table. The amounts exclude $111 million and $113 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of net unrealized gains related to changes in valuation of the fixed income securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Municipal	$	(4	)	$	(4	)
ABS	(6		)	(8		)
RMBS	(36		)	(37		)
CMBS	(4		)	(4		)
Total	$	(50	)	$	(53	)

Rollforwards of the cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities held as of the end of the period are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	(138	)	$	(176	)
Additional credit loss for securities previously other-than-temporarily impaired	(1		)	(4		)
Additional credit loss for securities not previously other-than-temporarily impaired	—			(5		)
Reduction in credit loss for securities disposed or collected	11			18
Ending balance	$	(128	)	$	(167	)

The Company uses its best estimate of future cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed income security, discounted at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, to calculate a recovery value and determine whether a credit loss exists. The determination of cash flow estimates is inherently subjective and methodologies may vary depending on facts and circumstances specific to the security. All reasonably available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable assumptions and forecasts, are considered when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information generally includes, but is not limited to, the remaining payment terms of the security, prepayment speeds, foreign exchange rates, the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer, expected defaults, expected recoveries, the value of underlying collateral, vintage, geographic concentration of underlying collateral, available reserves or escrows, current subordination levels, third party guarantees and other credit enhancements. Other information, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, financial condition of the bond insurer for insured fixed income securities, and other market data relevant to the realizability of contractual cash flows, may also be considered. The estimated fair value of collateral will be used to estimate recovery value if the Company determines that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for ultimate settlement. If the estimated recovery value is less than the amortized cost of the security, a credit loss exists and an OTTI for the difference between the estimated recovery value and amortized cost is recorded in earnings. The portion of the unrealized loss related to factors other than credit remains classified in AOCI. If the Company determines that the fixed income security does not have sufficient cash flow or other information to estimate a recovery value for the security, the Company may conclude that the entire decline in fair value is deemed to be credit related and the loss is recorded in earnings.

Unrealized net capital gains and losses

Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in AOCI are as follows:

($ in millions)	Fair value		Gross unrealized					Unrealized net gains (losses)
March 31, 2018			Gains		Losses
Fixed income securities	$	22,401	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	756
Short-term investments	596		—		—			—
Derivative instruments (1)	2		2		—			2
EMA limited partnerships (2)								1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax								759
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves(3)								(119		)
DAC and DSI(4)								(106		)
Amounts recognized								(225		)
Deferred income taxes								(112		)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax								$	422

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.

⁽²⁾  Unrealized net capital gains and losses for limited partnership interests represent the Company’s share of EMA limited partnerships’ other comprehensive income. Fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses are not applicable.

⁽³⁾  The insurance reserves adjustment represents the amount by which the reserve balance would increase if the net unrealized gains in the applicable product portfolios were realized and reinvested at current lower interest rates, resulting in a premium deficiency. This adjustment primarily relates to structured settlement annuities with life contingencies (a type of immediate fixed annuities).

⁽⁴⁾  The DAC and DSI adjustment balance represents the amount by which the amortization of DAC and DSI would increase or decrease if the unrealized gains or losses in the respective product portfolios were realized.

($ in millions)	Fair value		Gross unrealized					Unrealized net gains (losses)
December 31, 2017			Gains		Losses
Fixed income securities	$	23,261	$	1,355	$	(98	)	$	1,257
Equity securities	1,614		311		(3		)	308
Short-term investments	725		—		—			—
Derivative instruments(1)	2		2		—			2
EMA limited partnerships								1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax								1,568
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves								(315		)
DAC and DSI								(189		)
Amounts recognized								(504		)
Deferred income taxes								(229		)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax								$	835

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.

Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses

The change in unrealized net capital gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 is as follows:

($ in millions)
Fixed income securities	$	(501	)
Equity securities (1)	—
Total	(501		)
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves	196
DAC and DSI	83
Amounts recognized	279
Deferred income taxes	47
Decrease in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax	$	(175	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾ Upon adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard on January 1, 2018, $308 million of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from AOCI to retained income.  See Note 1 of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Portfolio monitoring

The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired.

For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed income security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compares this to the amortized cost of the security. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed income security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income.

For fixed income securities managed by third parties, either the Company has contractually retained its decision making authority as it pertains to selling securities that are in an unrealized loss position or it recognizes any unrealized loss at the end of the period through a charge to earnings.

The Company’s portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential OTTI using all reasonably available information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company’s evaluation of OTTI for these securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost.

The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair value of securities by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

($ in millions)	Less than 12 months						12 months or more						Total unrealized losses
	Number of issues	Fair value		Unrealized losses			Number of issues	Fair value		Unrealized losses
March 31, 2018
Fixed income securities
U.S. government and agencies	9	$	104	$	(1	)	1	$	5	$	—		$	(1	)
Municipal	55	119		(2		)	1	11		(2		)	(4		)
Corporate	1,082	6,649		(153		)	139	1,250		(86		)	(239		)
Foreign government	2	16		—			—	—		—			—
ABS	48	215		(2		)	6	10		(3		)	(5		)
RMBS	86	4		—			56	16		(1		)	(1		)
CMBS	—	—		—			6	24		(2		)	(2		)
Total fixed income securities	1,282	7,107		(158		)	209	1,316		(94		)	(252		)
Investment grade fixed income securities	960	$	6,028	$	(123	)	177	$	1,211	$	(79	)	$	(202	)
Below investment grade fixed income securities	322	1,079		(35		)	32	105		(15		)	(50		)
Total fixed income securities	1,282	$	7,107	$	(158	)	209	$	1,316	$	(94	)	$	(252	)
December 31, 2017
Fixed income securities
U.S. government and agencies	17	$	443	$	(2	)	2	$	25	$	—		$	(2	)
Municipal	4	14		—			1	11		(3		)	(3		)
Corporate	456	2,899		(28		)	144	1,324		(58		)	(86		)
ABS	33	170		(1		)	8	24		(3		)	(4		)
RMBS	70	3		—			56	18		(1		)	(1		)
CMBS	2	1		—			6	23		(2		)	(2		)
Redeemable preferred stock	1	—		—			—	—		—			—
Total fixed income securities	583	3,530		(31		)	217	1,425		(67		)	(98		)
Equity securities	87	66		(3		)	1	—		—			(3		)
Total fixed income and equity securities	670	$	3,596	$	(34	)	218	$	1,425	$	(67	)	$	(101	)
Investment grade fixed income securities	472	$	3,192	$	(22	)	181	$	1,320	$	(52	)	$	(74	)
Below investment grade fixed income securities	111	338		(9		)	36	105		(15		)	(24		)
Total fixed income securities	583	$	3,530	$	(31	)	217	$	1,425	$	(67	)	$	(98	)

As of March 31, 2018, $233 million of the $252 million unrealized losses are related to securities with an unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost, the degree of which suggests that these securities do not pose a high risk of being other-than-temporarily impaired.  Of the $233 million, $190 million are related to unrealized losses on investment grade fixed income securities. Of the remaining $43 million, $32 million have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. Investment grade is defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A or Baa from Moody’s, a rating of AAA, AA, A or BBB from S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”), a comparable rating from another nationally recognized rating agency, or a comparable internal rating if an externally provided rating is not available. Market prices for certain securities may have credit spreads which imply higher or lower credit quality than the current third party rating. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to an increase in market yields which may include increased risk-free interest rates and/or wider credit spreads since the time of initial purchase.

As of March 31, 2018, the remaining $19 million of unrealized losses are related to securities in unrealized loss positions greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost. Investment grade fixed income securities comprising $12 million of these unrealized losses were evaluated based on factors such as discounted cash flows and the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer and were determined to have adequate resources to fulfill contractual obligations. Of the $19 million, $7 million are related to below investment grade fixed income securities. Of these amounts, $3 million are related to below investment grade fixed income securities that had been in an unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost for a period of twelve or more consecutive months as of March 31, 2018.

ABS, RMBS and CMBS in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on actual and projected collateral losses relative to the securities’ positions in the respective securitization trusts, security specific expectations of cash flows, and credit ratings. This evaluation also takes into consideration credit enhancement, measured in terms of (i) subordination from other classes of securities in the trust that are contractually obligated to absorb losses before the class of security the Company owns, and (ii) the expected impact of other structural features embedded in the securitization trust beneficial to the class of securities the Company owns, such as overcollateralization and excess spread. Municipal bonds in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on the underlying credit quality of the primary obligor, obligation type and quality of the underlying assets.

As of March 31, 2018, the Company has not made the decision to sell and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell fixed income securities with unrealized losses before recovery of the amortized cost basis.

Limited partnerships

Investments in limited partnership interests include interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying value of EMA limited partnerships totaled $2.66 billion and $2.54 billion, respectively, and limited partnerships carried at fair value as of March 31, 2018, while at cost method as of December 31, 2017, totaled $751 million and $611 million, respectively.

Mortgage loans

Mortgage loans are evaluated for impairment on a specific loan basis through a quarterly credit monitoring process and review of key credit quality indicators. Mortgage loans are considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not collect the contractual principal and interest. Valuation allowances are established for impaired loans to reduce the carrying value to the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or the present value of the loan’s expected future repayment cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Impaired mortgage loans may not have a valuation allowance when the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is higher than the carrying value. Valuation allowances are adjusted for subsequent changes in the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or present value of the loan’s expected future repayment cash flows. Mortgage loans are charged off against their corresponding valuation allowances when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. The impairment evaluation is non-statistical in respect to the aggregate portfolio but considers facts and circumstances attributable to each loan. It is not considered probable that additional impairment losses, beyond those identified on a specific loan basis, have been incurred as of March 31, 2018.

Accrual of income is suspended for mortgage loans that are in default or when full and timely collection of principal and interest payments is not probable. Cash receipts on mortgage loans on nonaccrual status are generally recorded as a reduction of carrying value.

Debt service coverage ratio is considered a key credit quality indicator when mortgage loans are evaluated for impairment. Debt service coverage ratio represents the amount of estimated cash flows from the property available to the borrower to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Debt service coverage ratio estimates are updated annually or more frequently if conditions are warranted based on the Company’s credit monitoring process.

The following table reflects the carrying value of non-impaired mortgage loans summarized by debt service coverage ratio distribution.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
Debt service coverage ratio distribution	Fixed rate mortgage loans		Variable rate mortgage loans		Total		Fixed rate mortgage loans		Variable rate mortgage loans		Total
Below 1.0	$	27	$	—	$	27	$	3	$	—	$	3
1.0 - 1.25	323		—		323		326		—		326
1.26 - 1.50	1,058		15		1,073		1,033		15		1,048
Above 1.50	2,519		42		2,561		2,482		13		2,495
Total non-impaired mortgage loans	$	3,927	$	57	$	3,984	$	3,844	$	28	$	3,872

Mortgage loans with a debt service coverage ratio below 1.0 that are not considered impaired primarily relate to instances where the borrower has the financial capacity to fund the revenue shortfalls from the properties for the foreseeable term, the decrease in cash flows from the properties is considered temporary, or there are other risk mitigating circumstances such as additional collateral, escrow balances or borrower guarantees.

The net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans is as follows:

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Impaired mortgage loans with a valuation allowance	$	4	$	4
Impaired mortgage loans without a valuation allowance	—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	4	$	4
Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans	$	3	$	3

The valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans had no activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. The average balance of impaired loans was $4 million and $5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Payments on all mortgage loans were current as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Short-term investments

Short-term investments, including commercial paper, U.S. Treasury bills, money market funds and other short-term investments, are carried at fair value. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of short-term investments totaled $596 million and $725 million, respectively.

Policy loans

Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying value of policy loans totaled $558 million and $561 million, respectively.

Other investments

Other investments primarily consist of agent loans, bank loans, real estate and derivatives. Agent loans are loans issued to exclusive Allstate agents and are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of valuation allowances and unamortized deferred fees or costs. Bank loans are primarily senior secured corporate loans and are carried at amortized cost. Real estate is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Derivatives are carried at fair value. The following table summarizes other investments.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Agent loans	$	562	$	538
Bank loans	450		437
Real estate	207		157
Derivatives and other	91		122
Total	$	1,310	$	1,254

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.

Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

(a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

(b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or

(c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

The availability of observable inputs varies by instrument. In situations where fair value is based on internally developed pricing models or inputs that are unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. The degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is typically greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In many instances, valuation inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The category level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments.

The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. The Company gains assurance that assets and liabilities are appropriately valued through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation methodologies, including inputs and assumptions, and compliance with accounting standards. For fair values received from third parties or internally estimated, the Company’s processes and controls are designed to ensure that the valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistently applied, the inputs and assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. For example, on a continuing basis, the Company assesses the reasonableness of individual fair values that have stale security prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous fair values received from valuation service providers or brokers or derived from internal models. The Company performs procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of valuation service providers. In addition, the Company may validate the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from valuation service providers or brokers to other third party valuation sources for selected securities. The Company performs ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, the Company validates them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

The Company has two types of situations where investments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The first is where specific inputs significant to the fair value estimation models are not market observable. This primarily occurs in the Company’s use of broker quotes to value certain securities where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, and the use of valuation models that use significant non-market observable inputs.

