NOTE 5 – LOANS

The Bank engages in a full complement of lending activities, including real estate-related loans, agriculture-related loans, commercial and financial loans and consumer installment loans within select markets in Georgia, Alabama, Florida and South Carolina. The Bank purchased residential mortgage loan pools during 2015 and 2016 collateralized by properties located outside our Southeast markets, specifically in California, Washington and Illinois. During the third quarter of 2016, the Bank began purchasing from unrelated third parties consumer installment home improvement loans made to borrowers throughout the United States. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the net carrying value of these consumer installment home improvement loans was approximately $382.5 million and $399.9 million, respectively, and such loans are reported in the consumer installment loan category. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Bank purchased a pool of commercial insurance premium finance loans made to borrowers throughout the United States and began to originate, administer and service these types of loans. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the net carrying value of commercial insurance premium loans was approximately $487.0 million and $413.5 million, respectively, and such loans are reported in the commercial, financial and agricultural loan category.

The Bank concentrates the majority of its lending activities in real estate loans. While risk of loss in the Company’s portfolio is primarily tied to the credit quality of the various borrowers, risk of loss may increase due to factors beyond the Company’s control, such as local, regional and/or national economic downturns. General conditions in the real estate market may also impact the relative risk in the real estate portfolio. A substantial portion of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate in the Bank’s primary market area. In addition, a substantial portion of the OREO is located in those same markets. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio and the recovery of a substantial portion of the carrying amount of OREO are susceptible to changes in real estate conditions in the Bank’s primary market area.

Commercial, financial and agricultural loans include both secured and unsecured loans for working capital, expansion, crop production, commercial insurance premium finance, and other business purposes. Commercial, financial and agricultural loans also include SBA loans and municipal loans. Short-term working capital loans are secured by non-real estate collateral such as accounts receivable, crops, inventory and equipment. The Bank evaluates the financial strength, cash flow, management, credit history of the borrower and the quality of the collateral securing the loan. The Bank often requires personal guarantees and secondary sources of repayment on commercial, financial and agricultural loans.

Real estate loans include construction and development loans, commercial and farmland loans and residential loans. Construction and development loans include loans for the development of residential neighborhoods, one-to-four family home residential construction loans to builders and consumers, and commercial real estate construction loans, primarily for owner-occupied properties. The Company limits its construction lending risk through adherence to established underwriting procedures. Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by owner-occupied commercial buildings for office, storage, retail and warehouse space as well as farmland. They also include non-owner occupied commercial buildings such as leased retail and office space. Commercial real estate loans may be larger in size and may involve a greater degree of risk than one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. Payments on such loans are often dependent on successful operation or management of the properties. The Company’s residential loans represent permanent mortgage financing and are secured by residential properties located within the Bank's market areas, along with warehouse lines of credit secured by residential mortgages.

Consumer installment loans include home improvement loans, automobile loans, boat and recreational vehicle financing, and secured and unsecured personal loans. Consumer loans carry greater risks than other loans, as the collateral can consist of rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles and equipment that may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the loan in the case of default.

Loans are stated at unpaid balances, net of unearned income and deferred loan fees. Balances within the major loans receivable categories are presented in the following table, excluding purchased loans:



(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,382,907	$	1,316,359
Real estate – construction and development	676,563		671,198
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1,894,937		1,814,529
Real estate – residential	1,365,482		1,403,000
Consumer installment	436,469		455,371
	$	5,756,358	$	5,660,457

Purchased loans are defined as loans that were acquired in bank acquisitions including those that are covered by a loss-sharing agreement with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). Purchased loans totaling $2.47 billion and $2.59 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, are not included in the above schedule.

Purchased loans are shown below according to major loan type as of the end of the periods shown:



(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	327,972	$	372,686
Real estate – construction and development	239,413		227,900
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1,280,515		1,337,859
Real estate – residential	597,735		623,199
Consumer installment	26,636		27,188
	$	2,472,271	$	2,588,832

A rollforward of purchased loans for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 is shown below:



(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2018
Balance, January 1	$	2,588,832		$	861,595
Charge-offs	(184		)	(151		)
Accretion	2,980			1,571
Transfers to purchased other real estate owned	(2,523		)	(457		)
Payments received, net of principal advances	(116,834		)	(43,971		)
Ending balance	$	2,472,271		$	818,587

