Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Revenue

Revenue

The majority of our sales are generated from military contracts from defense companies, the Department of Defense, other agencies of the government of the United States and foreign governments, for the design and development and/or manufacture of products. Sales are also generated from industrial manufacturers for similar services. We provide our products and design and development services under fixed-price contracts. Under fixed-price contracts we agree to perform the specified work for a pre-determined price. To the extent our actual costs vary from the estimates upon which the price was negotiated, we will generate more or less profit or could incur a loss.

We account for a contract with a customer after it has been approved by all parties to the arrangement, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collection of substantially all of the amount to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer is probable. We assess each contract at its inception to determine whether it should be combined with other contracts. When making this determination, we consider factors such as whether two or more contracts were negotiated and executed at or near the same time, or were negotiated with an overall profit objective.

We evaluate the products or services promised in each contract at inception to determine whether the contract should be accounted for as having one or more performance obligations. Significant judgment is required in determining performance obligations. We determine the transaction price for each contract based on the consideration we expect to receive for the products or services being provided under the contract. As the Company does not have standalone observable prices, a contract’s transaction price of each performance obligation is based on the standalone selling price, which is determined using an expected cost plus a margin approach.

Inventory

Inventory

Raw materials are valued at the lower of cost (average cost) or net realizable value. Balances for slow-moving and obsolete inventory are reviewed on a regular basis by analyzing estimated demand, inventory on hand, sales levels, market conditions, and other information. Inventory balances are reduced based on this analysis.

Inventory relating to contracts in process and work in process is valued at cost, including factory overhead incurred to date. Contract costs include material, subcontract costs, labor, and an allocation of overhead costs. Work in process represents spare units and parts and other inventory items acquired or produced to service units previously sold or to meet anticipated future orders. Provision for losses on contracts is made when the existence of such losses becomes probable and estimable. The provision for losses on contracts is included in other accrued expenses on the Company’s balance sheet. The costs attributed to units delivered under contracts are based on the estimated average cost of all units expected to be produced. Certain contracts are expected to extend beyond twelve months.

The estimation of total cost at completion of a contract is subject to variables including contract costs incurred and expected to be incurred as well as estimates regarding contract completion dates. Given the significance of the estimation processes and judgments described above, it is possible that materially different amounts of expected contract costs could be recorded if different assumptions were used, based on changes in circumstances, in the estimation process. When a change in expected estimated cost is determined, changes are reflected in current period earnings.

Contract Liabilities

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized.

Depreciation

Depreciation

Depreciation of plant and equipment is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. 

Estimated useful lives of depreciable assets are as follows:

Buildings and improvements	10 – 50 years
Machinery and equipment	3 – 20 years
Furniture and fixtures	7 – 10 years

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company follows the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 740-10, “Accounting for Income Taxes."

Under the provisions of FASB ASC 740-10, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and money market funds. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. 

Investment Securities

Investment Securities

The Company accounts for its investments in debt securities in accordance with ASC 320-10-25, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities.” Investments in debt securities at June 30, 2025 and 2024 consisted of a combination of municipal bonds, U.S. Treasury bills, and certificates of deposit. The Company classifies investments in debt securities as available-for-sale, which are reported at fair market value. Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of related tax effect, on available-for-sale debt securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until realized. Realized gains and losses for debt securities classified as available-for-sale are included in earnings and are determined using the specific identification method. Interest income is recognized when earned. Fair values are based on quoted market prices available as of the balance sheet date, and are therefore considered a Level 1 valuation.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement” establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

◾          Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

◾          Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

◾           Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The carrying amounts of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, short term investment securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximated fair value as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 because of the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments. 

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company extends credit to its customers in the normal course of business and collateral is generally not required for trade receivables. Exposure to credit risk is controlled through the use of credit approvals, credit limits, and monitoring procedures. Accounts receivable are reported net of an allowance for credit losses. The Company estimates the allowance based on its analysis of historical experience, current economic market conditions, performance of specific account reviews, and other factored considerations to include, but not limited to, contracts covered by government funding and the overall health of the industry. Interest is not charged on past due balances. Based on these factors, there was an allowance for credit losses of $3,000 at June 30, 2025 and 2024. Changes to the allowance for credit losses are charged to expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. The opening accounts receivable balance, net of allowance for credit losses of $3,000, at July 1, 2024 and July 1, 2023 were $6,635,490 and $5,755,282, respectively.

Per Share Amounts

Per Share Amounts

FASB ASC Topic 260-10 “Earnings Per Share (EPS)” requires the Company to calculate net income per share based on basic and diluted net income per share, as defined. Basic EPS excludes dilution and unallocated ESOP shares and is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. The dilutive effect of outstanding options issued by the Company are reflected in diluted EPS using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, options will only have a dilutive effect when the average market price of common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of the options.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income for fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consists of unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities. 

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which provides updates to qualitative and quantitative reportable segment disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 require all public entities, including those with a single reportable segment, to include additional disclosures around significant segment expenses, as well as identify measures used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker in evaluating segment performance, allocating resources, and assessing Company results. Espey adopted ASU 2023-07 effective June 30, 2025. The adoption of 2023-07 did not change the way that the Company identifies its reportable segments and, did not have a material impact on the Company’s segment-related disclosures. Refer to the notes to the financial statements for further information on Espey’s reportable segment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (“Topic 740”): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which includes amendments that further enhance income tax disclosures through the standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and is to be applied prospectively, with early adoption and retrospective application permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard to our financial statements.

In November, 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” (Subtopic 220-40) which is intended to improve disclosures around public business entities expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses that are within commonly presented expense captions such as cost of sales and selling, general, and administrative costs. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard to our financial statements.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property, plant, and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. There were no impairments of long-lived assets in fiscal years 2025 and 2024. Assets to be disposed of are separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and no longer depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a disposed group classified as held for sale are presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the balance sheet, if applicable.

Concentrations of Risk

Concentrations of Risk

The market for our defense electronics products is largely dependent on the availability of new contracts from the United States and foreign governments to prime contractors to which we provide components. Any decline in expenditures by the United States or foreign governments may have an adverse effect on our financial performance. 

Generally, U.S. Government contracts are subject to procurement laws and regulations. Some of the Company’s contracts are governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), which lays out uniform policies and procedures for acquiring goods and services by the U.S. Government, and agency-specific acquisition regulations that implement or supplement the FAR. For example, the Department of Defense implements the FAR through the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation (DFAR).

The FAR also contains guidelines and regulations for managing a contract after award, including conditions under which contracts may be terminated, in whole or in part, at the government’s convenience or for default. If a contract is terminated for the convenience of the government, a contractor is entitled to receive payments for its allowable costs and, in general, the proportionate share of fees or earnings for the work done. If a contract is terminated for default, the government generally pays for only the work it has accepted. These regulations also subject the Company to financial audits and other reviews by the government of its costs, performance, accounting and general business practices relating to its contracts, which may result in adjustment of the Company’s contract-related costs and fees.