The second situation where the Company classifies securities in Level 3 is where quotes continue to be received from independent third-party valuation service providers and all significant inputs are market observable; however, there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity such that the degree of market observability has declined to a point where categorization as a Level 3 measurement is considered appropriate. The indicators considered in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, the level of credit spreads over historical levels, applicable bid-ask spreads, and price consensus among market participants and other pricing sources.

Certain assets are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including investments such as mortgage loans, bank loans, agent loans and policy loans. Accordingly, such investments are only included in the fair value hierarchy disclosure when the investment is subject to remeasurement at fair value after initial recognition and the resulting remeasurement is reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In determining fair value, the Company principally uses the market approach which generally utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. To a lesser extent, the Company uses the income approach which involves determining fair values from discounted cash flow methodologies. For the majority of Level 2 and Level 3 valuations, a combination of the market and income approaches is used.

Summary of significant valuation techniques for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

Level 1 measurements

• Fixed income securities: Comprise certain U.S. Treasury fixed income securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

• Equity securities: Comprise actively traded, exchange-listed equity securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

• Short-term: Comprise U.S. Treasury bills valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access and actively traded money market funds that have daily quoted net asset values for identical assets that the Company can access.

• Separate account assets: Comprise actively traded mutual funds that have daily quoted net asset values that are readily determinable for identical assets that the Company can access. Net asset values for the actively traded mutual funds in which the separate account assets are invested are obtained daily from the fund managers.

Level 2 measurements

• Fixed income securities:

U.S. government and agencies: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Municipal: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate - public: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate - privately placed: Valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses market observable inputs and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. The primary inputs to the discounted cash flow model include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets in markets that are not active that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.

Foreign government: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

ABS - collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”) and ABS - consumer and other: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral performance and credit spreads. Certain ABS - CDO and ABS - consumer and other are valued based on non-binding broker quotes whose inputs have been corroborated to be market observable.

RMBS: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral performance and credit spreads.

CMBS: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads.

Redeemable preferred stock: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, underlying stock prices and credit spreads.

• Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.

• Short-term: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.  For certain short-term investments, amortized cost is used as the best estimate of fair value.

• Other investments: Free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are not actively traded are valued based on quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not active.

OTC derivatives, including interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, foreign exchange forward contracts, certain options and certain credit default swaps, are valued using models that rely on inputs such as interest rate yield curves, implied volatilities, currency rates, and credit spreads that are observable for substantially the full term of the contract. The valuation techniques underlying the models are widely accepted in the financial services industry and do not involve significant judgment.

Level 3 measurements

• Fixed income securities:

Municipal: Comprise municipal bonds that are not rated by third party credit rating agencies.  The primary inputs to the valuation of these municipal bonds include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Also included are municipal bonds valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and municipal bonds in default valued based on the present value of expected cash flows.

Corporate - public and Corporate - privately placed: Primarily valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable. Other inputs include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.

ABS - CDO, ABS - consumer and other: Valued based on non-binding broker quotes received from brokers who are familiar with the investments and where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable.

• Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements.

• Other investments: Certain OTC derivatives, such as interest rate caps, certain credit default swaps and certain options (including swaptions), are valued using models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs such as volatility. Other primary inputs include interest rate yield curves and credit spreads.

• Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in certain life and annuity contracts are valued internally using models widely accepted in the financial services industry that determine a single best estimate of fair value for the embedded derivatives within a block of contractholder liabilities. The models primarily use stochastically determined cash flows based on the contractual elements of embedded derivatives, projected option cost and applicable market data, such as interest rate yield curves and equity index volatility assumptions. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

Mortgage loans written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing impairments are valued based on the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. EMA limited partnership interests written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing OTTI losses are generally valued using net asset values.

Investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy

Limited partnerships carried at fair value, which do not have readily determinable fair values, use NAV provided by the investees and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and generally cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. We receive distributions of income and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the investees over the life of these investments, typically 10-12 years. As of March 31, 2018, the Company has commitments to invest $385 million in limited partnership interests valued using NAV.

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of March 31, 2018
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	258		$	310		$	—					$	568
Municipal	—			2,207			56						2,263
Corporate - public	—			12,766			47						12,813
Corporate - privately placed	—			5,535			215						5,750
Foreign government	—			286			—						286
ABS - CDO	—			36			10						46
ABS - consumer and other	—			313			41						354
RMBS	—			239			—						239
CMBS	—			67			—						67
Redeemable preferred stock	—			15			—						15
Total fixed income securities	258			21,774			369						22,401
Equity securities	1,389			15			99						1,503
Short-term investments	69			527			—						596
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	—			87			1			$	(4	)	84
Separate account assets	3,292			—			—						3,292
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	5,008		$	22,403		$	469		$	(4	)	$	27,876
% of total assets at fair value	18.0		%	80.3		%	1.7		%	—		%	100		%
Investments reported at NAV													751
Total													$	28,627
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(260	)				$	(260	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	—			(43		)	—			$	5		(38		)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(43	)	$	(260	)	$	5		$	(298	)
% of total liabilities at fair value	—		%	14.4		%	87.3		%	(1.7		)%	100		%

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2017.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of December 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	488		$	316		$	—					$	804
Municipal	—			2,216			57						2,273
Corporate - public	—			13,168			49						13,217
Corporate - privately placed	—			5,699			220						5,919
Foreign government	—			299			—						299
ABS - CDO	—			38			10						48
ABS - consumer and other	—			297			40						337
RMBS	—			253			—						253
CMBS	—			97			—						97
Redeemable preferred stock	—			14			—						14
Total fixed income securities	488			22,397			376						23,261
Equity securities	1,508			16			90						1,614
Short-term investments	110			615			—						725
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	—			117			1			$	(3	)	115
Separate account assets	3,422			—			—						3,422
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	5,528		$	23,145		$	467		$	(3	)	$	29,137
% of total assets at fair value	19.0		%	79.4		%	1.6		%	—		%	100		%
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(284	)				$	(284	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	—			(62		)	—			$	1		(61		)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(62	)	$	(284	)	$	1		$	(345	)
% of total liabilities at fair value	—		%	18.0		%	82.3		%	(0.3		)%	100		%

The following table summarizes quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements.

($ in millions)	Fair value			Valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average
March 31, 2018
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts – Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(230	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.2%	1.74	%
December 31, 2017
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts – Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(250	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.2%	1.74	%

The embedded derivatives are equity-indexed and forward starting options in certain life and annuity products that provide customers with interest crediting rates based on the performance of the S&P 500. If the projected option cost increased (decreased), it would result in a higher (lower) liability fair value.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Level 3 fair value measurements of fixed income securities total $369 million and $376 million, respectively, and include $235 million and $237 million, respectively, of securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable. The Company does not develop the unobservable inputs used in measuring fair value; therefore, these are not included in the table above. However, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads for fixed income securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes would result in a lower (higher) fair value.

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:
	Balance as of December 31, 2017			Net income(1)			OCI			Transfers into Level 3			Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	57		$	—		$	(1	)	$	—		$	—
Corporate - public	49			—			(1		)	3			—
Corporate - privately placed	220			—			(2		)	—			(13		)
ABS - CDO	10			—			—			—			—
ABS - consumer and other	40			—			—			3			—
Total fixed income securities	376			—			(4		)	6			(13		)
Equity securities	90			1			—			—			—
Free-standing derivatives, net	1			—			—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	467		$	1		$	(4	)	$	6		$	(13	)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(284	)	$	23		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(284	)	$	23		$	—		$	—		$	—
	Purchases			Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of March 31, 2018
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	56
Corporate - public	—			(1		)	—			(3		)	47
Corporate - privately placed	11			—			—			(1		)	215
ABS - CDO	—			—			—			—			10
ABS - consumer and other	3			(4		)	—			(1		)	41
Total fixed income securities	14			(5		)	—			(5		)	369
Equity securities	8			—			—			—			99
Free-standing derivatives, net	—			—			—			—			1			(2)
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	22		$	(5	)	$	—		$	(5	)	$	469
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(260	)
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(260	)

 ____________

⁽¹⁾  The effect to net income totals $24 million and is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $19 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $4 million in contract benefits.

⁽²⁾  Comprises $1 million of assets.

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:
	Balance as of December 31, 2016			Net income (1)			OCI			Transfers into Level 3			Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	59		$	—		$	1		$	—		$	—
Corporate - public	47			1			—			—			(10		)
Corporate - privately placed	264			—			5			—			—
ABS - CDO	27			(1		)	2			3			—
ABS - consumer and other	42			—			—			—			(2		)
Total fixed income securities	439			—			8			3			(12		)
Equity securities	76			5			—			—			—
Free-standing derivatives, net	(2		)	1			—			—			—
Other assets	1			(1		)	—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	514		$	5		$	8		$	3		$	(12	)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(289	)	$	3		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(289	)	$	3		$	—		$	—		$	—
	Purchases			Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of March 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	60
Corporate - public	—			—			—			(2		)	36
Corporate - privately placed	—			—			—			(1		)	268
ABS - CDO	5			—			—			(4		)	32
ABS - consumer and other	8			—			—			(1		)	47
Total fixed income securities	13			—			—			(8		)	443
Equity securities	—			(1		)	—			—			80
Free-standing derivatives, net	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(2)
Other assets	—			—			—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	13		$	(1	)	$	—		$	(8	)	$	522
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(285	)
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(285	)

__________

⁽¹⁾  The effect to net income totals $8 million and is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $5 million in net investment income, $(5) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $7 million in contract benefits.

⁽²⁾  Comprises $1 million of assets and $2 millionof liabilities.

Transfers between level categorizations may occur due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs, which generally are caused by changes in market conditions such as liquidity, trading volume or bid-ask spreads. Transfers between level categorizations may also occur due to changes in the valuation source. Transfers in and out of level categorizations are reported as having occurred at the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurred. Therefore, for all transfers into Level 3, all realized and changes in unrealized gains and losses in the quarter of transfer are reflected in the Level 3 rollforward table.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

Transfers into Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 included situations where a fair value quote was not provided by the Company’s independent third-party valuation service provider and as a result the price was stale or had been replaced with a broker quote where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3. Transfers out of Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 included situations where a broker quote was used in the prior period and a fair value quote became available from the Company’s independent third-party valuation service provider in the current period. A quote utilizing the new pricing source was not available as of the prior period, and any gains or losses related to the change in valuation source for individual securities were not significant.

The following table provides valuation changes included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of March 31.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Assets
Equity securities	$	1	$	5
Free-standing derivatives, net	—		1
Other assets	—		(1		)
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	1	$	5
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	23	$	3
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	23	$	3

The amounts in the table above represent gains and losses related to valuation changes included in net income for the period of time that the asset or liability was held and determined to be in Level 3. These gains and losses total $24 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and are reported as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $19 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $4 million in contract benefits. These gains and losses total $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and are reported as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $5 million in net investment income, $(5) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $7 million in contract benefits.

Presented below are the carrying values and fair value estimates of financial instruments not carried at fair value.

Financial assets

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Mortgage loans	$	3,988	$	4,081	$	3,876	$	4,052
Bank loans	450		451		437		437
Agent loans	562		553		538		536

The fair value measurements for mortgage loans, bank loans and agent loans are categorized as Level 3.

Financial liabilities

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Contractholder funds on investment contracts	$	10,053	$	10,562	$	10,331	$	11,036
Liability for collateral	461		461		542		542
Notes due to related parties	140		139		140		141

The fair value measurement is Level 3 for contractholder funds on investment contracts and notes due to related parties and Level 2 for liability for collateral.

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses derivatives for risk reduction and to increase investment portfolio returns through asset replication. Risk reduction activity is focused on managing the risks with certain assets and liabilities arising from the potential adverse impacts from changes in risk-free interest rates, changes in equity market valuations, increases in credit spreads and foreign currency fluctuations. Asset replication refers to the “synthetic” creation of assets through the use of derivatives. The Company replicates fixed income securities using a combination of a credit default swap or a foreign currency forward contract and one or more highly rated fixed income securities, primarily investment grade host bonds, to synthetically replicate the economic characteristics of one or more cash market securities. The Company replicates equity securities using futures and options to increase equity exposure.

The Company utilizes several derivative strategies to manage risk. Asset-liability management is a risk management strategy that is principally employed to balance the respective interest-rate sensitivities of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Depending upon the attributes of the assets acquired and liabilities issued, derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps, caps, swaptions and futures are utilized to change the interest rate characteristics of existing assets and liabilities to ensure the relationship is maintained within specified ranges and to reduce exposure to rising or falling interest rates. Credit default swaps are typically used to mitigate the credit risk within the Company’s fixed income portfolio. Futures and options are used for hedging the equity exposure contained in the Company’s equity indexed life and annuity product contracts that offer equity returns to contractholders. In addition, the Company uses equity index futures and options to offset valuation losses in the equity portfolio during periods of declining equity market values. Foreign currency swaps and forwards are primarily used by the Company to reduce the foreign currency risk associated with holding foreign currency denominated investments.

