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FAIR VALUE MEASURES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

The fair value of an asset or liability is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various assets and liabilities. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based on discounted cash flows or other valuation techniques. These techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the asset or liability. The accounting standard for disclosures about the fair value measures excludes certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

The Company's loans held for sale under the fair value option are comprised of the following:


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Mortgage loans held for sale	$	1,647,900	$	107,428
SBA loans held for sale	8,811		3,870
Total loans held for sale	$	1,656,711	$	111,298

The Company has elected to record mortgage loans held for sale at fair value in order to eliminate the complexities and inherent difficulties of achieving hedge accounting and to better align reported results with the underlying economic changes in value of the loans and related hedge instruments. This election impacts the timing and recognition of origination fees and costs, as well as servicing value, which are now recognized in earnings at the time of origination. Interest income on mortgage loans held for sale is recorded on an accrual basis in the consolidated statement of income under the heading interest income – interest and fees on loans. The servicing value is included in the fair value of the IRLCs with borrowers. The mark to market adjustments related to mortgage loans held for sale and the associated economic hedges are captured in mortgage banking activities. Net gains of $37.7 million, $4.1 million and $4.6 million resulting from fair value changes of these mortgage loans were recorded in income during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. A net loss of $9.3 million, a net gain of $1.8 million and a net loss of $3.0 million resulting from changes in the fair value and the related derivative financial instruments used to hedge exposure to the market-related risks associated with these mortgage loans were recorded in income during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These amounts do not reflect changes in fair values of related derivative instruments used to hedge exposure to market-related risks associated with these mortgage loans. The change in fair value of both mortgage loans held for sale and the related derivative instruments are recorded in mortgage banking activity in the consolidated statements of income. The Company’s valuation of mortgage loans held for sale incorporates an assumption for credit risk; however, given the short-term period that the Company holds these loans, valuation adjustments attributable to instrument-specific credit risk is nominal.

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the principal balance for mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Aggregate fair value of mortgage loans held for sale	$	1,647,900	$	107,428
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans held for sale	1,598,057		103,319
Past due loans of 90 days or more	1,649		—
Nonaccrual loans	1,649		—
Unpaid principal balance of nonaccrual loans	1,616		—

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the principal balance for SBA loans held for sale measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Aggregate fair value of SBA loans held for sale	$	8,811	$	3,870
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of SBA loans held for sale	8,206		3,581
Past due loans of 90 days or more	—		—
Nonaccrual loans	—		—

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available for sale, loans held for sale and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. From time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans and OREO. Additionally, the Company is required to disclose, but not record, the fair value of other financial instruments.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for estimating the fair value of its financial instruments:

Cash and Due From Banks, Federal Funds Sold and Interest-Bearing Deposits in Banks, and Time Deposits in Other Banks: The carrying amount of cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in banks, and time deposits in other banks approximates fair value.

Investment Securities Available for Sale: The fair value of securities available for sale is determined by various valuation methodologies. Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows. Level 2 securities include certain U.S. agency bonds, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage and debt obligations, and municipal securities. The Level 2 fair value pricing is provided by an independent third party and is based upon similar securities in an active market. In certain cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy and may include certain residual municipal securities and other less liquid securities.

Loans Held for Sale: The Company records loans held for sale at fair value. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined on outstanding commitments from third party investors in the secondary markets and is classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Loans: The fair value for loans held for investment is estimated using an exit price methodology. An exit price methodology considers expected cash flows that take into account contractual loan terms, as applicable, prepayment expectations, probability of default, loss severity in the event of default, recovery lag and, in the case of variable rate loans, expectations for future interest rate movements. These cash flows are present valued at a risk adjusted discount rate, which considers the cost of funding, liquidity, servicing costs, and other factors. Because observable quoted prices seldom exist for identical or similar assets carried in loans held for investment, Level 3 inputs are primarily used to determine fair value exit pricing. The fair value of impaired loans is estimated based on discounted contractual cash flows or underlying collateral values, where applicable. A loan is determined to be impaired if the Company believes it is probable that all principal and interest amounts due according to the terms of the note will not be collected as scheduled. The fair value of impaired loans is determined in accordance with ASC 310-10, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan, and generally results in a specific reserve established through a charge to the provision for loan losses. Losses on impaired loans are charged to the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan is confirmed. Management has determined that the majority of impaired loans are Level 3 assets due to the extensive use of market appraisals.

