Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies (Policy)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Nature Of Business And Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Nature Of Business

Nature of business:

Electro-Sensors, Inc. manufactures and markets a complete line of monitoring and control systems for a variety of industrial machinery. The Company uses leading-edge technology to continuously improve its products, with the ultimate goal of manufacturing the industry-preferred product for each market served. The Company sells these products through an internal sales staff, manufacturer’s representatives, and distributors to a wide variety of industries that use the products in a variety of applications to monitor process machinery operations. The Company markets its products to customers located throughout the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and Asia.

In addition, we may periodically make strategic investments in other businesses and companies, including investments that we believe would facilitate the development of new relationships, or technology complementary to our existing products, or other investments that we believe present good opportunities for the Company and its shareholders. See Note 2 for additional information regarding the Company’s investments. The Company’s investments in securities are subject to normal market risks.

Use Of Estimates

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates, including the underlying assumptions, consist of the economic lives of long-lived assets, realizability of trade receivables, valuation of deferred tax assets/liabilities, inventory, investments, and stock compensation expense. It is at least reasonably possible that these estimates may change in the near term.

Cash And Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are invested in commercial paper, money market accounts and may, also, be invested in Treasury Bills with an original maturity of three months or less. Cash equivalents are carried at fair value.

The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents primarily in two bank deposit accounts, which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on these accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk on cash.

Trade Receivables And Credit Policies

Trade receivables and credit policies

Trade receivables are uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms generally requiring payment within 30 days from the invoice date. Trade receivables are stated at the amount billed to the customer. Customer account balances with invoices over 90 days are considered delinquent. The Company does not accrue interest on delinquent trade receivables.

Payments of trade receivables are allocated to the specific invoices identified on the customer’s remittance advice or, if unspecified, are applied to the earliest unpaid invoices.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on trade receivables, which is recorded as an offset to trade receivables.  Changes in the allowance for credit losses are included as a component of operating expenses in the Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company assesses credit losses on its entire balance of trade receivables. 

The allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the receivable (contractual term).  The Company considers historical loss rates and current economic conditions. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit losses.  The allowance for credit losses was $11 at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no customers that exceeded 10% of the accounts receivable balance.  As of December 31, 2022, there was one customer that accounted for approximately 12% of the accounts receivable balance.

Investments

Investments

Substantially all the Company’s current investments consist of debt securities issued by the United States Government. The estimated fair value of non-publicly traded securities is based on financial and other factors.  The Company owns equity securities in two non-publicly traded companies.  The executive officer of the two companies is Chairman of the Board of Directors of Electro-Sensors, Inc.

Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the date individual investments are acquired and evaluates the appropriateness of this classification at each balance sheet date.

Since the Company generally does not make investments in anticipation of short-term fluctuations in market price, the Company classifies its investments in Treasury Bills as available-for-sale. Treasury Bills with readily determinable values are stated at fair value, and unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related deferred tax effect, are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and within accumulated other comprehensive gain.  Equity securities with readily determinable values are stated at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are reported in the statement of comprehensive income in non-operating income.

Realized gains and losses on securities, including losses from declines in value of specific securities determined by management to be other-than-temporary, are included in the statement of comprehensive income in non-operating income. Realized gains and losses are determined on the basis of the specific securities sold. There were no other-than-temporary impairments recognized in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements

The Company’s policies incorporate the guidance for accounting for fair value measurements of financial assets and financial liabilities and for fair value measurements of non-financial items that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. These policies also incorporate the guidance for fair value measurement related to non-financial items that are recognized and disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a nonrecurring basis. The guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: 

● Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

● Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

● Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company currently has no non-financial or financial items that are measured on a nonrecurring basis.

The carrying value of cash equivalents, trade receivables, accounts payable, and other financial working capital items approximate fair value at December 31, 2023 and 2022 due to the short term maturity nature of these instruments.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories include material, labor and overhead and are valued at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value.

Property And Equipment

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is provided over estimated useful lives by use of the straight-line method. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Major improvements and betterments are capitalized.

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require the Company to test a long-lived asset for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by an asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, the Company recognizes impairment to the extent that the carrying value of an asset exceeds its fair value. The Company determines fair value through various valuation techniques including, but not limited to, discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals.

Estimated useful lives are as follows:

	Years
Autos	3
Equipment	5 - 10
Furniture and Fixtures	3 -  7
Building	7 - 40

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets

The intangible asset was a communication technology acquired in October 2019.  The Company amortized the cost of the intangible asset on a straight-line method over its estimated useful life, which was complete in 2022.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition

At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods and services to be provided to a customer and identifies a performance obligation for each distinct good or service.   We also determine the transaction price for each performance obligation at contract inception.  Our contracts, generally in the form of a purchase order, specify the product or service that is to be provided to the customer. The typical contract life is less than one month and contains a single performance obligation, to provide conforming goods or services to the customer.  Certain contracts have a second performance obligation, which typically is the initialization of the HazardPRO product.  For contracts that have multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation using the relative stand-alone selling price.  We generally determine stand-alone selling prices based on the observable stand-alone prices charged to customers.  We recognize product revenue at the point in time when control of the product is transferred to the customer, which typically occurs when we ship the products.  We recognize service revenue at the point in time when we have provided the service, which typically takes less than a week to provide.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Total advertising expense was $46 and $38 in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research And Development

Research and development

Expenditures for research and development are expensed as incurred. The Company incurred expenses of $973 and $836 in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes

The Company presents deferred income taxes on an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. The Company annually determines the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. The Company computes deferred income tax assets and liabilities for those differences that have future tax consequences using the currently enacted tax laws and rates that apply to the periods in which these laws are expected to affect taxable income. Income tax expense is the current tax payable or refundable for the period plus or minus the net change in the deferred tax assets and liabilities, excluding the portion of the deferred asset or liability allocated to other comprehensive gain (loss). Deferred taxes are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent that realization of the related deferred tax asset is not certain.  We have a valuation allowance on our deferred tax asset of $279 and $252 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not to be sustained. The Company recognizes income tax positions at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company reflects changes in recognition or measurement in the period in which the Company's change in judgment occurs.

The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Net Income Per Common Share

Net income per common share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) excludes dilution and is determined by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities such as options were exercised or converted into common stock.  For the years ending December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, options to purchase 175,000 and 268,294 weighted average common shares have been excluded from the diluted weighted average shares because their effect would be anti-dilutive.  In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2023, 105,000 restricted stock units have been excluded from the calculation because their effect would be anti-dilutive. 

The following information presents the Company’s computations of basic and diluted EPS for the periods presented in the statements of comprehensive income.

	Income		Shares		Per share amount
2023:
Basic EPS	$	275		3,428,021	$	0.08
Effect of dilutive stock options				0		0.00
Diluted EPS	$	275		3,428,021	$	0.08
2022:
Basic EPS	$	100		3,401,137	$	0.03
Effect of dilutive stock options				31,706		0.00
Diluted EPS	$	100		3,432,843	$	0.03

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation

The Company records compensation expense for stock options based on the estimated fair value of the options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) model. The Company uses historical data, among other factors, to estimate the expected price volatility, the expected option life and the expected forfeiture rate. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the estimated life of the option. At December 31, 2023, the Company had one stock-based compensation plan.

New Accounting Standard Adopted

New Accounting Standard Adopted

Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Statements requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset(s) to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2023 had no significant impact on our financial statements.