The Company also has derivatives embedded in non-derivative host contracts that are required to be separated from the host contracts and accounted for at fair value with changes in fair value of embedded derivatives reported in net income. The Company’s primary embedded derivatives are equity options in life and annuity product contracts, which provide equity returns to contractholders.

When derivatives meet specific criteria, they may be designated as accounting hedges and accounted for as fair value, cash flow, foreign currency fair value or foreign currency cash flow hedges. The Company designates certain investment risk transfer reinsurance agreements as fair value hedges when the hedging instrument is highly effective in offsetting the risk of changes in the fair value of the hedged item. The Company designates certain of its foreign currency swap contracts as cash flow hedges when the hedging instrument is highly effective in offsetting the exposure of variations in cash flows for the hedged risk that could affect net income. Amounts are reclassified to net investment income or realized capital gains and losses as the hedged item affects net income.

The notional amounts specified in the contracts are used to calculate the exchange of contractual payments under the agreements and are generally not representative of the potential for gain or loss on these agreements. However, the notional amounts specified in credit default swaps where the Company has sold credit protection represent the maximum amount of potential loss, assuming no recoveries.

Fair value, which is equal to the carrying value, is the estimated amount that the Company would receive or pay to terminate the derivative contracts at the reporting date. The carrying value amounts for OTC derivatives are further adjusted for the effects, if any, of enforceable master netting agreements and are presented on a net basis, by counterparty agreement, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For those derivatives which qualify for fair value hedge accounting, net income includes the changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged risk, and therefore reflects any hedging ineffectiveness. For cash flow hedges, gains and losses are amortized from AOCI and are reported in net income in the same period the forecasted transactions being hedged impact net income.

Non-hedge accounting is generally used for “portfolio” level hedging strategies where the terms of the individual hedged items do not meet the strict homogeneity requirements to permit the application of hedge accounting. For non-hedge derivatives, net income includes changes in fair value and accrued periodic settlements, when applicable. With the exception of non-hedge derivatives used for asset replication and non-hedge embedded derivatives, all of the Company’s derivatives are evaluated for their ongoing effectiveness as either accounting hedge or non-hedge derivative financial instruments on at least a quarterly basis.

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as well as their reporting location in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions, except number of contracts)		Volume (1)
	Balance sheet location	Notional amount		Number of contracts	Fair value, net			Gross asset		Gross liability
Asset derivatives
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other investments	$	16	n/a	$	—		$	—	$	—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other investments	—		4,136	84			84		—
Financial futures contracts	Other assets	—		84	—			—		—
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other investments	11		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other investments	2		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other investments	80		n/a	—			—		—
Other contracts
Other contracts	Other assets	3		n/a	—			—		—
Total asset derivatives		$	112	4,220	$	84		$	84	$	—
Liability derivatives
Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments
Foreign currency swap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	$	19	n/a	$	2		$	2	$	—
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	26		n/a	1			1		—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	—		4,135	(34		)	—		(34		)
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	148		n/a	(7		)	—		(7		)
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Guaranteed accumulation benefits	Contractholder funds	215		n/a	(20		)	—		(20		)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits	Contractholder funds	266		n/a	(10		)	—		(10		)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts	Contractholder funds	1,722		n/a	(230		)	—		(230		)
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	59		n/a	(1		)	1		(2		)
Subtotal		2,436		4,135	(301		)	2		(303		)
Total liability derivatives		2,455		4,135	(299		)	$	4	$	(303	)
Total derivatives		$	2,567	8,355	$	(215	)

___________

⁽¹⁾  Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts. Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as well as their reporting location in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2017.

($ in millions, except number of contracts)		Volume(1)
	Balance sheet location	Notional amount		Number of contracts	Fair value, net			Gross asset		Gross liability
Asset derivatives
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other investments	$	15	n/a	$	—		$	—	$	—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other investments	—		4,485	114			114		—
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other investments	3		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other investments	80		n/a	1			1		—
Other contracts
Other contracts	Other assets	3		n/a	—			—		—
Total asset derivatives		$	101	4,485	$	115		$	115	$	—
Liability derivatives
Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments
Foreign currency swap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	$	19	n/a	$	2		$	2	$	—
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	30		n/a	1			1		—
Equity and index contracts
Options and futures	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	—		4,464	(53		)	—		(53		)
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	207		n/a	(8		)	—		(8		)
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Guaranteed accumulation benefits	Contractholder funds	225		n/a	(22		)	—		(22		)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits	Contractholder funds	274		n/a	(12		)	—		(12		)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts	Contractholder funds	1,735		n/a	(250		)	—		(250		)
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	34		n/a	(1		)	—		(1		)
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	1		n/a	—			—		—
Subtotal		2,506		4,464	(345		)	1		(346		)
Total liability derivatives		2,525		4,464	(343		)	$	3	$	(346	)
Total derivatives		$	2,626	8,949	$	(228	)

____________

⁽¹⁾  Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts.  Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

The following table provides gross and net amounts for the Company’s OTC derivatives, all of which are subject to enforceable master netting agreements.

($ in millions)				Offsets
	Gross amount			Counter- party netting			Cash collateral (received) pledged			Net amount on balance sheet			Securities collateral (received) pledged		Net amount
March 31, 2018
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(4	)	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—
Liability derivatives	(9		)	4			1			(4		)	2		(2		)
December 31, 2017
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(3	)	$	—		$	1		$	—	$	1
Liability derivatives	(10		)	3			(2		)	(9		)	3		(6		)

The following table provides a summary of the impacts of the Company’s foreign currency contracts in cash flow hedging relationships. Amortization of net gains from AOCI related to cash flow hedges is expected to be a gain of $2 million during the next twelve months. There was no hedge ineffectiveness reported in realized gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Loss recognized in OCI on derivatives during the period	$	—	$	(2	)
Gain recognized in OCI on derivatives during the term of the hedging relationship	2		3

The following tables present gains and losses from valuation and settlements reported on derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no derivatives used in fair value hedging relationships.

($ in millions)	Realized capital gains and losses			Contract benefits		Interest credited to contractholder funds			Total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives
Three months ended March 31, 2018
Equity and index contracts	$	—		$	—	$	(4	)	$	(4	)
Embedded derivative financial instruments	—			4		20			24
Foreign currency contracts	(3		)	—		—			(3		)
Total	$	(3	)	$	4	$	16		$	17
Three months ended March 31, 2017
Equity and index contracts	$	(2	)	$	—	$	13		$	11
Embedded derivative financial instruments	—			7		(4		)	3
Foreign currency contracts	(4		)	—		—			(4		)
Credit default contracts	1			—		—			1
Total	$	(5	)	$	7	$	9		$	11

The Company manages its exposure to credit risk by utilizing highly rated counterparties, establishing risk control limits, executing legally enforceable master netting agreements (“MNAs”) and obtaining collateral where appropriate. The Company uses MNAs for OTC derivative transactions that permit either party to net payments due for transactions and collateral is either pledged or obtained when certain predetermined exposure limits are exceeded. As of March 31, 2018, counterparties pledged $4 million in cash to the Company, and the Company pledged $7 million in cash and securities to counterparties which includes $4 million of collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent provisions that are in a liability position and $3 million of collateral posted under MNAs for contracts without credit-risk-contingent features. The Company has not incurred any losses on derivative financial instruments due to counterparty nonperformance. Other derivatives, including futures and certain option contracts, are traded on organized exchanges which require margin deposits and guarantee the execution of trades, thereby mitigating any potential credit risk.

Counterparty credit exposure represents the Company’s potential loss if all of the counterparties concurrently fail to perform under the contractual terms of the contracts and all collateral, if any, becomes worthless. This exposure is measured by the fair value of OTC derivative contracts with a positive fair value at the reporting date reduced by the effect, if any, of legally enforceable master netting agreements.

The following table summarizes the counterparty credit exposure by counterparty credit rating as it relates to the Company’s OTC derivatives.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
Rating(1)	Number of counter-parties	Notional amount (2)		Credit exposure (2)		Exposure, net of collateral(2)		Number of counter- parties	Notional amount (2)		Credit exposure (2)		Exposure, net of collateral(2)
A+	2	$	54	$	4	$	—	2	$	59	$	3	$	—

__________

⁽¹⁾  Rating is the lower of S&P or Moody’s ratings.

⁽²⁾  Only OTC derivatives with a net positive fair value are included for each counterparty.

For certain exchange traded and cleared derivatives, margin deposits are required as well as daily cash settlements of margin accounts. As of March 31, 2018, the Company pledged $3 million in the form of margin deposits.

Market risk is the risk that the Company will incur losses due to adverse changes in market rates and prices. Market risk exists for all of the derivative financial instruments the Company currently holds, as these instruments may become less valuable due to adverse changes in market conditions. To limit this risk, the Company’s senior management has established risk control limits. In addition, changes in fair value of the derivative financial instruments that the Company uses for risk management purposes are generally offset by the change in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged risk component of the related assets, liabilities or forecasted transactions.

Certain of the Company’s derivative instruments contain credit-risk-contingent termination events, cross-default provisions and credit support annex agreements. Credit-risk-contingent termination events allow the counterparties to terminate the derivative agreement or a specific trade on certain dates if AIC’s, ALIC’s or Allstate Life Insurance Company of New York’s (“ALNY”) financial strength credit ratings by Moody’s or S&P fall below a certain level. Credit-risk-contingent cross-default provisions allow the counterparties to terminate the derivative agreement if the Company defaults by pre-determined threshold amounts on certain debt instruments. Credit-risk-contingent credit support annex agreements specify the amount of collateral the Company must post to counterparties based on AIC’s, ALIC’s or ALNY’s financial strength credit ratings by Moody’s or S&P, or in the event AIC, ALIC or ALNY are no longer rated by either Moody’s or S&P.

The following summarizes the fair value of derivative instruments with termination, cross-default or collateral credit-risk-contingent features that are in a liability position, as well as the fair value of assets and collateral that are netted against the liability in accordance with provisions within legally enforceable MNAs.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Gross liability fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	$	12		$	12
Gross asset fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features and subject to MNAs	(8		)	(5		)
Collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	(4		)	(3		)
Maximum amount of additional exposure for contracts with credit-risk-contingent features if all features were triggered concurrently	$	—		$	4

Credit derivatives - selling protection

A credit default swap (“CDS”) is a derivative instrument, representing an agreement between two parties to exchange the credit risk of a specified entity (or a group of entities), or an index based on the credit risk of a group of entities (all commonly referred to as the “reference entity” or a portfolio of “reference entities”), in return for a periodic premium. In selling protection, CDS are used to replicate fixed income securities and to complement the cash market when credit exposure to certain issuers is not available or when the derivative alternative is less expensive than the cash market alternative. CDS typically have a five-year term.

The following table shows the CDS notional amounts by credit rating and fair value of protection sold.

($ in millions)	Notional amount
	AA		A		BBB		BB and lower		Total		Fair value
March 31, 2018
Index
Corporate debt	$	1	$	19	$	47	$	13	$	80	$	—
December 31, 2017
Single name
Corporate debt	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1	$	—
Index
Corporate debt	1		19		45		15		80		1
Total	$	1	$	19	$	45	$	16	$	81	$	1

In selling protection with CDS, the Company sells credit protection on an identified single name, a basket of names in a first-to-default (“FTD”) structure or credit derivative index (“CDX”) that is generally investment grade, and in return receives periodic premiums through expiration or termination of the agreement. With single name CDS, this premium or credit spread generally corresponds to the difference between the yield on the reference entity’s public fixed maturity cash instruments and swap rates at the time the agreement is executed. With a FTD basket, because of the additional credit risk inherent in a basket of named reference entities, the premium generally corresponds to a high proportion of the sum of the credit spreads of the names in the basket and the correlation between the names. CDX is utilized to take a position on multiple (generally 125) reference entities. Credit events are typically defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, or restructuring, depending on the nature of the reference entities. If a credit event occurs, the Company settles with the counterparty, either through physical settlement or cash settlement. In a physical settlement, a reference asset is delivered by the buyer of protection to the Company, in exchange for cash payment at par, whereas in a cash settlement, the Company pays the difference between par and the prescribed value of the reference asset. When a credit event occurs in a single name or FTD basket (for FTD, the first credit event occurring for any one name in the basket), the contract terminates at the time of settlement. For CDX, the reference entity’s name incurring the credit event is removed from the index while the contract continues until expiration. The maximum payout on a CDS is the contract notional amount. A physical settlement may afford the Company with recovery rights as the new owner of the asset.

The Company monitors risk associated with credit derivatives through individual name credit limits at both a credit derivative and a combined cash instrument/credit derivative level. The ratings of individual names for which protection has been sold are also monitored.