The following is a summary of changes in the accretable discounts of purchased loans during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2018
Balance, January 1	$	40,496		$	20,192
Accretion	(2,980		)	(1,571		)
Transfers between non-accretable and accretable discounts, net	(1,869		)	146
Ending balance	$	35,647		$	18,767

Purchased loan pools are defined as groups of residential mortgage loans that were not acquired in bank acquisitions or FDIC-assisted transactions. As of March 31, 2019, purchased loan pools totaled $253.7 million and consisted of whole-loan residential mortgages on properties outside the Company’s markets, with principal balances totaling $252.0 million and $1.7 million of remaining purchase premium paid at acquisition. As of December 31, 2018, purchased loan pools totaled $262.6 million with principal balances totaling $260.5 million and $2.1 million of remaining purchase premium paid at acquisition.

At March 31, 2019, purchased loan pools included principal balances of $400,000 risk-rated grade 7 (Substandard), while all other loans included in the purchased loan pools were performing current loans risk-rated grade 3 (Good Credit). At March 31, 2019, purchased loan pools included principal balances of $400,000 on nonaccrual status and had no loans accounted for as troubled debt restructurings.

At December 31, 2018, all loans in purchased loan pools were performing current loans risk-rated grade 3 (Good Credit). At December 31, 2018, purchased loan pools had no loans on nonaccrual status and had no loans classified as troubled debt restructurings.

At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had allocated $697,000 and $732,000, respectively, of allowance for loan losses for the purchased loan pools.

As part of the due diligence process prior to purchasing an individual mortgage pool, a complete re-underwrite of the individual loan files was conducted. The underwriting process included a review of all income, asset, credit and property related documentation that was used to originate the loan. Underwriters utilized the originating lender’s program guidelines, as well as general prudent mortgage lending standards, to assess each individual loan file. Additional research was conducted to assess the real estate market conditions and market expectations in the geographic areas where a collateral concentration existed. As part of this review, an automated valuation model was employed to provide current collateral valuations and to support individual loan-to-value ratios. Additionally, a sample of site inspections was completed to provide further assurance. The results of the due diligence review were evaluated by officers of the Company in order to determine overall conformance to the Bank’s credit and lending policies.

Nonaccrual and Past-Due Loans

A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s judgment, the collection of the interest income appears doubtful. Interest receivable that has been accrued and is subsequently determined to have doubtful collectability is charged against interest income. Interest on loans that are classified as nonaccrual is subsequently applied to principal until the loans are returned to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Past-due loans are loans whose principal or interest is past due 30 days or more. In some cases, where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulties, loans may be restructured to provide terms significantly different from the original contractual terms.

The following table presents an analysis of loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis, excluding purchased loans:



(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,349	$	1,412
Real estate – construction and development	1,244		892
Real estate – commercial and farmland	3,496		4,654
Real estate – residential	11,118		10,465
Consumer installment	426		529
	$	17,633	$	17,952

The following table presents an analysis of purchased loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis:



(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	3,857	$	1,199
Real estate – construction and development	5,933		6,119
Real estate – commercial and farmland	5,061		5,534
Real estate – residential	8,402		10,769
Consumer installment	593		486
	$	23,846	$	24,107

The following table presents an analysis of past-due loans, excluding purchased past-due loans as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:



(dollars in thousands)	Loans 30-59 Days Past Due		Loans 60-89 Days Past Due		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Loans Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans		Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing
March 31, 2019
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	5,270	$	2,784	$	4,222	$	12,276	$	1,370,631	$	1,382,907	$	3,416
Real estate – construction and development	957		531		692		2,180		674,383		676,563		—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	2,784		3,276		2,652		8,712		1,886,225		1,894,937		—
Real estate – residential	13,394		1,287		9,895		24,576		1,340,906		1,365,482		—
Consumer installment	1,752		929		541		3,222		433,247		436,469		260
Total	$	24,157	$	8,807	$	18,002	$	50,966	$	5,705,392	$	5,756,358	$	3,676

December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	6,479	$	5,295	$	4,763	$	16,537	$	1,299,822	$	1,316,359	$	3,808
Real estate – construction and development	1,218		481		725		2,424		668,774		671,198		—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1,625		530		3,645		5,800		1,808,729		1,814,529		—
Real estate – residential	11,423		4,631		8,923		24,977		1,378,023		1,403,000		—
Consumer installment	2,344		1,167		735		4,246		451,125		455,371		414
Total	$	23,089	$	12,104	$	18,791	$	53,984	$	5,606,473	$	5,660,457	$	4,222

