INCOME TAXES

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

Pretax earnings from continuing operations consist of the following:

	2022		2023	2024
United States	$	1,345	1,529	712
Non-U.S.	1,087		1,374	1,308
Total pretax earnings	$	2,432	2,903	2,020

The principal components of income tax expense follow:

	2022		2023	2024
Current:
U.S. federal	$	315	463	325
State and local	36		47	34
Non-U.S.	306		369	452
Deferred:
U.S. federal	(92)		(159)	(284)
State and local	(13)		(17)	(18)
Non-U.S.	(3)		(61)	(94)
Income tax expense	$	549	642	415

Reconciliations of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company's effective tax rate follow.

	2022		2023		2024
U.S. federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State and local taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit	0.7		0.8		0.6
Non-U.S. rate differential	1.2		0.8		2.0
Non-U.S. tax holidays	(1.1)		(0.8)		(1.7)
Research and development credits	(0.5)		(0.5)		(1.2)
Foreign derived intangible income	(2.0)		(2.6)		(3.8)
U.S. taxation of Non-U.S. Earnings	0.4		1.3		2.1
Subsidiary restructuring	0.8		—		(2.9)
Test & Measurement purchase accounting	—		—		1.7
Russia business exit	2.0		0.2		—
Other	0.1		1.9		2.8
Effective income tax rate	22.6	%	22.1	%	20.6	%

Test & Measurement purchase accounting reflects a lower tax benefit on inventory step-up amortization. The increase in Other in 2024 includes the losses on two small divestitures, which were non-deductible for tax purposes. See Note 4 for further details. The increase in Other in 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by a 2 percentage point impact due to an increase in unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company has elected to recognize the tax on global intangible low-taxed income earned by certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries as a period expense when it is incurred.

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and among other things, provides tax relief to businesses. Tax provisions of the CARES Act included the deferral of certain payroll taxes, relief for retaining employees, and other provisions. The Company deferred $73 of certain payroll taxes through the end of calendar year 2020, of which approximately $37 was paid in December 2021 and the remainder paid in December 2022.

Non-U.S. tax holidays reduce tax rates in certain jurisdictions. Approximately 65 percent of the tax holidays expire over the next three years, with the remainder expiring by 2037.

Following are changes in unrecognized tax benefits before considering recoverability of any cross-jurisdictional tax credits (U.S. federal, state and non-U.S.) and temporary differences. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits is not expected to change significantly in the next 12 months.

	2023		2024
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning	$	167	235
Additions for current year tax positions	78		59
Additions for prior year tax positions	13		18
Reductions for prior year tax positions	(10)		(22)
Acquisitions and divestitures	—		13
Reductions for settlements with tax authorities	(5)		(7)
Reductions for expiration of statutes of limitations	(8)		(5)
Unrecognized tax benefits, ending	$	235	291

If none of the unrecognized tax benefits shown is ultimately paid, the tax provision and the calculation of the effective tax rate would be favorably impacted by $246, which is net of cross-jurisdictional tax credits and temporary differences. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to income taxes in income tax expense. Total expense (income) recognized was $6, $1 and $(7) in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, total accrued interest and penalties were $27 and $22, respectively.

The U.S. is the major jurisdiction for which the Company files income tax returns. Examinations for U.S. federal are complete through 2017, except for 2014. The status of state and non-U.S. tax examinations varies due to the numerous legal entities and jurisdictions in which the Company operates.

The principal items that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities follow:

	2023		2024
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses, capital losses and tax credits	$	253	283
Accrued liabilities	153		149
Postretirement and postemployment benefits	17		17
Employee compensation and benefits	103		121
Other	158		176
Total	$	684	746
Valuation allowances	$	(164)	(256)
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangibles	$	(1,387)	(2,161)
Pensions	(151)		(193)
Property, plant and equipment	(148)		(121)
Undistributed non-U.S. earnings	(32)		(36)
Deferred gains	(596)		(21)
Other	(75)		(32)
Total	$	(2,389)	(2,564)
Net deferred income tax liability	$	(1,869)	(2,074)

Total income taxes paid were approximately $950, $3,310 and $720 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Taxes paid in 2023 included approximately $2.3 billion related to the gains on the sale of the majority stake in Copeland and the InSinkErator divestiture and subsidiary restructurings related to the Copeland transaction. Taxes related to the Company's sale of its non-controlling common equity interest in Copeland will be paid in 2025. Approximately

half of the $283 of net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely, while most of the remainder expire over the next 5 years.