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Reinsurance

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance

Reinsurance

The effects of reinsurance on premiums and contract charges are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	185		$	180
Assumed
Affiliate	60			53
Non-affiliate	189			198
Ceded
Affiliate	(13		)	(13		)
Non-affiliate	(68		)	(70		)
Premiums and contract charges, net of reinsurance	$	353		$	348

The effects of reinsurance on contract benefits are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	257		$	259
Assumed
Affiliate	34			29
Non-affiliate	134			116
Ceded
Affiliate	(12		)	(8		)
Non-affiliate	(43		)	(42		)
Contract benefits, net of reinsurance	$	370		$	354

The effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	130		$	136
Assumed
Affiliate	2			2
Non-affiliate	25			33
Ceded
Affiliate	(5		)	(5		)
Non-affiliate	(4		)	(5		)
Interest credited to contractholder funds, net of reinsurance	$	148		$	161

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Guarantees and Contingent Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Guarantees [Abstract]

Guarantees and Contingent Liabilities

Guarantees and Contingent Liabilities

In the normal course of business, the Company provides standard indemnifications to contractual counterparties in connection with numerous transactions, including acquisitions and divestitures. The types of indemnifications typically provided include indemnifications for breaches of representations and warranties, taxes and certain other liabilities, such as third party lawsuits. The indemnification clauses are often standard contractual terms and are entered into in the normal course of business based on an assessment that the risk of loss would be remote. The terms of the indemnifications vary in duration and nature. In many cases, the maximum obligation is not explicitly stated and the contingencies triggering the obligation to indemnify have not occurred and are not expected to occur. Consequently, the maximum amount of the obligation under such indemnifications is not determinable. Historically, the Company has not made any material payments pursuant to these obligations.

Related to the sale of Lincoln Benefit Life Company (“LBL”) on April 1, 2014, the Company agreed to indemnify Resolution Life Holdings, Inc. in connection with certain representations, warranties and covenants of the Company, and certain liabilities specifically excluded from the transaction, subject to specific contractual limitations regarding the Company’s maximum obligation. Management does not believe these indemnifications will have a material effect on results of operations, cash flows or financial position of the Company.

Related to the disposal through reinsurance of substantially all of the Company’s variable annuity business to Prudential in 2006, the Company and the Corporation have agreed to indemnify Prudential for certain pre-closing contingent liabilities (including extra-contractual liabilities of the Company and liabilities specifically excluded from the transaction) that the Company has agreed to retain. In addition, the Company and the Corporation will each indemnify Prudential for certain post-closing liabilities that may arise from the acts of the Company and its agents, including certain liabilities arising from the Company’s provision of transition services. The reinsurance agreements contain no limitations or indemnifications with regard to insurance risk transfer, and transferred all of the future risks and responsibilities for performance on the underlying variable annuity contracts to Prudential, including those related to benefit guarantees. Management does not believe this agreement will have a material effect on results of operations, cash flows or financial position of the Company.

The aggregate liability balance related to all guarantees was not material as of March 31, 2018.

Regulation and Compliance

The Company is subject to extensive laws, regulations and regulatory actions. From time to time, regulatory authorities or legislative bodies seek to impose additional regulations regarding agent and broker compensation, regulate the nature of and amount of investments, impose fines and penalties for unintended errors or mistakes, impose additional regulations regarding cybersecurity and privacy, and otherwise expand overall regulation of insurance products and the insurance industry. In addition, the Company is subject to laws and regulations administered and enforced by federal agencies, international agencies, and other organizations, including but not limited to the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Department of Labor, and the U.S. Department of Justice. The Company has established procedures and policies to facilitate compliance with laws and regulations, to foster prudent business operations, and to support financial reporting. The Company routinely reviews its practices to validate compliance with laws and regulations and with internal procedures and policies. As a result of these reviews, from time to time the Company may decide to modify some of its procedures and policies. Such modifications, and the reviews that led to them, may be accompanied by payments being made and costs being incurred. The ultimate changes and eventual effects of these actions on the Company’s business, if any, are uncertain.

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Other Comprehensive Income

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent [Abstract]

Other Comprehensive Income

Other Comprehensive Income

The components of other comprehensive (loss) income on a pre-tax and after-tax basis are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018									2017
	Pre- tax			Tax			After- tax			Pre- tax			Tax			After- tax
Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets	$	(224	)	$	47		$	(177	)	$	105		$	(37	)	$	68
Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses	(2		)	—			(2		)	4			(1		)	3
Unrealized net capital gains and losses	(222		)	47			(175		)	101			(36		)	65
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	5			(1		)	4			(5		)	2			(3		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(217	)	$	46		$	(171	)	$	96		$	(34	)	$	62

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General (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

General

Summary of premiums and contract charges by product

The following table summarizes premiums and contract charges by product.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Premiums
Traditional life insurance	$	147	$	143
Accident and health insurance	30		26
Total premiums	177		169
Contract charges
Interest-sensitive life insurance	173		176
Fixed annuities	3		3
Total contract charges	176		179
Total premiums and contract charges	$	353	$	348

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Schedule of supplemental cash flow information from collateralized securities received

The accompanying cash flows are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows along with the activities resulting from management of the proceeds, which are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net change in proceeds managed
Net change in fixed income securities	$	15		$	(36	)
Net change in short-term investments	66			11
Operating cash flow provided (used)	$	81		$	(25	)
Net change in liabilities
Liabilities for collateral, beginning of period	$	(542	)	$	(550	)
Liabilities for collateral, end of period	(461		)	(575		)
Operating cash flow (used) provided	$	(81	)	$	25

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Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Investments [Abstract]

Schedule for fixed income securities at amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed income securities are as follows:

($ in millions)	Amortized		Gross unrealized					Fair
	cost		Gains		Losses			value
March 31, 2018
U.S. government and agencies	$	538	$	31	$	(1	)	$	568
Municipal	2,033		234		(4		)	2,263
Corporate	18,135		667		(239		)	18,563
Foreign government	271		15		—			286
Asset-backed securities (“ABS”)	399		6		(5		)	400
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”)	191		49		(1		)	239
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”)	64		5		(2		)	67
Redeemable preferred stock	14		1		—			15
Total fixed income securities	$	21,645	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	22,401
December 31, 2017
U.S. government and agencies	$	768	$	38	$	(2	)	$	804
Municipal	2,001		275		(3		)	2,273
Corporate	18,262		960		(86		)	19,136
Foreign government	279		20		—			299
ABS	383		6		(4		)	385
RMBS	205		49		(1		)	253
CMBS	93		6		(2		)	97
Redeemable preferred stock	13		1		—			14
Total fixed income securities	$	22,004	$	1,355	$	(98	)	$	23,261

Schedule for fixed income securities based on contractual maturities

The scheduled maturities for fixed income securities are as follows as of March 31, 2018:

($ in millions)	Amortized cost		Fair value
Due in one year or less	$	1,337	$	1,338
Due after one year through five years	8,596		8,781
Due after five years through ten years	7,068		7,089
Due after ten years	3,990		4,487
	20,991		21,695
ABS, RMBS and CMBS	654		706
Total	$	21,645	$	22,401

Schedule of net investment income

Net investment income is as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	251		$	268
Mortgage loans	44			49
Equity securities	7			15
Limited partnership interests (1) (2)	96			65
Short-term investments	4			1
Policy loans	7			8
Other	22			19
Investment income, before expense	431			425
Investment expense	(24		)	(21		)
Net investment income	$	407		$	404

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair valuewith changes in fair value recognized in net investment income.

⁽²⁾  Includes net investment income of $58 million for EMA limited partnership interests and $38 million for limited partnership interests carried at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2018

Schedule of realized capital gains and losses by asset type

Realized capital gains and losses by asset type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fixed income securities	$	(6	)	$	(7	)
Equity securities	(26		)	—
Limited partnership interests	3			13
Derivatives	(3		)	(5		)
Other	—			(2		)
Realized capital gains and losses	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

Schedule of realized capital gains and losses by transaction type

Realized capital gains and losses by transaction type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Impairment write-downs (1)	$	(1	)	$	(21	)
Change in intent write-downs (1)	—			(3		)
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1		)	(24		)
Sales (1)	(5		)	28
Valuation of equity investments (1)	(23		)	—
Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments	(3		)	(5		)
Realized capital gains and losses	$	(32	)	$	(1	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in valuation of equity investments and are no longer included in impairment write-downs, change in intent write-downs and sales.

Realized gain (loss) on investments

Valuation changes included in net income for investments still held as of March 31, 2018 are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018
Equity securities	$	(9	)
Limited partnership interests carried at fair value	38
Total valuation changes	$	29

Schedule of other-than-temporary impairment losses by asset type

OTTI losses by asset type are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31, 2018								Three months ended March 31, 2017
	Gross		Included in OCI			Net			Gross			Included in OCI			Net
Fixed income securities:
Corporate	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	(7	)	$	3		$	(4	)
RMBS	—		—			—			—			(2		)	(2		)
CMBS	—		(1		)	(1		)	(6		)	3			(3		)
Total fixed income securities	—		(1		)	(1		)	(13		)	4			(9		)
Equity securities (1)	—		—			—			(10		)	—			(10		)
Limited partnership interests (1)	—		—			—			(3		)	—			(3		)
Other	—		—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)
OTTI losses	$	—	$	(1	)	$	(1	)	$	(28	)	$	4		$	(24	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities and limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income and are no longer included in the table above.

Schedule of other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed income securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income

The total amount of OTTI losses included in AOCI at the time of impairment for fixed income securities, which were not included in earnings, are presented in the following table. The amounts exclude $111 million and $113 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of net unrealized gains related to changes in valuation of the fixed income securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Municipal	$	(4	)	$	(4	)
ABS	(6		)	(8		)
RMBS	(36		)	(37		)
CMBS	(4		)	(4		)
Total	$	(50	)	$	(53	)

Schedule of rollforwards of the cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities held

Rollforwards of the cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities held as of the end of the period are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	(138	)	$	(176	)
Additional credit loss for securities previously other-than-temporarily impaired	(1		)	(4		)
Additional credit loss for securities not previously other-than-temporarily impaired	—			(5		)
Reduction in credit loss for securities disposed or collected	11			18
Ending balance	$	(128	)	$	(167	)

Schedule of unrealized net capital gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income

Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in AOCI are as follows:

($ in millions)	Fair value		Gross unrealized					Unrealized net gains (losses)
March 31, 2018			Gains		Losses
Fixed income securities	$	22,401	$	1,008	$	(252	)	$	756
Short-term investments	596		—		—			—
Derivative instruments (1)	2		2		—			2
EMA limited partnerships (2)								1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax								759
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves(3)								(119		)
DAC and DSI(4)								(106		)
Amounts recognized								(225		)
Deferred income taxes								(112		)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax								$	422

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.

⁽²⁾  Unrealized net capital gains and losses for limited partnership interests represent the Company’s share of EMA limited partnerships’ other comprehensive income. Fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses are not applicable.

⁽³⁾  The insurance reserves adjustment represents the amount by which the reserve balance would increase if the net unrealized gains in the applicable product portfolios were realized and reinvested at current lower interest rates, resulting in a premium deficiency. This adjustment primarily relates to structured settlement annuities with life contingencies (a type of immediate fixed annuities).

⁽⁴⁾  The DAC and DSI adjustment balance represents the amount by which the amortization of DAC and DSI would increase or decrease if the unrealized gains or losses in the respective product portfolios were realized.

($ in millions)	Fair value		Gross unrealized					Unrealized net gains (losses)
December 31, 2017			Gains		Losses
Fixed income securities	$	23,261	$	1,355	$	(98	)	$	1,257
Equity securities	1,614		311		(3		)	308
Short-term investments	725		—		—			—
Derivative instruments(1)	2		2		—			2
EMA limited partnerships								1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax								1,568
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves								(315		)
DAC and DSI								(189		)
Amounts recognized								(504		)
Deferred income taxes								(229		)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax								$	835

_______________

⁽¹⁾  Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.