The following table presents an analysis of purchased past-due loans as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:



(dollars in thousands)	Loans 30-59 Days Past Due		Loans 60-89 Days Past Due		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Loans Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans		Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing
March 31, 2019
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	3,551	$	45	$	1,209	$	4,805	$	323,167	$	327,972	$	—
Real estate – construction and development	1,112		—		5,473		6,585		232,828		239,413		—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	3,003		170		2,403		5,576		1,274,939		1,280,515		—
Real estate – residential	7,488		1,747		5,317		14,552		583,183		597,735		—
Consumer installment	732		97		269		1,098		25,538		26,636		—
Total	$	15,886	$	2,059	$	14,671	$	32,616	$	2,439,655	$	2,472,271	$	—

December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	421	$	416	$	1,015	$	1,852	$	370,834	$	372,686	$	—
Real estate – construction and development	627		370		5,273		6,270		221,630		227,900		—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1,935		736		1,698		4,369		1,333,490		1,337,859		—
Real estate – residential	12,531		2,407		7,005		21,943		601,256		623,199		—
Consumer installment	679		237		249		1,165		26,023		27,188		—
Total	$	16,193	$	4,166	$	15,240	$	35,599	$	2,553,233	$	2,588,832	$	—

Impaired Loans

Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreements. Impaired loans include loans on nonaccrual status and accruing troubled debt restructurings. When determining if the Company will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, the Company considers the borrower’s capacity to pay, which includes such factors as the borrower’s current financial statements, an analysis of global cash flow sufficient to pay all debt obligations and an evaluation of secondary sources of repayment, such as guarantor support and collateral value. The Company individually assesses for impairment all nonaccrual loans greater than $100,000 and all troubled debt restructurings greater than $100,000 (including all troubled debt restructurings, whether or not currently classified as such). The tables below include all loans deemed impaired, whether or not individually assessed for impairment. If a loan is deemed impaired, a specific valuation allowance is allocated, if necessary, so that the loan is reported net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Interest payments on impaired loans are typically applied to principal unless collectability of the principal amount is reasonably assured, in which case interest is recognized on a cash basis.

The following is a summary of information pertaining to impaired loans, excluding purchased loans:



	As of and for the Period Ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		March 31, 2018
Nonaccrual loans	$	17,633	$	17,952	$	14,420
Troubled debt restructurings not included above	11,463		9,323		11,375
Total impaired loans	$	29,096	$	27,275	$	25,795

Quarter-to-date interest income recognized on impaired loans	$	182	$	202	$	239
Quarter-to-date foregone interest income on impaired loans	$	209	$	217	$	190

The following table presents an analysis of information pertaining to impaired loans, excluding purchased loans as of March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018:



(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Three Month Average Recorded Investment
March 31, 2019
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,761	$	871	$	593	$	1,464	$	180	$	1,566
Real estate – construction and development	1,727		621		764		1,385		209		1,211
Real estate – commercial and farmland	7,066		663		5,788		6,451		578		6,984
Real estate – residential	19,693		6,893		12,466		19,359		712		17,934
Consumer installment	453		437		—		437		—		491
Total	$	30,700	$	9,485	$	19,611	$	29,096	$	1,679	$	28,186



(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Three Month Average Recorded Investment
December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,902	$	1,155	$	513	$	1,668	$	4	$	1,736
Real estate – construction and development	1,378		613		424		1,037		3		1,229
Real estate – commercial and farmland	8,950		867		6,649		7,516		1,591		7,537
Real estate – residential	16,885		5,144		11,365		16,509		867		14,719
Consumer installment	561		545		—		545		—		584
Total	$	29,676	$	8,324	$	18,951	$	27,275	$	2,465	$	25,805



(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Three Month Average Recorded Investment
March 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,874	$	985	$	602	$	1,587	$	136	$	1,467
Real estate – construction and development	746		567		127		694		1		833
Real estate – commercial and farmland	9,515		522		7,639		8,161		1,216		7,753
Real estate – residential	14,908		4,912		9,946		14,858		980		14,891
Consumer installment	526		495		—		495		—		492
Total	$	27,569	$	7,481	$	18,314	$	25,795	$	2,333	$	25,436

The following is a summary of information pertaining to purchased impaired loans:



