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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____ to ________
Commission File Number: 001-08052
GLOBE LIFE INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 63-0780404
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3700 South Stonebridge Drive, McKinney, Texas 75070
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(972) 569-4000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

NONE
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value per shareGLNew York Stock Exchange
4.250% Junior Subordinated DebenturesGL PRDNew York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.                                 Yes    ☒   No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).                                             Yes   ☒   No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes   ☐   No   ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Class Outstanding at April 28, 2023
Common Stock, $1.00 Par Value 95,554,844
GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Table of Contents
Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 6.





As used in this Form 10-Q, “Globe Life,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Globe Life Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1979, its subsidiaries and affiliates.
GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Globe Life Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited)
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
March 31,
2023		December 31, 2022
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed maturities—available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2023—$18,526,703;
2022—$18,301,692, allowance for credit losses: 2023— $32,767; 2022— $0)
$17,206,885 $16,503,365 
Policy loans622,736 614,866 
Other long-term investments (includes: 2023—$789,197; 2022—$768,689 under the fair value option)
1,022,611 976,016 
Short-term investments74,377 114,121 
Total investments18,926,609 18,208,368 
Cash172,108 92,559 
Accrued investment income279,445 259,581 
Other receivables594,421 589,079 
Deferred acquisition costs5,654,438 5,535,697 
Goodwill481,791 481,791 
Other assets751,311 760,066 
Total assets$26,860,123 $25,927,141 
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits at current discount rates: (at original rates: 2023—$16,442,516; 2022—$16,306,870)
$18,896,574 $18,040,042 
Unearned and advance premium271,517 253,140 
Policy claims and other benefits payable489,296 507,219 
Other policyholders' funds142,686 123,236 
Total policy liabilities19,800,073 18,923,637 
Current and deferred income taxes427,608 434,649 
Short-term debt514,247 449,103 
Long-term debt (estimated fair value: 2023—$1,484,172; 2022—$1,440,277)
1,628,354 1,627,952 
Other liabilities643,550 542,223 
Total liabilities23,013,832 21,977,564 
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 5)
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value $1 per share—5,000,000 shares authorized; outstanding: 0 in 2023 and 2022
— — 
Common stock, par value $1 per share—320,000,000 shares authorized; outstanding: (2023—105,218,183 issued; 2022—105,218,183 issued)
105,218 105,218 
Additional paid-in-capital528,639 529,661 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(2,961,093)(2,790,313)
Retained earnings7,092,544 6,894,535 
Treasury stock, at cost: (2023—9,489,745 shares; 2022—8,478,288 shares)
(919,017)(789,524)
Total shareholders' equity3,846,291 3,949,577 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$26,860,123 $25,927,141 
Prior period amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023.
See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
1
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Revenue:
Life premium$772,597 $749,128 
Health premium322,493 315,684 
Other premium— — 
Total premium1,095,090 1,064,812 
Net investment income257,105 244,894 
Realized gains (losses)(30,927)(7,244)
Other income50 164 
Total revenue1,321,318 1,302,626 
Benefits and expenses:
Life policyholder benefits (net of remeasurement (gain) loss: 2023—$(2,697); 2022—$5,783)
507,977 495,429 
Health policyholder benefits (net of remeasurement (gain) loss: 2023—$2,038; 2022—$(1,959))
190,962 189,018 
Other policyholder benefits8,988 9,702 
Total policyholder benefits707,927 694,149 
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs92,322 84,496 
Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition costs137,797 125,509 
Other operating expense84,171 84,352 
Interest expense24,867 19,944 
Total benefits and expenses1,047,084 1,008,450 
Income before income taxes274,234 294,176 
Income tax benefit (expense)(50,624)(56,692)
Net income
$223,610 $237,484 
Basic net income per common share
$2.32 $2.39 
Diluted net income per common share
$2.28 $2.37 