Schedule of change in unrealized net capital gains and losses

The change in unrealized net capital gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 is as follows:

($ in millions)
Fixed income securities	$	(501	)
Equity securities (1)	—
Total	(501		)
Amounts recognized for:
Insurance reserves	196
DAC and DSI	83
Amounts recognized	279
Deferred income taxes	47
Decrease in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax	$	(175	)

_______________

⁽¹⁾ Upon adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard on January 1, 2018, $308 million of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from AOCI to retained income.  See Note 1 of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Summary of gross unrealized losses and fair value of fixed income and equity securities by length of time

The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair value of securities by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

($ in millions)	Less than 12 months						12 months or more						Total unrealized losses
	Number of issues	Fair value		Unrealized losses			Number of issues	Fair value		Unrealized losses
March 31, 2018
Fixed income securities
U.S. government and agencies	9	$	104	$	(1	)	1	$	5	$	—		$	(1	)
Municipal	55	119		(2		)	1	11		(2		)	(4		)
Corporate	1,082	6,649		(153		)	139	1,250		(86		)	(239		)
Foreign government	2	16		—			—	—		—			—
ABS	48	215		(2		)	6	10		(3		)	(5		)
RMBS	86	4		—			56	16		(1		)	(1		)
CMBS	—	—		—			6	24		(2		)	(2		)
Total fixed income securities	1,282	7,107		(158		)	209	1,316		(94		)	(252		)
Investment grade fixed income securities	960	$	6,028	$	(123	)	177	$	1,211	$	(79	)	$	(202	)
Below investment grade fixed income securities	322	1,079		(35		)	32	105		(15		)	(50		)
Total fixed income securities	1,282	$	7,107	$	(158	)	209	$	1,316	$	(94	)	$	(252	)
December 31, 2017
Fixed income securities
U.S. government and agencies	17	$	443	$	(2	)	2	$	25	$	—		$	(2	)
Municipal	4	14		—			1	11		(3		)	(3		)
Corporate	456	2,899		(28		)	144	1,324		(58		)	(86		)
ABS	33	170		(1		)	8	24		(3		)	(4		)
RMBS	70	3		—			56	18		(1		)	(1		)
CMBS	2	1		—			6	23		(2		)	(2		)
Redeemable preferred stock	1	—		—			—	—		—			—
Total fixed income securities	583	3,530		(31		)	217	1,425		(67		)	(98		)
Equity securities	87	66		(3		)	1	—		—			(3		)
Total fixed income and equity securities	670	$	3,596	$	(34	)	218	$	1,425	$	(67	)	$	(101	)
Investment grade fixed income securities	472	$	3,192	$	(22	)	181	$	1,320	$	(52	)	$	(74	)
Below investment grade fixed income securities	111	338		(9		)	36	105		(15		)	(24		)
Total fixed income securities	583	$	3,530	$	(31	)	217	$	1,425	$	(67	)	$	(98	)

Summary of carrying value of non-impaired fixed and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution

The following table reflects the carrying value of non-impaired mortgage loans summarized by debt service coverage ratio distribution.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
Debt service coverage ratio distribution	Fixed rate mortgage loans		Variable rate mortgage loans		Total		Fixed rate mortgage loans		Variable rate mortgage loans		Total
Below 1.0	$	27	$	—	$	27	$	3	$	—	$	3
1.0 - 1.25	323		—		323		326		—		326
1.26 - 1.50	1,058		15		1,073		1,033		15		1,048
Above 1.50	2,519		42		2,561		2,482		13		2,495
Total non-impaired mortgage loans	$	3,927	$	57	$	3,984	$	3,844	$	28	$	3,872

Schedule of rollforward of the valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans

The net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans is as follows:

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Impaired mortgage loans with a valuation allowance	$	4	$	4
Impaired mortgage loans without a valuation allowance	—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	4	$	4
Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans	$	3	$	3

Schedule of other investments, by type

The following table summarizes other investments.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Agent loans	$	562	$	538
Bank loans	450		437
Real estate	207		157
Derivatives and other	91		122
Total	$	1,310	$	1,254

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2017.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of December 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	488		$	316		$	—					$	804
Municipal	—			2,216			57						2,273
Corporate - public	—			13,168			49						13,217
Corporate - privately placed	—			5,699			220						5,919
Foreign government	—			299			—						299
ABS - CDO	—			38			10						48
ABS - consumer and other	—			297			40						337
RMBS	—			253			—						253
CMBS	—			97			—						97
Redeemable preferred stock	—			14			—						14
Total fixed income securities	488			22,397			376						23,261
Equity securities	1,508			16			90						1,614
Short-term investments	110			615			—						725
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	—			117			1			$	(3	)	115
Separate account assets	3,422			—			—						3,422
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	5,528		$	23,145		$	467		$	(3	)	$	29,137
% of total assets at fair value	19.0		%	79.4		%	1.6		%	—		%	100		%
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(284	)				$	(284	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	—			(62		)	—			$	1		(61		)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(62	)	$	(284	)	$	1		$	(345	)
% of total liabilities at fair value	—		%	18.0		%	82.3		%	(0.3		)%	100		%

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of March 31, 2018
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	258		$	310		$	—					$	568
Municipal	—			2,207			56						2,263
Corporate - public	—			12,766			47						12,813
Corporate - privately placed	—			5,535			215						5,750
Foreign government	—			286			—						286
ABS - CDO	—			36			10						46
ABS - consumer and other	—			313			41						354
RMBS	—			239			—						239
CMBS	—			67			—						67
Redeemable preferred stock	—			15			—						15
Total fixed income securities	258			21,774			369						22,401
Equity securities	1,389			15			99						1,503
Short-term investments	69			527			—						596
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	—			87			1			$	(4	)	84
Separate account assets	3,292			—			—						3,292
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	5,008		$	22,403		$	469		$	(4	)	$	27,876
% of total assets at fair value	18.0		%	80.3		%	1.7		%	—		%	100		%
Investments reported at NAV													751
Total													$	28,627
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(260	)				$	(260	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	—			(43		)	—			$	5		(38		)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(43	)	$	(260	)	$	5		$	(298	)
% of total liabilities at fair value	—		%	14.4		%	87.3		%	(1.7		)%	100		%

Summary of quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements

The following table summarizes quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements.

($ in millions)	Fair value			Valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average
March 31, 2018
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts – Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(230	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.2%	1.74	%
December 31, 2017
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts – Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(250	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.2%	1.74	%

Schedule of rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:
	Balance as of December 31, 2017			Net income(1)			OCI			Transfers into Level 3			Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	57		$	—		$	(1	)	$	—		$	—
Corporate - public	49			—			(1		)	3			—
Corporate - privately placed	220			—			(2		)	—			(13		)
ABS - CDO	10			—			—			—			—
ABS - consumer and other	40			—			—			3			—
Total fixed income securities	376			—			(4		)	6			(13		)
Equity securities	90			1			—			—			—
Free-standing derivatives, net	1			—			—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	467		$	1		$	(4	)	$	6		$	(13	)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(284	)	$	23		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(284	)	$	23		$	—		$	—		$	—
	Purchases			Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of March 31, 2018
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	56
Corporate - public	—			(1		)	—			(3		)	47
Corporate - privately placed	11			—			—			(1		)	215
ABS - CDO	—			—			—			—			10
ABS - consumer and other	3			(4		)	—			(1		)	41
Total fixed income securities	14			(5		)	—			(5		)	369
Equity securities	8			—			—			—			99
Free-standing derivatives, net	—			—			—			—			1			(2)
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	22		$	(5	)	$	—		$	(5	)	$	469
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(260	)
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(260	)

 ____________

⁽¹⁾  The effect to net income totals $24 million and is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $19 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $4 million in contract benefits.

⁽²⁾  Comprises $1 million of assets.

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:
	Balance as of December 31, 2016			Net income (1)			OCI			Transfers into Level 3			Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	59		$	—		$	1		$	—		$	—
Corporate - public	47			1			—			—			(10		)
Corporate - privately placed	264			—			5			—			—
ABS - CDO	27			(1		)	2			3			—
ABS - consumer and other	42			—			—			—			(2		)
Total fixed income securities	439			—			8			3			(12		)
Equity securities	76			5			—			—			—
Free-standing derivatives, net	(2		)	1			—			—			—
Other assets	1			(1		)	—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	514		$	5		$	8		$	3		$	(12	)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(289	)	$	3		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(289	)	$	3		$	—		$	—		$	—
	Purchases			Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of March 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	60
Corporate - public	—			—			—			(2		)	36
Corporate - privately placed	—			—			—			(1		)	268
ABS - CDO	5			—			—			(4		)	32
ABS - consumer and other	8			—			—			(1		)	47
Total fixed income securities	13			—			—			(8		)	443
Equity securities	—			(1		)	—			—			80
Free-standing derivatives, net	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(2)
Other assets	—			—			—			—			—
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	13		$	(1	)	$	—		$	(8	)	$	522
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(285	)
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	2		$	(285	)

__________

⁽¹⁾  The effect to net income totals $8 million and is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as follows: $1 million in realized capital gains and losses, $5 million in net investment income, $(5) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $7 million in contract benefits.

⁽²⁾  Comprises $1 million of assets and $2 millionof liabilities.

Schedule of change in unrealized gains and losses included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities held

The following table provides valuation changes included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of March 31.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Assets
Equity securities	$	1	$	5
Free-standing derivatives, net	—		1
Other assets	—		(1		)
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	1	$	5
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	23	$	3
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	23	$	3

Schedule of carrying values and fair value estimates of financial instruments not carried at fair value

Financial liabilities

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Contractholder funds on investment contracts	$	10,053	$	10,562	$	10,331	$	11,036
Liability for collateral	461		461		542		542
Notes due to related parties	140		139		140		141

Presented below are the carrying values and fair value estimates of financial instruments not carried at fair value.

Financial assets

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Mortgage loans	$	3,988	$	4,081	$	3,876	$	4,052
Bank loans	450		451		437		437
Agent loans	562		553		538		536

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments and reporting location in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as well as their reporting location in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of March 31, 2018.

($ in millions, except number of contracts)		Volume (1)
	Balance sheet location	Notional amount		Number of contracts	Fair value, net			Gross asset		Gross liability
Asset derivatives
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other investments	$	16	n/a	$	—		$	—	$	—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other investments	—		4,136	84			84		—
Financial futures contracts	Other assets	—		84	—			—		—
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other investments	11		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other investments	2		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other investments	80		n/a	—			—		—
Other contracts
Other contracts	Other assets	3		n/a	—			—		—
Total asset derivatives		$	112	4,220	$	84		$	84	$	—
Liability derivatives
Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments
Foreign currency swap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	$	19	n/a	$	2		$	2	$	—
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	26		n/a	1			1		—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	—		4,135	(34		)	—		(34		)
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	148		n/a	(7		)	—		(7		)
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Guaranteed accumulation benefits	Contractholder funds	215		n/a	(20		)	—		(20		)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits	Contractholder funds	266		n/a	(10		)	—		(10		)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts	Contractholder funds	1,722		n/a	(230		)	—		(230		)
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	59		n/a	(1		)	1		(2		)
Subtotal		2,436		4,135	(301		)	2		(303		)
Total liability derivatives		2,455		4,135	(299		)	$	4	$	(303	)
Total derivatives		$	2,567	8,355	$	(215	)

___________

⁽¹⁾  Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts. Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as well as their reporting location in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2017.

($ in millions, except number of contracts)		Volume(1)
	Balance sheet location	Notional amount		Number of contracts	Fair value, net			Gross asset		Gross liability
Asset derivatives
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other investments	$	15	n/a	$	—		$	—	$	—
Equity and index contracts
Options	Other investments	—		4,485	114			114		—
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other investments	3		n/a	—			—		—
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other investments	80		n/a	1			1		—
Other contracts
Other contracts	Other assets	3		n/a	—			—		—
Total asset derivatives		$	101	4,485	$	115		$	115	$	—
Liability derivatives
Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments
Foreign currency swap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	$	19	n/a	$	2		$	2	$	—
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate cap agreements	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	30		n/a	1			1		—
Equity and index contracts
Options and futures	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	—		4,464	(53		)	—		(53		)
Foreign currency contracts
Foreign currency forwards	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	207		n/a	(8		)	—		(8		)
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Guaranteed accumulation benefits	Contractholder funds	225		n/a	(22		)	—		(22		)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits	Contractholder funds	274		n/a	(12		)	—		(12		)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts	Contractholder funds	1,735		n/a	(250		)	—		(250		)
Credit default contracts
Credit default swaps – buying protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	34		n/a	(1		)	—		(1		)
Credit default swaps – selling protection	Other liabilities & accrued expenses	1		n/a	—			—		—
Subtotal		2,506		4,464	(345		)	1		(346		)
Total liability derivatives		2,525		4,464	(343		)	$	3	$	(346	)
Total derivatives		$	2,626	8,949	$	(228	)

____________

⁽¹⁾  Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts.  Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

Schedule of gross and net amounts about the Company's OTC derivatives subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, assets

The following table provides gross and net amounts for the Company’s OTC derivatives, all of which are subject to enforceable master netting agreements.

($ in millions)				Offsets
	Gross amount			Counter- party netting			Cash collateral (received) pledged			Net amount on balance sheet			Securities collateral (received) pledged		Net amount
March 31, 2018
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(4	)	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—
Liability derivatives	(9		)	4			1			(4		)	2		(2		)
December 31, 2017
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(3	)	$	—		$	1		$	—	$	1
Liability derivatives	(10		)	3			(2		)	(9		)	3		(6		)

Schedule of gross and net amounts about the Company's OTC derivatives subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, liabilities

The following table provides gross and net amounts for the Company’s OTC derivatives, all of which are subject to enforceable master netting agreements.

($ in millions)				Offsets
	Gross amount			Counter- party netting			Cash collateral (received) pledged			Net amount on balance sheet			Securities collateral (received) pledged		Net amount
March 31, 2018
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(4	)	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—
Liability derivatives	(9		)	4			1			(4		)	2		(2		)
December 31, 2017
Asset derivatives	$	4		$	(3	)	$	—		$	1		$	—	$	1
Liability derivatives	(10		)	3			(2		)	(9		)	3		(6		)

Summary of impacts on operations and AOCI from foreign currency contracts, cash flow hedges

The following table provides a summary of the impacts of the Company’s foreign currency contracts in cash flow hedging relationships. Amortization of net gains from AOCI related to cash flow hedges is expected to be a gain of $2 million during the next twelve months. There was no hedge ineffectiveness reported in realized gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Loss recognized in OCI on derivatives during the period	$	—	$	(2	)
Gain recognized in OCI on derivatives during the term of the hedging relationship	2		3

Schedule of gains and losses from valuation, settlements, and hedge ineffectiveness, fair value hedges and derivatives not designated as hedges

The following tables present gains and losses from valuation and settlements reported on derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no derivatives used in fair value hedging relationships.