	As of and for the Period Ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		March 31, 2018
Nonaccrual loans	$	23,846	$	24,107	$	15,940
Troubled debt restructurings not included above	19,443		18,740		20,649
Total impaired loans	$	43,289	$	42,847	$	36,589

Quarter-to-date interest income recognized on impaired loans	$	672	$	918	$	696
Quarter-to-date foregone interest income on impaired loans	$	520	$	451	$	245

The following table presents an analysis of information pertaining to purchased impaired loans as of March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018:



(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Three Month Average Recorded Investment
March 31, 2019
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	11,125	$	2,795	$	1,094	$	3,889	$	—	$	2,560
Real estate – construction and development	13,295		605		6,339		6,944		497		7,039
Real estate – commercial and farmland	13,448		1,546		9,618		11,164		670		11,431
Real estate – residential	22,825		8,823		11,876		20,699		629		21,500
Consumer installment	680		593		—		593		—		540
Total	$	61,373	$	14,362	$	28,927	$	43,289	$	1,796	$	43,070



(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Three Month Average Recorded Investment
December 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	5,717	$	473	$	757	$	1,230	$	—	$	1,101
Real estate – construction and development	13,714		623		6,511		7,134		476		7,240
Real estate – commercial and farmland	14,766		1,115		10,581		11,696		684		13,514
Real estate – residential	24,839		8,185		14,116		22,301		773		23,146
Consumer installment	526		486		—		486		—		487
Total	$	59,562	$	10,882	$	31,965	$	42,847	$	1,933	$	45,488



(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Three Month Average Recorded Investment
March 31, 2018
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	4,050	$	52	$	744	$	796	$	396	$	805
Real estate – construction and development	9,012		426		3,720		4,146		913		4,152
Real estate – commercial and farmland	12,590		861		10,230		11,091		767		11,744
Real estate – residential	22,820		8,426		12,093		20,519		745		19,502
Consumer installment	46		37		—		37		—		43
Total	$	48,518	$	9,802	$	26,787	$	36,589	$	2,821	$	36,246

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company uses a nine category risk grading system to assign a risk grade to each loan in the portfolio. The following is a description of the general characteristics of the grades:

Grade 1 – Prime Credit – This grade represents loans to the Company’s most creditworthy borrowers or loans that are secured by cash or cash equivalents.

Grade 2 – Strong Credit – This grade includes loans that exhibit one or more characteristics better than that of a Good Credit. Generally, the debt service coverage and borrower’s liquidity is materially better than required by the Company’s loan policy.

Grade 3 – Good Credit – This grade is assigned to loans to borrowers who exhibit satisfactory credit histories, contain acceptable loan structures and demonstrate ability to repay.

Grade 4 – Satisfactory Credit – This grade includes loans which exhibit all the characteristics of a Good Credit, but warrant more than normal level of banker supervision due to (i) circumstances which elevate the risks of performance (such as start-up operations, untested management, heavy leverage and interim losses); (ii) adverse, extraordinary events that have affected, or could affect, the borrower’s cash flow, financial condition, ability to continue operating profitability or refinancing (such as death of principal, fire and divorce); (iii) loans that require more than the normal servicing requirements (such as any type of construction financing, acquisition and development loans, accounts receivable or inventory loans and floor plan loans); (iv) existing technical exceptions which raise some doubts about the Bank’s perfection in its collateral position or the continued financial capacity of the borrower; or (v) improvements in formerly criticized borrowers, which may warrant banker supervision.

Grade 5 – Fair Credit – This grade is assigned to loans that are currently performing and supported by adequate financial information that reflects repayment capacity but exhibits a loan-to-value ratio greater than 110%, based on a documented collateral valuation.

Grade 6 – Other Assets Especially Mentioned – This grade includes loans that exhibit potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Grade 7 – Substandard – This grade represents loans which are inadequately protected by the current credit worthiness and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. These assets exhibit a well-defined weakness or are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. These weaknesses may be characterized by past due performance, operating losses or questionable collateral values.

Grade 8 – Doubtful – This grade includes loans which exhibit all of the characteristics of a substandard loan with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable or improbable.

Grade 9 – Loss – This grade is assigned to loans which are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as active assets of the Bank is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing it off.