Prior period amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023.
See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
2
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Unaudited)
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Net income
$223,610 $237,484 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Investments:
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period469,119 (2,292,922)
Other reclassification adjustments included in net income32,590 (4,030)
Foreign exchange adjustment on fixed maturities recorded at fair value9,567 284 
Total unrealized investment gains (losses)511,276 (2,296,668)
Less applicable tax (expense) benefit(107,368)482,299 
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax403,908 (1,814,369)
Future Policy Benefits:
Change in discount rate on future policy benefits(720,890)2,805,511 
Less applicable tax (expense) benefit151,387 (589,156)
Future policy benefit adjustments, net of tax(569,503)2,216,355 
Foreign exchange translation:
Foreign exchange translation adjustments, other than securities(6,516)4,228 
Less applicable tax (expense) benefit1,368 (887)
Foreign exchange translation adjustments, other than securities, net of tax(5,148)3,341 
Pension:
Pension adjustments(48)3,437 
Less applicable tax (expense) benefit11 (722)
Pension adjustments, net of tax(37)2,715 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(170,780)408,042 
Comprehensive income (loss)
$52,830 $645,526 










Prior period amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023.
See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents

Globe Life Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)


Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Retained EarningsTreasury StockTotal Shareholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022
$— $105,218 $529,661 $(2,790,313)$6,894,535 $(789,524)$3,949,577 
Comprehensive income (loss)— — — (170,780)223,610 — 52,830 
Common dividends declared
($0.2250 per share)
— — — — (21,542)— (21,542)
Acquisition of treasury stock— — — — — (179,276)(179,276)
Stock-based compensation— — (1,022)— — 8,700 7,678 
Exercise of stock options— — — — (4,059)41,083 37,024 
Balance at March 31, 2023
$— $105,218 $528,639 $(2,961,093)$7,092,544 $(919,017)$3,846,291 






Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Retained EarningsTreasury StockTotal Shareholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021
$— $109,218 $520,564 $(4,235,048)$6,455,733 $(846,659)$2,003,808 
Comprehensive income (loss)— — — 408,042 237,484 — 645,526 
Common dividends declared
($0.2075 per share)
— — — — (20,543)— (20,543)
Acquisition of treasury stock— — — — — (119,482)(119,482)
Stock-based compensation— — 2,504 — (345)6,876 9,035 
Exercise of stock options— — — — (9,964)35,895 25,931 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$— $109,218 $523,068 $(3,827,006)$6,662,365 $(923,370)$2,544,275 
.

















Prior period amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023.
See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Cash provided from (used for) operating activities
$477,330 $397,133 
Cash provided from (used for) investing activities:
Investments sold or matured:
Fixed maturities available for sale—sold15,705 75,116 
Fixed maturities available for sale—matured or other redemptions61,560 115,160 
Other long-term investments1,950 20,929 
Total investments sold or matured79,215 211,205 
Acquisition of investments:
Fixed maturities—available for sale(285,505)(339,145)
Other long-term investments(47,898)(122,010)
Total investments acquired(333,403)(461,155)
Net (increase) decrease in policy loans(7,870)(2,324)
Net (increase) decrease in short-term investments39,744 11,801 
Additions to property and equipment(8,210)(6,981)
Investments in low-income housing interests(17,246)(27,870)
Cash provided from (used for) investing activities
(247,770)(275,324)
Cash provided from (used for) financing activities:
Issuance of common stock37,024 25,931 
Cash dividends paid to shareholders(20,071)(19,687)
Short-term borrowings from FHLB45,000 — 
Net borrowing (repayment) of commercial paper20,070 42,348 
Acquisition of treasury stock(179,276)(119,482)
Net receipts (payments) from deposit-type products(54,487)(13,810)
Cash provided from (used for) financing activities
(151,740)(84,700)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash1,729 (1,644)
Net increase (decrease) in cash79,549 35,465 
Cash at beginning of year92,559 92,163 
Cash at end of period $172,108 $127,628 










Prior period amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023.
See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies

Business: (Globe Life), (the Company), refers to Globe Life Inc., an insurance holding company incorporated in Delaware in 1979, and Globe Life Inc. subsidiaries and affiliates. Globe Life Inc.'s direct or indirect primary subsidiaries are Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company, American Income Life Insurance Company, Liberty National Life Insurance Company, Family Heritage Life Insurance Company of America, and United American Insurance Company. The underwriting companies are owned by their ultimate corporate parent, Globe Life Inc. (Parent Company).

Globe Life provides a variety of life and supplemental health insurance products and annuities to a broad base of customers. The Company is organized into four reportable segments: life insurance, supplemental health insurance, annuities, and investments.