($ in millions)	Realized capital gains and losses			Contract benefits		Interest credited to contractholder funds			Total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives
Three months ended March 31, 2018
Equity and index contracts	$	—		$	—	$	(4	)	$	(4	)
Embedded derivative financial instruments	—			4		20			24
Foreign currency contracts	(3		)	—		—			(3		)
Total	$	(3	)	$	4	$	16		$	17
Three months ended March 31, 2017
Equity and index contracts	$	(2	)	$	—	$	13		$	11
Embedded derivative financial instruments	—			7		(4		)	3
Foreign currency contracts	(4		)	—		—			(4		)
Credit default contracts	1			—		—			1
Total	$	(5	)	$	7	$	9		$	11

Summary of counterparty credit exposure by counterparty credit rating

The following table summarizes the counterparty credit exposure by counterparty credit rating as it relates to the Company’s OTC derivatives.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
Rating(1)	Number of counter-parties	Notional amount (2)		Credit exposure (2)		Exposure, net of collateral(2)		Number of counter- parties	Notional amount (2)		Credit exposure (2)		Exposure, net of collateral(2)
A+	2	$	54	$	4	$	—	2	$	59	$	3	$	—

__________

⁽¹⁾  Rating is the lower of S&P or Moody’s ratings.

⁽²⁾  Only OTC derivatives with a net positive fair value are included for each counterparty.

Summary of derivative instruments with credit features in a liability position, including fair value of assets and collateral netted against the liability

The following summarizes the fair value of derivative instruments with termination, cross-default or collateral credit-risk-contingent features that are in a liability position, as well as the fair value of assets and collateral that are netted against the liability in accordance with provisions within legally enforceable MNAs.

($ in millions)	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Gross liability fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	$	12		$	12
Gross asset fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features and subject to MNAs	(8		)	(5		)
Collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	(4		)	(3		)
Maximum amount of additional exposure for contracts with credit-risk-contingent features if all features were triggered concurrently	$	—		$	4

Schedule of CDS notional amounts by credit rating and fair value of protection sold

The following table shows the CDS notional amounts by credit rating and fair value of protection sold.

($ in millions)	Notional amount
	AA		A		BBB		BB and lower		Total		Fair value
March 31, 2018
Index
Corporate debt	$	1	$	19	$	47	$	13	$	80	$	—
December 31, 2017
Single name
Corporate debt	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1	$	—
Index
Corporate debt	1		19		45		15		80		1
Total	$	1	$	19	$	45	$	16	$	81	$	1

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Reinsurance (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Effects of reinsurance on premiums and contract charges

The effects of reinsurance on premiums and contract charges are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	185		$	180
Assumed
Affiliate	60			53
Non-affiliate	189			198
Ceded
Affiliate	(13		)	(13		)
Non-affiliate	(68		)	(70		)
Premiums and contract charges, net of reinsurance	$	353		$	348

Effects of reinsurance on contract benefits

The effects of reinsurance on contract benefits are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	257		$	259
Assumed
Affiliate	34			29
Non-affiliate	134			116
Ceded
Affiliate	(12		)	(8		)
Non-affiliate	(43		)	(42		)
Contract benefits, net of reinsurance	$	370		$	354

Effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds

The effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Direct	$	130		$	136
Assumed
Affiliate	2			2
Non-affiliate	25			33
Ceded
Affiliate	(5		)	(5		)
Non-affiliate	(4		)	(5		)
Interest credited to contractholder funds, net of reinsurance	$	148		$	161

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Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent [Abstract]

Schedule of components of other comprehensive income on a pre-tax and after-tax basis

The components of other comprehensive (loss) income on a pre-tax and after-tax basis are as follows:

($ in millions)	Three months ended March 31,
	2018									2017
	Pre- tax			Tax			After- tax			Pre- tax			Tax			After- tax
Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets	$	(224	)	$	47		$	(177	)	$	105		$	(37	)	$	68
Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses	(2		)	—			(2		)	4			(1		)	3
Unrealized net capital gains and losses	(222		)	47			(175		)	101			(36		)	65
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments	5			(1		)	4			(5		)	2			(3		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(217	)	$	46		$	(171	)	$	96		$	(34	)	$	62

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General - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2017	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Premiums and contract charges by product
Equity securities				$ 308
Limited partnership interests		$ 3,413		3,147
Accounting Standards Update 2016-01
Premiums and contract charges by product
Equity securities				308
Equity method limited partnerships
Premiums and contract charges by product
Limited partnership interests		2,660		2,540
Equity method limited partnerships | Accounting Standards Update 2016-01
Premiums and contract charges by product
Limited partnership interests				95
Additional capital paid-in
Premiums and contract charges by product
Gain on reinsurance transaction with an affiliate		$ 0	$ 34
Retained income
Premiums and contract charges by product
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle				314	$ 0
Retained income | Accounting Standards Update 2016-01
Premiums and contract charges by product
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle				$ 76
AAC | Affiliate
Premiums and contract charges by product
Proceeds from reinsurance	$ 20
Deferred policy acquisition costs, additions	45
Additions to other assets, amount	11
Reinsurance, reserve for life-contingent contract benefits	24
Deferred tax liabilities	18
AAC | Additional capital paid-in | Affiliate
Premiums and contract charges by product
Gain on reinsurance transaction with an affiliate	$ 34

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General - Premiums and Contract Charges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Premiums and contract charges by product
Premiums	$ 177	$ 169
Contract charges	176	179
Premiums and contract charges, net of reinsurance	353	348
Traditional life insurance
Premiums and contract charges by product
Premiums	147	143
Accident and health insurance
Premiums and contract charges by product
Premiums	30	26
Interest-sensitive life insurance
Premiums and contract charges by product
Contract charges	173	176
Fixed annuities
Premiums and contract charges by product
Contract charges	$ 3	$ 3

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information - Net change (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Transfer from Investments	$ 7	$ 2
Net change in proceeds managed
Net change in fixed income securities	15	(36)
Net change in short-term investments	66	11
Operating cash flow provided (used)	81	(25)
Net change in liabilities
Liabilities for collateral, beginning of period	(542)	(550)
Liabilities for collateral, end of period	(461)	(575)
Operating cash flow (used) provided	$ (81)	$ 25

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information Supplemental Cash Flow Information - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Transfer from Investments	$ 7	$ 2

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Investments - Fair Values (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	$ 21,645	$ 22,004
Gross unrealized gains	1,008	1,355
Gross unrealized losses	(252)	(98)
Fair value	22,401	23,261
U.S. government and agencies
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	538	768
Gross unrealized gains	31	38
Gross unrealized losses	(1)	(2)
Fair value	568	804
Municipal
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	2,033	2,001
Gross unrealized gains	234	275
Gross unrealized losses	(4)	(3)
Fair value	2,263	2,273
Corporate
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	18,135	18,262
Gross unrealized gains	667	960
Gross unrealized losses	(239)	(86)
Fair value	18,563	19,136
Foreign government
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	271	279
Gross unrealized gains	15	20
Gross unrealized losses	0	0
Fair value	286	299
ABS
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	399	383
Gross unrealized gains	6	6
Gross unrealized losses	(5)	(4)
Fair value	400	385
RMBS
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	191	205
Gross unrealized gains	49	49
Gross unrealized losses	(1)	(1)
Fair value	239	253
CMBS
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	64	93
Gross unrealized gains	5	6
Gross unrealized losses	(2)	(2)
Fair value	67	97
Redeemable preferred stock
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized cost	14	13
Gross unrealized gains	1	1
Gross unrealized losses	0	0
Fair value	$ 15	$ 14

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Investments - Scheduled Maturities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Amortized cost
Due in one year or less	$ 1,337
Due after one year through five years	8,596
Due after five years through ten years	7,068
Due after ten years	3,990
Subtotal	20,991
ABS, RMBS and CMBS	654
Amortized cost	21,645	$ 22,004
Fair value
Due in one year or less	1,338
Due after one year through five years	8,781
Due after five years through ten years	7,089
Due after ten years	4,487
Subtotal	21,695
ABS, RMBS and CMBS	706
Fair value	$ 22,401	$ 23,261

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Investments - Net Investment Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	$ 431	$ 425
Investment expense	(24)	(21)
Net investment income	407	404
Total valuation changes	29
Fixed income securities
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	251	268
Mortgage loans
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	44	49
Equity securities
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	7	15
Total valuation changes	(9)
Limited partnership interests
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	96	65
Total valuation changes	38
Short-term investments
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	4	1
Policy loans
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	7	8
Other
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	22	$ 19
Equity method limited partnerships | Limited partnership interests
Net investment income
Investment income, before expense	$ 58

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Investments - Realized Capital Gains and Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Realized capital gains and losses by asset type
Realized capital gains and losses	$ (32)	$ (1)
Fixed income securities
Realized capital gains and losses by asset type
Realized capital gains and losses	(6)	(7)
Equity securities
Realized capital gains and losses by asset type
Realized capital gains and losses	(26)	0
Limited partnership interests
Realized capital gains and losses by asset type
Realized capital gains and losses	3	13
Derivatives
Realized capital gains and losses by asset type
Realized capital gains and losses	(3)	(5)
Other
Realized capital gains and losses by asset type
Realized capital gains and losses	$ 0	$ (2)

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Investments - Realized Capital Gains and Losses by Transaction Type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Investments [Abstract]
Impairment write-downs	$ (1)	$ (21)
Change in intent write-downs	0	(3)
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1)	(24)
Sales	(5)	28
Valuation of equity investments	(23)	0
Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments	(3)	(5)
Total realized capital gains and losses	$ (32)	$ (1)

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Investments Investments - Valuation Changes Included in Net Income for Investments (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Total valuation changes	$ 29
Limited partnership interests
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Total valuation changes	38
Equity securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Total valuation changes	$ (9)

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Investments - Other-than-temporary impairment losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	$ 0	$ (28)
Included in OCI	(1)	4
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1)	(24)
Corporate
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(7)
Included in OCI	0	3
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	0	(4)
RMBS
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	0
Included in OCI	0	(2)
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	0	(2)
CMBS
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(6)
Included in OCI	(1)	3
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1)	(3)
Fixed income securities
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(13)
Included in OCI	(1)	4
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	(1)	(9)
Equity securities
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(10)
Included in OCI	0	0
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	0	(10)
Limited partnership interests
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(3)
Included in OCI	0	0
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	0	(3)
Other
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
Total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses	0	(2)
Included in OCI	0	0
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings	$ 0	$ (2)

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Investments Investments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Net unrealized gains related to changes in valuation of fixed income securities subsequent to impairment measurement date	$ 111,000,000		$ 113,000,000
Unrealized losses related to securities with unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost or cost	233,000,000
Unrealized losses related to securities with unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost or cost	19,000,000
Limited partnership interests	3,413,000,000		3,147,000,000
Short-term investments	596,000,000		725,000,000
Other	1,310,000,000		1,254,000,000
Fixed income securities
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Gross gains on sales of fixed income securities	7,000,000	$ 33,000,000
Gross losses on sales of fixed income securities	12,000,000	21,000,000
Fixed income and equity securities
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Available for sale securities unrealized losses	(252,000,000)		(101,000,000)
Investment grade fixed income securities
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Unrealized losses related to securities with unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost or cost	190,000,000
Available for sale securities unrealized losses	(202,000,000)		(74,000,000)
Unrealized losses related to securities with unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost or cost	12,000,000
Below investment grade equity securities
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Unrealized losses related to securities with unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost or cost	7,000,000
Below investment grade fixed income securities
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Unrealized losses related to securities with unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost or cost	43,000,000
Available for sale securities unrealized losses	(50,000,000)		(24,000,000)
Available for sale securities, unrealized losses having loss of less than twenty percent, less than 12 months	32,000,000
Unrealized Losses for fixed income securities held for twelve months or longer period	3,000,000
Equity method limited partnerships
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Limited partnership interests	2,660,000,000		2,540,000,000
Carrying value | Cost method limited partnership interests
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Limited partnership interests	751,000,000		611,000,000
Non-impaired mortgage loans
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Losses, Period Increase (Decrease)	0	0
Mortgage loans
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Average balance impaired mortgage loans	4,000,000	$ 5,000,000
Policy loans
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Other	$ 558,000,000		$ 561,000,000

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Investments - Other-than-temporary Losses Included in AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income
Amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income for fixed income securities, not included in earnings	$ (50)	$ (53)
Municipal
Other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income
Amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income for fixed income securities, not included in earnings	(4)	(4)
ABS
Other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income
Amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income for fixed income securities, not included in earnings	(6)	(8)
RMBS
Other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income
Amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income for fixed income securities, not included in earnings	(36)	(37)
CMBS
Other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income
Amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income for fixed income securities, not included in earnings	$ (4)	$ (4)