The following table presents the loan portfolio, excluding purchased loans, by risk grade as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



Risk Grade	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural		Real Estate - Construction and Development		Real Estate - Commercial and Farmland		Real Estate - Residential		Consumer Installment		Total
March 31, 2019
1	$	528,386	$	—	$	724	$	694	$	10,842	$	540,646
2	521,486		516		33,656		31,944		20		587,622
3	152,722		66,180		923,222		1,206,722		23,269		2,372,115
4	161,089		593,309		834,693		98,050		401,672		2,088,813
5	13,131		11,560		56,333		6,741		20		87,785
6	3,557		1,415		23,534		4,372		71		32,949
7	2,536		3,583		22,775		16,959		575		46,428
8	—		—		—		—		—		—
9	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,382,907	$	676,563	$	1,894,937	$	1,365,482	$	436,469	$	5,756,358

December 31, 2018
1	$	530,864	$	40	$	500	$	16	$	10,744	$	542,164
2	452,250		681		37,079		33,043		48		523,101
3	174,811		74,657		888,433		1,246,383		23,844		2,408,128
4	137,038		582,456		814,068		94,143		419,983		2,047,688
5	13,714		6,264		30,364		8,634		78		59,054
6	5,130		4,091		20,959		4,881		57		35,118
7	2,552		3,009		23,126		15,900		617		45,204
8	—		—		—		—		—		—
9	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,316,359	$	671,198	$	1,814,529	$	1,403,000	$	455,371	$	5,660,457

The following table presents the purchased loan portfolio by risk grade as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



Risk Grade	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural		Real Estate - Construction and Development		Real Estate - Commercial and Farmland		Real Estate - Residential		Consumer Installment		Total
March 31, 2019
1	$	80,138	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	544	$	80,682
2	5,313		—		9,446		70,003		142		84,904
3	20,562		12,759		270,517		371,501		2,379		677,718
4	168,472		207,413		913,144		116,762		22,562		1,428,353
5	22,982		4,765		48,763		13,847		34		90,391
6	10,614		4,598		15,816		7,441		130		38,599
7	19,891		9,878		22,829		18,181		839		71,618
8	—		—		—		—		—		—
9	—		—		—		—		6		6
Total	$	327,972	$	239,413	$	1,280,515	$	597,735	$	26,636	$	2,472,271

December 31, 2018
1	$	90,205	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	570	$	90,775
2	2,648		—		7,407		74,398		164		84,617
3	20,489		18,022		230,089		385,279		2,410		656,289
4	215,096		195,079		1,034,943		118,082		23,177		1,586,377
5	14,445		2,728		29,468		16,937		35		63,613
6	11,601		1,459		10,063		7,231		94		30,448
7	18,202		10,612		25,889		21,272		738		76,713
8	—		—		—		—		—		—
9	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	372,686	$	227,900	$	1,337,859	$	623,199	$	27,188	$	2,588,832

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The restructuring of a loan is considered a “troubled debt restructuring” if both (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and (ii) the Company has granted a concession. Concessions may include interest rate reductions to below market interest rates, principal forgiveness, restructuring amortization schedules and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. The Company has exhibited the greatest success for rehabilitation of the loan by a reduction in the rate alone (maintaining the amortization of the debt) or a combination of a rate reduction and the forbearance of previously past due interest or principal. This has most typically been evidenced in certain commercial real estate loans whereby a disruption in the borrower’s cash flow resulted in an extended past due status, of which the borrower was unable to catch up completely as the cash flow of the property ultimately stabilized at a level lower than its original level. A reduction in rate, coupled with a forbearance of unpaid principal and/or interest, allowed the net cash flows to service the debt under the modified terms.

The Company’s policy requires a restructure request to be supported by a current, well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and a collateral evaluation that is no older than six months from the date of the restructure. Key factors of that evaluation include the documentation of current, recurring cash flows, support provided by the guarantor(s) and the current valuation of the collateral. If the appraisal in the file is older than six months, an evaluation must be made as to the continued reasonableness of the valuation. For certain income-producing properties, current rent rolls and/or other income information can be utilized to support the appraisal valuation, when coupled with documented cap rates within our markets and a physical inspection of the collateral to validate the current condition.

The Company’s policy states that in the event a loan has been identified as a troubled debt restructuring, it should be assigned a grade of substandard and placed on nonaccrual status until such time the borrower has demonstrated the ability to service the loan payments based on the restructured terms – generally defined as six months of satisfactory payment history. Missed payments under the original loan terms are not considered under the new structure; however, subsequent missed payments are considered non-performance and are not considered toward the six month required term of satisfactory payment history. The Company’s loan policy states that a nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when (i) none of its principal and interest is due and unpaid, and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest or (ii) it otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection. Restoration to accrual status on any given loan must be supported by a well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and the prospects for full repayment and approved by the Company’s Chief Credit Officer.