Globe Life markets its insurance products through a number of distribution channels, each of which sells the products of one or more of Globe Life's insurance segments. Our distribution channels consist of the following exclusive agencies: American Income Life Division (American Income), Liberty National Division (Liberty National) and Family Heritage Division (Family Heritage); an independent agency, United American Division (United American); and our Direct to Consumer Division (DTC).

Basis of Presentation: The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of Globe Life have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Therefore, they do not include all of the disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for annual financial statements. However, in the opinion of management, these statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial position at March 31, 2023, and the condensed consolidated results of operations, comprehensive income, and cash flows for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The interim period condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements that are included in the Form 10-K filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 23, 2023.

Use of Estimates: The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. See further documentation in the significant accounting policies or the accompanying notes.

Significant Accounting Policy Updates: The following accounting policies were updated since the 2022 Form 10-K due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (ASU 2018-12). Refer to Note 2—New Accounting Standards for additional information on the financial statement impacts related to the adoption of this standard.

Future Policy Benefits—The liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment long duration life and health products comprises approximately 91% of the total liability for future policy benefits. The liability is determined each reporting period based on the net level premium method. This method requires the liability for future policy benefits be calculated as the present value of estimated future policyholder benefits and the related termination expenses, less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders. Net level premiums reflect a recomputed net premium ratio1 using actual experience since the issue date or the Transition Date, and expected future experience. The liability is accrued as premium revenue is recognized and adjusted for differences between actual and expected experience. Long-duration insurance contracts issued by the Company are grouped into cohorts based on the contract issue year, distribution channel, legal entity and product type.
1 The net premium ratio is the percentage of gross premiums needed to fund actual and expected benefits and related settlement expenses.
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        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Both the present value of expected future benefit payments and the present value of expected future net premiums are based primarily on assumptions of discount rates, mortality, morbidity, lapse, and persistency. Each quarter, the Company remeasures its liability for future policy benefits using current discount rates with the effect of the change recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, a component of shareholders’ equity. In addition, the Company recognizes a liability remeasurement gain or loss within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations using original discount rates, and relating to actual experience under the net premium calculation, as compared to the prior reporting period assumptions.

The Company reviews, and updates as necessary, its cash flow assumptions (mortality, morbidity, lapses and persistency) used to calculate the change in the liability for future policy benefits at least annually. These cash flow assumptions are reviewed at the same time every year, or more frequently, if suggested by experience. If cash flow assumptions are changed, the net premium ratio is recalculated from the original issue date, or the Transition Date, using actual experience and projected future cash flows. When the expected future net premiums exceed the expected future gross premiums, or the present value of future policyholder benefits exceeds the present value of expected future gross premiums, the liability for future policy benefits is adjusted with changes recognized in policyholder benefits on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cash flow assumptions do not include an adjustment for adverse deviation. Mortality tables used for individual life insurance include various industry tables and reflect modifications based on Company experience. Morbidity assumptions for individual health are based on Company experience and industry data. Lapse and persistency assumptions are based on Globe Life's experience.

The liability for future policy benefits is discounted as noted above, using a current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield that reflects the duration characteristics of the liability for future policy benefits. The methodology for determining current discount rates consists of constructing a discount rate curve intended to be reflective of the currency and tenor of the insurance liability cash flows. The methodology is designed to prioritize observable inputs based on market data available in the local debt markets denominated in the same currency as the policies. For the discount rates applicable to tenors for which the single-A debt market is not liquid or there is little or no observable market data, the Company will use estimation techniques consistent with the fair value guidance in ASC 820. We further accrete interest as a component of policyholder benefits using the original discount rate that is locked-in during the year of contract issuance. The original discount rates (or the locked-in discount rates) are used for interest accretion purposes and for the determination of net premiums, whereas the current discount rates are used for purposes of valuing the liability.

The liability for future policy benefits for annuity and interest sensitive life-type products is represented by policy account value. For limited-payment contracts, a deferred profit liability is also recorded, with changes recognized in income over the life of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance in force.