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Investments - Rollforward of Cumulative Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Credit Losses on Fixed Income Securities
Beginning balance	$ (138)	$ (176)
Additional credit loss for securities previously other-than-temporarily impaired	(1)	(4)
Additional credit loss for securities not previously other-than-temporarily impaired	0	(5)
Reduction in credit loss for securities disposed or collected	11	18
Ending balance	$ (128)	$ (167)

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Investments - Unrealized Net Capital Gains and Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair value
Fixed income securities	$ 22,401	$ 23,261
Equity securities	1,503	1,614
Short-term investments	596	725
Derivative instruments	2	2
Gross unrealized Gains
Fixed income securities	1,008	1,355
Equity securities		311
Short-term investments	0	0
Derivative instruments	2	2
Gross unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities	(252)	(98)
Equity securities		(3)
Short-term investments	0	0
Derivative instruments	0	0
Unrealized net gains (losses)
Fixed income securities	756	1,257
Equity securities		308
Short-term investments	0	0
Derivative instruments	2	2
Equity method ("EMA") limited partnerships	1	1
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax	759	1,568
Amount recognized for:
Insurance reserves	(119)	(315)
DAC and DSI	(106)	(189)
Amounts recognized	(225)	(504)
Deferred income taxes	(112)	(229)
Total unrealized net capital gains and losses	422	835
Fair value of derivative securities classified as liabilities, with unrealized net gains (losses) in AOCI	$ 2	$ 2

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Investments - Change in Unrealized Net Capital Gains and Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	$ (501)
Amount recognized for:
Insurance reserves	196
DAC and DSI	83
Amounts recognized	279
Deferred income taxes	47
Decrease in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax	(175)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle		$ 308
Fixed income securities
Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	(501)
Equity securities
Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses	$ 0
Accounting Standards Update 2016-01
Amount recognized for:
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle		$ 308

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Investments - Portfolio Monitoring (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) security	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) security
Fixed income and equity securities
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security		670
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months		$ 3,596
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months		$ (34)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security		218
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more		$ 1,425
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more		(67)
Total unrealized losses
Total unrealized losses	$ (252)	$ (101)
Fixed income securities
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	1,282	583
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 7,107	$ 3,530
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (158)	$ (31)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	209	217
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 1,316	$ 1,425
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(94)	(67)
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (252)	$ (98)
U.S. government and agencies
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	9	17
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 104	$ 443
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (1)	$ (2)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	1	2
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 5	$ 25
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	0	0
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (1)	$ (2)
Municipal
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	55	4
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 119	$ 14
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (2)	$ 0
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	1	1
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 11	$ 11
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(2)	(3)
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (4)	$ (3)
Corporate
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	1,082	456
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 6,649	$ 2,899
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (153)	$ (28)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	139	144
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 1,250	$ 1,324
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(86)	(58)
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (239)	$ (86)
Foreign government
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	2
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 16
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 0
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	0
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 0
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	0
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ 0
ABS
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	48	33
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 215	$ 170
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (2)	$ (1)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	6	8
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 10	$ 24
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(3)	(3)
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (5)	$ (4)
RMBS
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	86	70
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 4	$ 3
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 0	$ 0
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	56	56
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 16	$ 18
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(1)	(1)
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (1)	$ (1)
CMBS
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	0	2
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 0	$ 1
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 0	$ 0
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	6	6
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 24	$ 23
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(2)	(2)
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses	$ (2)	$ (2)
Redeemable preferred stock
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security		1
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months		$ 0
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months		$ 0
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security		0
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more		$ 0
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more		0
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses		$ 0
Equity securities
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security		87
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months		$ 66
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months		$ (3)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security		1
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more		$ 0
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more		0
Total unrealized losses
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities		$ (3)
Investment grade fixed income securities
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	960	472
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 6,028	$ 3,192
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (123)	$ (22)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	177	181
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 1,211	$ 1,320
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(79)	(52)
Total unrealized losses
Total unrealized losses	$ (202)	$ (74)
Below investment grade fixed income securities
Less than 12 months
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months | security	322	111
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ 1,079	$ 338
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months	$ (35)	$ (9)
12 months or more
Number of issues, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more (in Security) | security	32	36
Fair value, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	$ 105	$ 105
Unrealized losses, continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more	(15)	(15)
Total unrealized losses
Total unrealized losses	$ (50)	$ (24)

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Investments - Carrying Value of Non-impaired Fixed Rate and Variable Rate Mortgage Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution
Total	$ 3,988	$ 3,876
Net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans
Impaired mortgage loans with a valuation allowance	4	4
Impaired mortgage loans without a valuation allowance	0	0
Total impaired mortgage loans	4	4
Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans	3	3
Non-impaired mortgage loans
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution
Fixed rate mortgage loans	3,927	3,844
Variable rate mortgage loans	57	28
Total	3,984	3,872
Non-impaired mortgage loans | Below 1.0
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution
Fixed rate mortgage loans	27	3
Variable rate mortgage loans	0	0
Total	27	3
Non-impaired mortgage loans | 1.0 - 1.25
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution
Fixed rate mortgage loans	323	326
Variable rate mortgage loans	0	0
Total	323	326
Non-impaired mortgage loans | 1.26 - 1.50
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution
Fixed rate mortgage loans	1,058	1,033
Variable rate mortgage loans	15	15
Total	1,073	1,048
Non-impaired mortgage loans | Above 1.50
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution
Fixed rate mortgage loans	2,519	2,482
Variable rate mortgage loans	42	13
Total	$ 2,561	$ 2,495

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Investments Investments- Other investments by type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Investment Holdings [Line Items]
Other	$ 1,310	$ 1,254
Agent loans
Investment Holdings [Line Items]
Other	562	538
Bank loans
Investment Holdings [Line Items]
Other	450	437
Real estate
Investment Holdings [Line Items]
Other	207	157
Derivatives and other
Investment Holdings [Line Items]
Other	$ 91	$ 122

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities - Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017
Assets
Fixed income securities	$ 22,401	$ 23,261
Equity securities	1,503	1,614
Short-term investments	596	725
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	1		$ 1
Separate account assets	3,292	3,422
Derivative asset, fair value, gross liability and obligation to return cash, offset	$ (4)	$ (3)
% of total assets at fair value	0.00%	0.00%
Investments reported at NAV	$ 751
Total	28,627
Liabilities
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives			$ (2)
Free standing derivative liabilities derivative liability, fair value, gross asset and right to reclaim cash, offset	$ 5	$ 1
% of total liabilities at fair value	(1.70%)	(0.30%)
U.S. government and agencies
Assets
Fixed income securities	$ 568	$ 804
Municipal
Assets
Fixed income securities	2,263	2,273
Foreign government
Assets
Fixed income securities	286	299
RMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	239	253
CMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	67	97
Redeemable preferred stock
Assets
Fixed income securities	15	14
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)
Assets
Total assets at fair value	$ 5,008	$ 5,528
% of total assets at fair value	18.00%	19.00%
Liabilities
Total liabilities at fair value	$ 0	$ 0
% of total liabilities at fair value	0.00%	0.00%
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)
Assets
Total assets at fair value	$ 22,403	$ 23,145
% of total assets at fair value	80.30%	79.40%
Liabilities
Total liabilities at fair value	$ (43)	$ (62)
% of total liabilities at fair value	14.40%	18.00%
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Total assets at fair value	$ 469	$ 467
% of total assets at fair value	1.70%	1.60%
Liabilities
Total liabilities at fair value	$ (260)	$ (284)
% of total liabilities at fair value	87.30%	82.30%
Recurring basis
Assets
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives, gross liability and obligation to return cash, offset	$ (4)	$ (3)
Liabilities
Free standing derivative liabilities derivative liability, fair value, gross asset and right to reclaim cash, offset	5	1
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)
Assets
Fixed income securities	258	488
Equity securities	1,389	1,508
Short-term investments	69	110
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	0	0
Separate account assets	3,292	3,422
Liabilities
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | U.S. government and agencies
Assets
Fixed income securities	258	488
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Municipal
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Corporate - public
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Corporate - privately placed
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Foreign government
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | ABS - CDO
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | ABS - consumer and other
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | RMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | CMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Redeemable preferred stock
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)
Assets
Fixed income securities	21,774	22,397
Equity securities	15	16
Short-term investments	527	615
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	87	117
Separate account assets	0	0
Liabilities
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	(43)	(62)
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | U.S. government and agencies
Assets
Fixed income securities	310	316
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Municipal
Assets
Fixed income securities	2,207	2,216
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Corporate - public
Assets
Fixed income securities	12,766	13,168
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Corporate - privately placed
Assets
Fixed income securities	5,535	5,699
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Foreign government
Assets
Fixed income securities	286	299
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | ABS - CDO
Assets
Fixed income securities	36	38
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | ABS - consumer and other
Assets
Fixed income securities	313	297
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | RMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	239	253
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | CMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	67	97
Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Redeemable preferred stock
Assets
Fixed income securities	15	14
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Fixed income securities	369	376
Equity securities	99	90
Short-term investments	0	0
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	1	1
Separate account assets	0	0
Liabilities
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	0	0
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | U.S. government and agencies
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Municipal
Assets
Fixed income securities	56	57
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Corporate - public
Assets
Fixed income securities	47	49
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Corporate - privately placed
Assets
Fixed income securities	215	220
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Foreign government
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | ABS - CDO
Assets
Fixed income securities	10	10
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | ABS - consumer and other
Assets
Fixed income securities	41	40
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | RMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | CMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Redeemable preferred stock
Assets
Fixed income securities	0	0
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts | Recurring basis | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	0	0
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts | Recurring basis | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	0	0
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts | Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	(260)	(284)
Fair value
Assets
Total assets at fair value	$ 27,876	$ 29,137
% of total assets at fair value	100.00%	100.00%
Liabilities
Total liabilities at fair value	$ (298)	$ (345)
% of total liabilities at fair value	100.00%	100.00%
Fair value | Recurring basis
Assets
Fixed income securities	$ 22,401	$ 23,261
Equity securities	1,503	1,614
Short-term investments	596	725
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	84	115
Separate account assets	3,292	3,422
Liabilities
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives	(38)	(61)
Fair value | Recurring basis | U.S. government and agencies
Assets
Fixed income securities	568	804
Fair value | Recurring basis | Municipal
Assets
Fixed income securities	2,263	2,273
Fair value | Recurring basis | Corporate - public
Assets
Fixed income securities	12,813	13,217
Fair value | Recurring basis | Corporate - privately placed
Assets
Fixed income securities	5,750	5,919
Fair value | Recurring basis | Foreign government
Assets
Fixed income securities	286	299
Fair value | Recurring basis | ABS - CDO
Assets
Fixed income securities	46	48
Fair value | Recurring basis | ABS - consumer and other
Assets
Fixed income securities	354	337
Fair value | Recurring basis | RMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	239	253
Fair value | Recurring basis | CMBS
Assets
Fixed income securities	67	97
Fair value | Recurring basis | Redeemable preferred stock
Assets
Fixed income securities	15	14
Fair value | Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts | Recurring basis
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$ (260)	$ (284)

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities - Level 3 Fair Value Measurement (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Fixed income securities	$ 22,401	$ 23,261
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Assets, fair value disclosure	469	467
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts - Equity-indexed and forward starting options | Stochastic cash flow model
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Fair value	$ (230)	$ (250)
Weighted average projected option cost (as a percent)	1.74%	1.74%
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts - Equity-indexed and forward starting options | Minimum | Stochastic cash flow model
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Projected option cost (as a percent)	1.00%	1.00%
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts - Equity-indexed and forward starting options | Maximum | Stochastic cash flow model
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Projected option cost (as a percent)	2.20%	2.20%
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Fixed Income Securities Valued Based on Nonbinding Broker Quotes
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Assets, fair value disclosure	$ 235	$ 237
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs
Fixed income securities	$ 369	$ 376

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Fair value, assets and liabilities gain (loss) included in earnings	$ 24	$ 8
Fixed income securities	22,401		$ 23,261
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Assets, fair value disclosure	469		467
Recurring basis | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Fixed income securities	369		376
Fixed Income Securities Valued Based on Nonbinding Broker Quotes | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Assets, fair value disclosure	235		$ 237
Contract benefits
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	4	7
Gain (loss) on investments
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Fair value, assets and liabilities gain (loss) included in earnings	24	8
Realized capital gains and losses
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	1	1
(Loss) gain reclassified from AOCI into income (net investment income)
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date		5
Interest credited to contractholder funds
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	19	$ (5)
Limited partnership interests
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Commitments to invest in limited partnership interests	$ 385
Minimum | Limited partnership interests
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Investment assets, useful life	10 years
Maximum | Limited partnership interests
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on recurring and non-recurring basis
Investment assets, useful life	12 years