In the normal course of business, the Company renews loans with a modification of the interest rate or terms that are not deemed as troubled debt restructurings because the borrower is not experiencing financial difficulty. The Company modified loans in the first three months of 2019 and 2018 totaling $26.9 million and $28.6 million, respectively, under such parameters.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had a balance of $12.9 million and $11.0 million, respectively, in troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans. The Company has recorded $893,000 and $890,000 in previous charge-offs on such loans at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The Company’s balance in the allowance for loan losses allocated to such troubled debt restructurings was $728,000 and $820,000 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. At March 31, 2019, the Company did not have any commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose terms have been modified in troubled restructurings.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company modified loans as troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans, with principal balances of $2.2 million and $1.2 million, respectively, and these modifications did not have a material impact on the Company’s allowance for loan loss. The following table presents the loans by class modified as troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans, which occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2018
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	1	$	7	2	$	125
Real estate – construction and development	—	—		1	4
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1	33		1	303
Real estate – residential	7	2,109		2	710
Consumer installment	3	12		2	13
Total	12	$	2,161	8	$	1,155

Troubled debt restructurings, excluding purchased loans, with an outstanding balance of $837,000 and $3.0 million defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and these defaults did not have a material impact on the Company’s allowance for loan loss. The following table presents for loans, excluding purchased loans, the troubled debt restructurings by class that defaulted (defined as 30 days past due) during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2018
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	—	$	—	—	$	—
Real estate – construction and development	—	—		—	—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	—	—		2	1,971
Real estate – residential	7	837		17	1,047
Consumer installment	—	—		—	—
Total	7	$	837	19	$	3,018

The following table presents the amount of troubled debt restructurings by loan class, excluding purchased loans, classified separately as accrual and nonaccrual at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:



March 31, 2019	Accruing Loans			Non-Accruing Loans
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	3	$	116	14	$	138
Real estate – construction and development	4	142		1	2
Real estate – commercial and farmland	13	2,954		4	450
Real estate – residential	78	8,240		19	832
Consumer installment	5	11		22	63
Total	103	$	11,463	60	$	1,485



December 31, 2018	Accruing Loans			Non-Accruing Loans
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	5	$	256	14	$	138
Real estate – construction and development	5	145		1	2
Real estate – commercial and farmland	12	2,863		3	426
Real estate – residential	71	6,043		20	1,119
Consumer installment	6	16		24	69
Total	99	$	9,323	62	$	1,754

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had a balance of $22.3 million and $22.2 million, respectively, in troubled debt restructurings included in purchased loans. The Company has recorded $1.1 million and $940,000 in previous charge-offs on such loans at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. At March 31, 2019, the Company did not have any commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose terms have been modified in troubled restructurings.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company modified purchased loans as troubled debt restructurings, with principal balances of $773,000 and $186,000, respectively, and these modifications did not have a material impact on the Company’s allowance for loan loss. The following table presents the purchased loans by class modified as troubled debt restructurings, which occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2018
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	—	$	—	1	$	7
Real estate – construction and development	—	—		—	—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	—	—		—	—
Real estate – residential	10	740		2	179
Consumer installment	3	33		—	—
Total	13	$	773	3	$	186

Troubled debt restructurings included in purchased loans with an outstanding balance of $831,000 and $906,000 defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and these defaults did not have a material impact on the Company’s allowance for loan loss.

The following table presents purchased loan troubled debt restructurings by class that defaulted (defined as 30 days past due) during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2018
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	1	$	3	—	$	—
Real estate – construction and development	—	—		—	—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1	163		1	351
Real estate – residential	8	637		8	555
Consumer installment	2	28		—	—
Total	12	$	831	9	$	906

The following table presents the amount of troubled debt restructurings by loan class of purchased loans, classified separately as accrual and nonaccrual at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.



