RESTRUCTURING COSTS

Each year the Company incurs costs to size its businesses to levels appropriate for current economic conditions and to continually improve its cost structure and operational efficiency, deploy assets globally, and remain competitive on a worldwide basis. Costs result from numerous individual actions implemented across the Company's various operating units on an ongoing basis and can include costs for moving facilities to best-cost locations, restarting plants after relocation or geographic expansion to better serve local markets, reducing forcecount or the number of facilities, exiting certain product lines, and other costs resulting from asset deployment decisions. By category, shutdown costs include severance and benefits, stay bonuses, lease and other contract termination costs and asset write-downs. Vacant facility costs include security, maintenance, utilities and other costs. Start-up and moving costs include the costs of relocating fixed assets and employee training and relocation.

Restructuring expenses were $65, $78 and $96, respectively, for 2018, 2017 and 2016. The 2018 and 2017 restructuring expense included $19 and $25 related to acquisitions, respectively.

Restructuring costs by business segment follows:



	2016		2017	2018
Automation Solutions	$	80	63	41

Climate Technologies	5		10	20
Tools & Home Products	2		2	3
Commercial & Residential Solutions	7		12	23

Corporate	9		3	1

Total	$	96	78	65

Costs incurred in 2018 and 2017 primarily related to the deployment of resources to better serve local markets and higher growth areas, and the integration of acquisitions. In 2016 costs primarily related to the reduction and selective repositioning of the Company’s cost structure to address global economic weakness and in connection with the portfolio repositioning through facilities and forcecount rationalization in Europe and North America, primarily in Automation Solutions. In 2018, restructuring activities included actions to exit six production or office facilities worldwide and eliminate approximately 1,200 positions. Expenses incurred in 2017 and 2016 included actions to exit 10 and 19 facilities, and eliminate approximately 1,200 and 1,900 positions, respectively.

The change in the liability for restructuring costs during the years ended September 30 follows:



	2017		Expense		Utilized/Paid		2018
Severance and benefits	$	60		43		57	46
Lease and other contract terminations	4			3		4	3
Asset write-downs	—			4		4	—
Vacant facility and other shutdown costs	1			6		4	3
Start-up and moving costs	—			9		9	—
Total	$	65		65		78	52



	2016		Expense		Utilized/Paid		2017
Severance and benefits	$	44		49		33	60
Lease and other contract terminations	5			4		5	4
Asset write-downs	—			7		7	—
Vacant facility and other shutdown costs	3			5		7	1
Start-up and moving costs	2			13		15	—
Total	$	54		78		67	65