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities - Level 3 Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	$ 467	$ 514
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	1	5
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	(4)	8
Transfers into Level 3	6	3
Transfers out of Level 3	(13)	(12)
Purchases	22	13
Sales	(5)	(1)
Issues	0	0
Settlements	(5)	(8)
Balance at end of period	469	522
Liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	(284)	(289)
Total gains (losses) included in: net income	23	3
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	0
Purchases	0	0
Sales	0	0
Issues	(1)	(1)
Settlements	2	2
Balance at end of period	(260)	(285)
Fair value, assets and liabilities gain (loss) included in earnings	24	8
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives	1	1
Free-standing derivatives, liabilities		2
Municipal
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	57	59
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	0
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	(1)	1
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	0
Purchases	0	0
Sales	0	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	0	0
Balance at end of period	56	60
Corporate - public
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	49	47
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	1
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	(1)	0
Transfers into Level 3	3	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	(10)
Purchases	0	0
Sales	(1)	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	(3)	(2)
Balance at end of period	47	36
Corporate - privately placed
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	220	264
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	0
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	(2)	5
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Transfers out of Level 3	(13)	0
Purchases	11	0
Sales	0	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	(1)	(1)
Balance at end of period	215	268
ABS - CDO
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	10	27
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	(1)
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	0	2
Transfers into Level 3	0	3
Transfers out of Level 3	0	0
Purchases	0	5
Sales	0	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	0	(4)
Balance at end of period	10	32
ABS - consumer and other
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	40	42
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	0
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	3	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	(2)
Purchases	3	8
Sales	(4)	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	(1)	(1)
Balance at end of period	41	47
Fixed income securities
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	376	439
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	0
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	(4)	8
Transfers into Level 3	6	3
Transfers out of Level 3	(13)	(12)
Purchases	14	13
Sales	(5)	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	(5)	(8)
Balance at end of period	369	443
Equity securities
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	90	76
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	1	5
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	0
Purchases	8	0
Sales	0	(1)
Issues	0	0
Settlements	0	0
Balance at end of period	99	80
Free-standing derivatives, net
Assets
Balance at beginning of period	1	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	0	1
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	0
Purchases	0	0
Sales	0	0
Issues	0	0
Settlements	0	0
Balance at end of period	1	(1)
Other assets
Assets
Balance at beginning of period		1
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income		(1)
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI		0
Transfers into Level 3		0
Transfers out of Level 3		0
Purchases		0
Sales		0
Issues		0
Settlements		0
Balance at end of period		0
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts
Liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	(284)	(289)
Total gains (losses) included in: net income	23	3
Total gains (losses) included in: OCI	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Transfers out of Level 3	0	0
Purchases	0	0
Sales	0	0
Issues	(1)	(1)
Settlements	2	2
Balance at end of period	(260)	(285)
Realized capital gains and losses
Assets
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	1	1
Liabilities
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	1	1
(Loss) gain reclassified from AOCI into income (net investment income)
Assets
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income		5
Liabilities
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date		5
Interest credited to contractholder funds
Assets
Total gains (losses) included in: Net income	19	(5)
Liabilities
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	19	(5)
Contract benefits
Liabilities
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	$ 4	$ 7

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities - Change In Unrealized Gains and Losses included in Net Income for Level 3 (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$ 1	$ 5
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	23	3
Fair value, assets and liabilities gain (loss) included in earnings	24	8
Gain (loss) on investments
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Fair value, assets and liabilities gain (loss) included in earnings	24	8
Realized capital gains and losses
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	1	1
(Loss) gain reclassified from AOCI into income (net investment income)
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date		5
Interest credited to contractholder funds
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	19	(5)
Contract benefits
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the balance sheet date	4	7
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	23	3
Equity securities
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Total recurring Level 3 assets	1	5
Free-standing derivatives, net
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Total recurring Level 3 assets	0	1
Other assets
Gains (losses) included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$ 0	$ (1)

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities - Carrying Values and Fair Value Estimates of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Financial assets
Mortgage loans	$ 3,988	$ 3,876
Financial liabilities
Liability for collateral	461	542	$ 575	$ 550
Notes due to related parties	140	140
Carrying value
Financial assets
Mortgage loans	3,988	3,876
Bank loans	450	437
Agent loans	562	538
Financial liabilities
Contractholder funds on investment contracts	10,053	10,331
Liability for collateral	461	542
Notes due to related parties	140	140
Fair value
Financial assets
Mortgage loans	4,081	4,052
Bank loans	451	437
Agent loans	553	536
Financial liabilities
Contractholder funds on investment contracts	10,562	11,036
Liability for collateral	461	542
Notes due to related parties	$ 139	$ 141

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments Derivative Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) entity	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Potential recoveries under credit risk derivatives	$ 0
Gain (loss) on fair value hedge ineffectiveness, net	0	$ 0
Cash flow hedge gain to be reclassified from AOCI during the next twelve months	2,000,000
Cash and securities pledged as collateral by counterparties	4,000,000
Securities pledged as collateral to counterparties	7,000,000
Collateral already posted, aggregate fair value	4,000,000		$ 3,000,000
Collateral already posted, without credit-risk-contingent features	3,000,000
Securities pledged in the form of margin deposits	$ 3,000,000
The number of reference entities generally included in a CDX index | entity	125

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments - Volume and Fair Value Positions of Derivative Instruments (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) contract	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) contract
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	$ 112	$ 101
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	2,455	2,525
Total derivatives, Notional amount	$ 2,567	$ 2,626
Total asset derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	4,220	4,485
Total liability derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	4,135	4,464
Total derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	8,355	8,949
Total asset derivatives	$ 84	$ 115
Total liability derivatives	(299)	(343)
Total derivatives, Fair value, net	(215)	(228)
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	84	115
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	4	3
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(303)	(346)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	$ 2,436	$ 2,506
Total liability derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	4,135	4,464
Total liability derivatives	$ (301)	$ (345)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	2	1
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(303)	(346)
Foreign currency swap agreements | Derivatives designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other liabilities & accrued expenses
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	19	19
Total liability derivatives	2	2
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	2	2
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Interest rate cap agreements | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other investments
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	16	15
Total asset derivatives	0	0
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Interest rate cap agreements | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other liabilities & accrued expenses
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	26	30
Total liability derivatives	1	1
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	1	1
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Options | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other investments
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	$ 0	$ 0
Total asset derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	4,136	4,485
Total asset derivatives	$ 84	$ 114
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	84	114
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Financial futures contracts | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other assets
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	$ 0
Total asset derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	84
Total asset derivatives	$ 0
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	0
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0
Foreign currency forwards | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other investments
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	11
Total asset derivatives	0
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	0
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0
Foreign currency forwards | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other liabilities & accrued expenses
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	148	207
Total liability derivatives	(7)	(8)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(7)	(8)
Credit default swaps – buying protection | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other investments
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	2	3
Total asset derivatives	0	0
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Credit default swaps – buying protection | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other liabilities & accrued expenses
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	59	34
Total liability derivatives	(1)	(1)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	1	0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(2)	(1)
Credit default swaps – selling protection | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other investments
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	80	80
Total asset derivatives	0	1
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	0	1
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Credit default swaps – selling protection | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other liabilities & accrued expenses
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount		1
Total liability derivatives		0
Liability derivatives, Gross asset		0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability		0
Other contracts | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other assets
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total asset derivatives, Notional amount	3	3
Total asset derivatives	0	0
Asset derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Asset derivatives, Gross liability	0	0
Options | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Other liabilities & accrued expenses
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	$ 0	$ 0
Total liability derivatives, Number of contracts | contract	4,135	4,464
Total liability derivatives	$ (34)	$ (53)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(34)	(53)
Guaranteed accumulation benefits | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Contractholder funds
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	215	225
Total liability derivatives	(20)	(22)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(20)	(22)
Guaranteed withdrawal benefits | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Contractholder funds
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	266	274
Total liability derivatives	(10)	(12)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	(10)	(12)
Equity-indexed and forward starting options in life and annuity product contracts | Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments | Contractholder funds
Derivatives, Fair Value
Total liability derivatives, Notional amount	1,722	1,735
Total liability derivatives	(230)	(250)
Liability derivatives, Gross asset	0	0
Liability derivatives, Gross liability	$ (230)	$ (250)

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments - Gross and Net Amounts Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Asset derivatives
Gross amount	$ 84	$ 115
Counter- party netting	0	0
Total asset derivatives	84	115
Liability derivatives
Gross amount	(303)	(346)
Counter- party netting	4	3
Total liability derivatives	(299)	(343)
OTC derivatives
Asset derivatives
Gross amount	4	4
Counter- party netting	(4)	(3)
Cash collateral (received) pledged	0	0
Total asset derivatives	0	1
Securities collateral (received) pledged	0	0
Net amount	0	1
Liability derivatives
Gross amount	(9)	(10)
Counter- party netting	4	3
Cash collateral (received) pledged	1	(2)
Total liability derivatives	(4)	(9)
Securities collateral (received) pledged	2	3
Net amount	$ (2)	$ (6)

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments - Impacts on Operations and AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Loss recognized in OCI on derivatives during the period	$ 0	$ (2)
Gain recognized in OCI on derivatives during the term of the hedging relationship	2	3
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	17	11
Realized capital gains and losses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	(3)	(5)
Contract benefits
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	4	7
Interest credited to contractholder funds
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	16	9
Equity and index contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	(4)	11
Equity and index contracts | Realized capital gains and losses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	0	(2)
Equity and index contracts | Contract benefits
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	0	0
Equity and index contracts | Interest credited to contractholder funds
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	(4)	13
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	24	3
Embedded derivative financial instruments | Realized capital gains and losses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	0	0
Embedded derivative financial instruments | Contract benefits
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	4	7
Embedded derivative financial instruments | Interest credited to contractholder funds
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	20	(4)
Foreign currency contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	(3)	(4)
Foreign currency contracts | Realized capital gains and losses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	(3)	(4)
Foreign currency contracts | Contract benefits
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	0	0
Foreign currency contracts | Interest credited to contractholder funds
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	$ 0	0
Credit default contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives		1
Credit default contracts | Realized capital gains and losses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives		1
Credit default contracts | Contract benefits
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives		0
Credit default contracts | Interest credited to contractholder funds
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments, total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives		$ 0

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Derivative Netting (Details) - A+ $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) party	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) party
Credit Derivatives
Number of counter-parties (in Party) | party	2	2
Notional amount	$ 54	$ 59
Credit exposure	4	3
Exposure, net of collateral	$ 0	$ 0

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Derivative Financial Instruments Derivative Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Derivative Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross liability fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	$ 12	$ 12
Gross asset fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features and subject to MNAs	(8)	(5)
Collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features	(4)	(3)
Maximum amount of additional exposure for contracts with credit-risk-contingent features if all features were triggered concurrently	$ 0	$ 4

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Derivative Financial Instruments - CDS Notional Amounts by Credit Rating (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Term of credit default swaps (in years)	5 years
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount	$ 2,567	$ 2,626
Credit default contracts
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		81
Fair value		1
Credit default contracts | Single name | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		1
Fair value		0
Credit default contracts | Index | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount	80	80
Fair value	0	1
AA | Credit default contracts
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		1
AA | Credit default contracts | Single name | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		0
AA | Credit default contracts | Index | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount	1	1
A | Credit default contracts
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		19
A | Credit default contracts | Single name | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		0
A | Credit default contracts | Index | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount	19	19
BBB | Credit default contracts
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		45
BBB | Credit default contracts | Single name | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		0
BBB | Credit default contracts | Index | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount	47	45
BB and lower | Credit default contracts
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		16
BB and lower | Credit default contracts | Single name | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount		1
BB and lower | Credit default contracts | Index | Corporate debt
Credit Derivatives
Notional amount	$ 13	$ 15

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Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Effects of reinsurance on revenue
Direct	$ 185	$ 180
Premiums and contract charges, net of reinsurance	353	348
Effects of reinsurance on cost and expenses
Direct	257	259
Contract benefits, net of reinsurance	370	354
Effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds [Abstract]
Direct	130	136
Interest credited to contractholder funds, net of reinsurance	148	161
Affiliate
Effects of reinsurance on revenue
Assumed	60	53
Ceded	(13)	(13)
Effects of reinsurance on cost and expenses
Assumed	34	29
Ceded	(12)	(8)
Effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds [Abstract]
Assumed	2	2
Ceded	(5)	(5)
Non-affiliate
Effects of reinsurance on revenue
Assumed	189	198
Ceded	(68)	(70)
Effects of reinsurance on cost and expenses
Assumed	134	116
Ceded	(43)	(42)
Effects of reinsurance on interest credited to contractholder funds [Abstract]
Assumed	25	33
Ceded	$ (4)	$ (5)

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Other Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Pre- tax
Other comprehensive (loss) income	$ (217)	$ 96
Tax
Other comprehensive (loss) income	46	(34)
After- tax
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax	(171)	62
Accumulated Net Investment Gain (Loss)
Pre- tax
Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets	(224)	105
Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses	(2)	4
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(222)	101
Tax
Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets	47	(37)
Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses	0	(1)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	47	(36)
After- tax
Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets	(177)	68
Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses	(2)	3
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax	(175)	65
Accumulated Foreign Currency Adjustment
Pre- tax
Other comprehensive (loss) income	5	(5)
Tax
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(1)	2
After- tax
Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax	$ 4	$ (3)