Other Real Estate Owned: The fair value of OREO is determined using certified appraisals and internal evaluations that value the property at its highest and best uses by applying traditional valuation methods common to the industry. The Company does not hold any OREO for profit purposes and all other real estate is actively marketed for sale. In most cases, management has determined that additional write-downs are required beyond what is calculable from the appraisal to carry the property at levels that would attract buyers. Because this additional write-down is not based on observable inputs, management has determined that OREO should be classified as Level 3.

Accrued Interest Receivable/Payable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximates fair value.

Deposits: The carrying amount of demand deposits, savings deposits and variable-rate certificates of deposit approximates fair value. The fair value of fixed-rate certificates of deposit is estimated based on discounted contractual cash flows using interest rates currently being offered for certificates of similar maturities.

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase and Other Borrowings: The carrying amount of securities sold under agreements to repurchase approximates fair value and is classified as Level 1. The carrying amount of variable rate other borrowings approximates fair value and is classified as Level 1. The fair value of fixed rate other borrowings is estimated based on discounted contractual cash flows using the current incremental borrowing rates for similar borrowing arrangements and is classified as Level 2.

Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures: The fair value of the Company’s trust preferred securities is based on discounted cash flows using rates for securities with similar terms and remaining maturities and are classified as Level 2.

FDIC Loss-Share Payable: Because the FDIC will reimburse the Company for certain acquired loans should the Company experience a loss, an indemnification asset is recorded at fair value at the acquisition date. The indemnification asset is recognized at the same time as the indemnified loans, and measured on the same basis, subject to collectability or contractual limitations. The shared loss agreements on the acquisition date reflect the reimbursements expected to be received from the FDIC, using an appropriate discount rate, which reflects counterparty credit risk and other uncertainties. The shared loss agreements continue to be measured on the same basis as the related indemnified loans, and the loss-share receivable is impacted by changes in estimated cash flows associated with these loans.

Pursuant to the clawback provisions of the loss-sharing agreements for the Company’s FDIC-assisted acquisitions, the Company may be required to reimburse the FDIC should actual losses be less than certain thresholds established in each loss-sharing agreement. The amount of the clawback provision for each acquisition is measured and recorded at fair value. The clawback amount, which is payable to the FDIC upon termination of the applicable loss-sharing agreement, is discounted using an appropriate discount rate.

Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments: Because commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are typically made using variable rates and have short maturities, the carrying value and fair value are immaterial for disclosure.

Derivatives: The Company has entered into derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of the derivatives. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair value of the derivatives is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts and the discounted expected variable cash payments. The variable cash payments are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves derived from observable market interest rate curves).

The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting any applicable credit enhancements such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees.

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivative fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself or the counterparty. However, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustment is not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuation in its entirety is classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents the fair value measurements of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.


	Recurring Basis Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
U.S. government sponsored agencies	$	22,362	$	—	$	22,362	$	—
State, county and municipal securities	105,260		—		105,260		—
Corporate debt securities	52,999		—		51,499		1,500
SBA pool securities	73,912		—		73,912		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,148,870		—		1,148,870		—
Loans held for sale	1,656,711		—		1,656,711		—

Mortgage banking derivative instruments	7,814		—		7,814		—
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	3,067,928	$	—	$	3,066,428	$	1,500
Financial liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments	$	187	$	—	$	187	$	—
Mortgage banking derivative instruments	4,471		—		4,471		—
Total recurring liabilities at fair value	$	4,658	$	—	$	4,658	$	—


	Recurring Basis Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:

State, county and municipal securities	$	150,733	$	—	$	150,733	$	—
Corporate debt securities	67,314		—		65,814		1,500
SBA pool securities	77,804		—		77,804		—
Mortgage-backed securities	896,572		—		896,572		—
Loans held for sale	111,298		—		111,298		—
Derivative financial instruments	102		—		102		—
Mortgage banking derivative instruments	2,537		—		2,537		—
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	1,306,360	$	—	$	1,304,860	$	1,500
Financial liabilities:

Mortgage banking derivative instruments	$	1,276	$	—	$	1,276	$	—
Total recurring liabilities at fair value	$	1,276	$	—	$	1,276	$	—

The following table presents the fair value measurements of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.


	Nonrecurring Basis Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans carried at fair value	$	43,788	$	—	$	—	$	43,788
Other real estate owned	2,289		—		—		2,289
Purchased other real estate owned	15,000		—		—		15,000
Total nonrecurring assets at fair value	$	61,077	$	—	$	—	$	61,077


	Nonrecurring Basis Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans carried at fair value	$	28,653	$	—	$	—	$	28,653
Other real estate owned	408		—		—		408
Purchased other real estate owned	9,535		—		—		9,535
Total nonrecurring assets at fair value	$	38,596	$	—	$	—	$	38,596

The inputs used to determine estimated fair value of impaired loans include market conditions, loan term, underlying collateral characteristics and discount rates. The inputs used to determine fair value of other real estate owned include market conditions, estimated marketing period or holding period, underlying collateral characteristics and discount rates.

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was not a change in the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair value.

The following table shows significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 assets.


(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Range of Discounts	Weighted Average Discount
As of December 31, 2019
Recurring:
Investment securities available for sale	$	1,500	Discounted par values	Credit quality of underlying issuer	0%	0%
Nonrecurring:
Impaired loans	$	43,788	Third party appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts and discount rates	1% - 95%	27%
Other real estate owned	$	2,289	Third party appraisals and sales contracts	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	15% - 31%	25%
Purchased other real estate owned	$	15,000	Third party appraisals	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	9% - 89%	31%

As of December 31, 2018
Recurring:
Investment securities available for sale	$	1,500	Discounted par values	Credit quality of underlying issuer	0%	0%
Nonrecurring:
Impaired loans	$	28,653	Third party appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts and discount rates	3% - 53%	30%
Other real estate owned	$	408	Third party appraisals and sales contracts	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	15% - 69%	31%
Purchased other real estate owned	$	9,535	Third party appraisals	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	6% - 74%	39%

The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, not shown elsewhere in these financial statements, were as follows.


			Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	246,234	$	246,234	$	—	$	—	$	246,234
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing accounts	375,615		375,615		—		—		375,615
Time deposits in other banks	249		—		249		—		249
Loans, net	12,736,499		—		—		12,806,709		12,806,709
Accrued interest receivable	52,362		—		5,179		47,183		52,362
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	14,027,073		—		14,035,686		—		14,035,686
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	20,635		20,635		—		—		20,635
Other borrowings	1,398,709		—		1,402,510		—		1,402,510
Subordinated deferrable interest debentures	127,560		—		126,815		—		126,815
FDIC loss-share payable	19,642		—		—		19,657		19,657

Accrued interest payable	11,524		—		11,524		—		11,524


			Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	172,036	$	172,036	$	—	$	—	$	172,036
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing accounts	507,491		507,491		—		—		507,491
Time deposits in other banks	10,812		—		10,812		—		10,812
Loans, net	8,454,442		—		—		8,365,293		8,365,293
Accrued interest receivable	36,970		—		5,456		31,514		36,970
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	9,649,313		—		9,645,617		—		9,645,617
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	20,384		20,384		—		—		20,384
Other borrowings	151,774		—		152,873		—		152,873
Subordinated deferrable interest debentures	89,187		—		90,180		—		90,180
FDIC loss-share payable	19,487		—		—		19,576		19,576

Accrued interest payable	5,669		—		5,669		—		5,669

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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