Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 28, 2019

19. Income Taxes

The recovery of income taxes differs from the amount that would have resulted from applying the combined Canadian federal and provincial statutory income tax rate to loss from continuing operations before income taxes due to the following:

	December 28, 2019		December 29, 2018		December 30, 2017
	$		$		$
Earnings (loss) before income taxes	2,617		(114,521	)	(170,397	)
Canadian statutory rate	26.5%		26.5%		26.5%
Income tax provision (recovery) at statutory rate	694		(30,348	)	(45,155	)
Impact of changes in enacted tax rates	(441	)	1,976		(8,437	)
Foreign tax rate differential	126		2,562		(9,324	)
Impact of stock-based compensation and other non- deductible expenses	1,975		2,019		1,590
Change in valuation allowance	774		(3,717	)	72
Goodwill impairment loss	—		22,239		30,475
Change in unrecognized tax benefits	—		—		(452	)
Other	93		(109	)	(4,598	)
Provision for (recovery of) income taxes	3,221		(5,378	)	(35,829	)

The components of earnings (loss) before income taxes are shown below:

	December 28, 2019		December 29, 2018		December 30, 2017
	$		$		$
Canada	(11,295	)	(13,408	)	(3,286	)
U.S.	9,167		(107,068	)	(178,033	)
Other	4,745		5,955		10,922
	2,617		(114,521	)	(170,397	)

The components of the provision for (recovery of) income taxes are shown below:

	December 28, 2019		December 29, 2018		December 30, 2017
	$		$		$
Current income tax provision (recovery):
Canada	(1,023	)	(1,334	)	(658	)
U.S.	588		(3,655	)	(10,346	)
Other	2,843		3,394		3,074
	2,408		(1,595	)	(7,930	)

Deferred income tax provision (recovery):
Canada	33		547		642
U.S.	731		(4,226	)	(28,606	)
Other	49		(104	)	65
	813		(3,783	)	(27,899	)
Provision for (recovery of) income taxes	3,221		(5,378	)	(35,829	)

Deferred income taxes of the Company are comprised of the following:

	December 28, 2019		December 29, 2018
	$		$
Differences in property, plant and equipment and intangible assets	(54,541	)	(54,841	)
Capital and non-capital losses	26,540		25,169
Tax benefit of scientific research expenditures	1,506		2,004
Inventory basis differences	2,248		3,755
Interest expense limitation (163j)	19,118		20,025
Other accrued reserves	2,321		1,366
	(2,808	)	(2,522	)
Less: valuation allowance	6,219		5,445
Net deferred income tax liability	(9,027	)	(7,967	)

The components of the net deferred income tax liability are shown below:

	December 28, 2019		December 29, 2018
	$		$
Canada	(223	)	(148	)
U.S.	(8,446	)	(7,147	)
Other	(358	)	(672	)
	(9,027	)	(7,967	)

The components of the deferred income tax valuation allowance are as follows:

	December 28, 2019	December 29, 2018
	$	$
Balance, beginning of year	5,445	9,162
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance	774	(3,717	)
Balance, end of year	6,219	5,445

As at December 28, 2019, the Company had approximately $0.6 million (December 29, 2018 - $1.1 million) in U.S. federal scientific research investment tax credits and $0.9 million (December 29, 2018 - $0.9 million) in U.S. State research and development tax credits, which will expire in varying amounts up to 2029.

As at December 28, 2019, the Company had U.S. federal non-capital loss carry-forwards of approximately $78.0 million (December 29, 2018 - $72.0 million). In addition, the Company had state loss carry-forwards of approximately $14.4 million as at December 28, 2019 (December 29, 2018 - $15.1 million). These amounts are available to reduce future federal and state income taxes.

As at December 28, 2019, the Company had Canadian capital losses of approximately $28.9 million (December 29, 2018 - $29.7 million) for which a full valuation allowance exists. These amounts are available to reduce future capital gains and do not expire.

The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such determinations, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. Based on this evaluation, as at December 28, 2019, a valuation allowance of $6.2 million (December 29, 2018 - $5.4 million) had been recorded against certain assets to reduce the net benefit recorded in the consolidated financial statements.

Undistributed earnings of the Company's non-Canadian affiliates and associated companies are considered to be indefinitely reinvested; accordingly, no provision for deferred taxes has been provided thereon.

The Company believes it has adequately examined its tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return; however, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could differ from the Company's positions. Accordingly, additional provisions on federal, provincial, state and foreign tax-related matters could be recorded in the future as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved.

Consistent with its historical financial reporting, the Company has classified interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities, when applicable, as part of interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations, and with the related liability on the consolidated balance sheets.

The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The Company's major taxing jurisdictions include Canada (including Ontario), the U.S. (including multiple states), and the Netherlands. The Company's 2014 through 2018 tax years (and any tax year for which available non-capital loss carry-forwards were generated up to the amount of non-capital loss carry-forward) remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service for U.S. federal tax purposes, and the 2010 through 2018 tax years remain subject to examination by the appropriate governmental agencies for Canadian federal tax purposes. There are other ongoing audits in various other jurisdictions that are not considered material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.