March 31, 2019	Accruing Loans			Non-Accruing Loans
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	1	$	31	3	$	29
Real estate – construction and development	4	1,011		4	268
Real estate – commercial and farmland	12	6,104		7	1,577
Real estate – residential	119	12,297		21	917
Consumer installment	—	—		7	50
Total	136	$	19,443	42	$	2,841



December 31, 2018	Accruing Loans			Non-Accruing Loans
Loan Class	#	Balance (in thousands)		#	Balance (in thousands)
Commercial, financial and agricultural	1	$	31	3	$	32
Real estate – construction and development	4	1,015		5	293
Real estate – commercial and farmland	12	6,162		7	1,685
Real estate – residential	115	11,532		24	1,424
Consumer installment	—	—		4	17
Total	132	$	18,740	43	$	3,451

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses represents an allowance for probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio. The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is evaluated periodically based on a review of all significant loans, with a particular emphasis on non-accruing, past-due and other loans that management believes might be potentially impaired or warrant additional attention. The Company segregates the loan portfolio by type of loan and utilizes this segregation in evaluating exposure to risks within the portfolio. In addition, based on internal reviews and external reviews performed by regulatory authorities, the Company further segregates the loan portfolio by loan grades based on an assessment of risk for a particular loan or group of loans. Certain reviewed loans are assigned specific allowances when a review of relevant data determines that a general allocation is not sufficient or when the review affords management the opportunity to adjust the amount of exposure in a given credit. In establishing allowances, management considers historical loan loss experience but adjusts this data with a significant emphasis on current loan quality trends, current economic conditions and other factors in the markets where the Company operates. Factors considered include, among others, current valuations of real estate in the Company’s markets, unemployment rates, the effect of weather conditions on agricultural related entities and other significant local economic events, such as major plant closings.

The Company has developed a methodology for determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses which is monitored by the Company’s Chief Credit Officer. Procedures provide for the assignment of a risk rating for every loan included in the total loan portfolio. Commercial insurance premium finance loans, overdraft protection loans, and certain residential mortgage loans and consumer loans serviced by outside processors are treated as pools for risk rating purposes. The risk rating schedule provides nine ratings of which five ratings are classified as pass ratings and four ratings are classified as criticized ratings. Each risk rating is assigned a percentage factor to be applied to the loan balance to determine the adequate amount of reserve. The Bank’s independent internal loan review department reviews on an annual basis a sample of relationships in excess of $1,000,000, as well as selective sampling of loans below this threshold. Sampling is based on a number of factors unique to the Bank’s portfolio risks, including, but not limited to, lending divisions, industry, risk grades, and new originations. As a result of these loan reviews, certain loans may be identified as having deteriorating credit quality. Other loans that surface as problem loans may also be assigned specific reserves. Past-due loans are assigned risk ratings based on the number of days past due. The calculation of the allowance for loan losses, including underlying data and assumptions, is reviewed regularly by the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and the independent internal loan review department.

Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the collection of a loan’s principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries are credited to the allowance. Consumer loans are charged off in accordance with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s (“FFIEC”) Uniform Retail Credit Classification and Account Management Policy. Commercial loans are charged off when they are deemed uncollectible, which usually involves a triggering event within the collection effort. If the loan is collateral dependent, the loss is more easily identified and is charged off when it is identified, usually based upon receipt of an appraisal. However, when a loan has guarantor support, the Company may carry the estimated loss as a reserve against the loan while collection efforts with the guarantor are pursued. If, after collection efforts with the guarantor are complete, the deficiency is still considered uncollectible, the loss is charged off and any further collections are treated as recoveries. In all situations, when a loan is downgraded to an Asset Quality Rating of 9 (Loss per the regulatory guidance), the uncollectible portion is charged off.

The following tables detail activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three-month period ended March 31, 2019, the year ended December 31, 2018 and the three-month period ended March 31, 2018. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.



(dollars in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural			Real Estate – Construction and Development			Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland			Real Estate – Residential			Consumer Installment			Purchased Loans			Purchased Loan Pools			Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	4,287		$	3,734		$	8,975		$	5,363		$	3,795		$	1,933		$	732		$	28,819
Provision for loan losses	1,180			218			841			(240		)	1,870			(426		)	(35		)	3,408
Loans charged off	(2,004		)	(25		)	(1,253		)	(20		)	(1,893		)	(184		)	—			(5,379		)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	1,065			1			4			104			164			473			—			1,811
Balance, March 31, 2019	$	4,528		$	3,928		$	8,567		$	5,207		$	3,936		$	1,796		$	697		$	28,659

Period-end allocation:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment ⁽¹⁾	$	680		$	209		$	578		$	712		$	—		$	1,796		$	1		$	3,976
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	3,848			3,719			7,989			4,495			3,936			—			696			24,683
Ending balance	$	4,528		$	3,928		$	8,567		$	5,207		$	3,936		$	1,796		$	697		$	28,659

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment⁽¹⁾	$	2,699		$	764		$	5,788		$	12,466		$	—		$	29,097		$	400		$	51,214
Collectively evaluated for impairment	1,380,208			675,799			1,889,149			1,353,016			436,469			2,361,145			253,310			8,349,096
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—			—			—			—			—			82,029			—			82,029
Ending balance	$	1,382,907		$	676,563		$	1,894,937		$	1,365,482		$	436,469		$	2,472,271		$	253,710		$	8,482,339

(1) At March 31, 2019, loans individually evaluated for impairment includes all nonaccrual loans greater than $100,000 and all troubled debt restructurings greater than $100,000, including all troubled debt restructurings and not only those currently classified as troubled debt restructurings.



(dollars in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural			Real Estate – Construction and Development			Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland			Real Estate – Residential			Consumer Installment			Purchased Loans			Purchased Loan Pools			Total
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	3,631		$	3,629		$	7,501		$	4,786		$	1,916		$	3,253		$	1,075		$	25,791
Provision for loan losses	10,690			277			1,636			1,002			5,569			(2,164		)	(343		)	16,667
Loans charged off	(13,803		)	(292		)	(338		)	(771		)	(4,189		)	(1,738		)	—			(21,131		)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	3,769			120			176			346			499			2,582			—			7,492
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	4,287		$	3,734		$	8,975		$	5,363		$	3,795		$	1,933		$	732		$	28,819

Period-end allocation:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment⁽¹⁾	$	570		$	3		$	1,591		$	867		$	—		$	1,933		$	—		$	4,964
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	3,717			3,731			7,384			4,496			3,795			—			732			23,855
Ending balance	$	4,287		$	3,734		$	8,975		$	5,363		$	3,795		$	1,933		$	732		$	28,819

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment ⁽¹⁾	$	3,211		$	424		$	6,649		$	11,364		$	—		$	32,244		$	—		$	53,892
Collectively evaluated for impairment	1,313,148			670,774			1,807,880			1,391,636			455,371			2,468,996			262,625			8,370,430
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—			—			—			—			—			87,592			—			87,592
Ending balance	$	1,316,359		$	671,198		$	1,814,529		$	1,403,000		$	455,371		$	2,588,832		$	262,625		$	8,511,914

(1) At December 31, 2018, loans individually evaluated for impairment includes all nonaccrual loans greater than $100,000 and all troubled debt restructurings greater than $100,000, including all troubled debt restructurings and not only those currently classified as troubled debt restructurings.



(dollars in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural			Real Estate – Construction and Development			Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland			Real Estate – Residential			Consumer Installment			Purchased Loans			Purchased Loan Pools			Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	3,631		$	3,629		$	7,501		$	4,786		$	1,916		$	3,253		$	1,075		$	25,791
Provision for loan losses	783			(171		)	689			177			1,151			(747		)	(81		)	1,801
Loans charged off	(1,449		)	—			(142		)	(198		)	(962		)	(121		)	—			(2,872		)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	656			114			24			182			67			437			—			1,480
Balance, March 31, 2018	$	3,621		$	3,572		$	8,072		$	4,947		$	2,172		$	2,822		$	994		$	26,200

Period-end allocation:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment⁽¹⁾	$	533		$	1		$	1,216		$	980		$	—		$	2,822		$	176		$	5,728
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	3,088			3,571			6,856			3,967			2,172			—			818			20,472
Ending balance	$	3,621		$	3,572		$	8,072		$	4,947		$	2,172		$	2,822		$	994		$	26,200

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment ⁽¹⁾	$	2,147		$	126		$	7,639		$	9,946		$	—		$	28,167		$	902		$	48,927
Collectively evaluated for impairment	1,385,290			631,378			1,629,015			1,070,082			316,363			683,784			318,696			6,034,608
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—			—			—			—			—			106,636			—			106,636
Ending balance	$	1,387,437		$	631,504		$	1,636,654		$	1,080,028		$	316,363		$	818,587		$	319,598		$	6,190,171

(1) At March 31, 2018, loans individually evaluated for impairment includes all nonaccrual loans greater than $100,000 and all troubled debt restructurings greater than $100,000, including all troubled debt restructurings and not only those currently classified as troubled debt restructurings.