Deferred Acquisition Costs—Certain costs of acquiring new insurance business are deferred and recorded as an asset. These costs are capitalized on a grouped contract basis and amortized over the expected term of the related contracts, and are essential for the acquisition of new insurance business. Deferred acquisition costs (DAC) are directly related to the successful issuance of an insurance contract, and primarily include sales commissions, policy issue costs, direct to consumer advertising costs, and underwriting costs. Additionally, DAC includes the value of business acquired (VOBA), which are the costs of acquiring blocks of insurance from other companies or through the acquisition of other companies. These costs represent the difference between the fair value of the contractual insurance assets acquired and liabilities assumed, compared against the assets and liabilities for insurance contracts that the Company issues or holds measured in accordance with GAAP.

DAC is amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the grouped contracts, with the related expense included in amortization of deferred acquisition costs on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The in-force metric used to compute the DAC amortization rate is annualized premium in force. The assumptions used to amortize acquisition costs include mortality, morbidity, and persistency. These assumptions are reviewed at least annually and revised in conjunction with any change in the future policy benefit assumptions. The effect of changes in the assumptions are recognized over the remaining expected contract term as a revision of future amortization amounts.
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        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
VOBA is amortized on a basis that is consistent with DAC, as described above, and is subject to periodic recoverability and loss recognition testing to determine if there is a premium deficiency. These tests evaluate whether the present value of future contract-related cash flows will support the capitalized VOBA asset. These cash flows consist primarily of premium income, less benefits and expenses. The present value of these cash flows, less the reserve liability, is then compared with the unamortized balance. In the event the estimated present value of net cash flows is less, the deficiency would be recognized by a charge to earnings and either a reduction of unamortized acquisition costs or an increase in the liability for future benefits.


Note 2—New Accounting Standards

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year: On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2018-12 on a modified retrospective basis as of the transition date (Transition Date) of January 1, 2021. The amended guidance is a significant change to the accounting and disclosure of long-duration life and health insurance contracts. The modified retrospective transition method requires the updated standard be applied to all long-duration life and health contracts, which has resulted in the adjustment of the 2021 and 2022 consolidated financial statements.

The following tables summarize the balance of and changes to the liability for future policy benefits for traditional life and health long-duration contracts on the Transition Date due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12:
Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Long Duration Life
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherTotal
Balance, net of reinsurance, at original discount rates as of December 31, 2020
$3,541,317 $2,492,226 $2,140,071 $2,736,804 $10,910,418 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions3,334,600 2,195,430 1,229,610 2,297,835 9,057,475 
Effect of capping and flooring(1)
— 16,899 2,433 2 19,334 
Balance, net of reinsurance, at current discount rates as of January 1, 2021
$6,875,917 $4,704,555 $3,372,114 $5,034,641 $19,987,227 

Net liability for Future Policy Benefits - Long Duration Health
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDTCTotal
Balance, net of reinsurance, at original discount rates as of December 31, 2020
$131,505 $1,383,128 $501,312 $101,998 $(2,941)$2,115,002 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions75,652 497,250 219,992 60,366 346 853,606 
Effect of capping and flooring(1)
6,506 — 19,324 — 4,193 30,023 
Balance, net of reinsurance, at current discount rates as of January 1, 2021
$213,663 $1,880,378 $740,628 $162,364 $1,598 $2,998,631 
(1)When the present value of expected future net premiums exceeds the present value of expected future gross premiums for a given cohort (capping), or the present value of future policy benefits and related termination expenses exceeds the present value of expected future net premiums (flooring), an adjustment is made to the liability for future policy benefits.
8
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table presents total policy liabilities, both before and after the Transition Date:
January 1,December 31,
20212020
Future policy benefits:
Net liability for future policy benefits—long duration life$19,987,227 $10,910,418 
Net liability for future policy benefits—long duration health2,998,631 2,115,002 
Additional insurance liabilities(1),(2)
2,008,399 2,218,116 
Total future policy benefits24,994,257 15,243,536 
Unearned and advance premium(1)
243,369 61,728 
Policy claims and other benefits payable(1)
473,524 399,507 
Other policyholders' funds(1)
98,459 97,968 
Total policy liabilities
$25,809,609 $15,802,739 
(1)In addition to the discount rate related adjustments to future policy benefits, the Company reclassified certain balances within total policy liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a result of adopting ASU 2018-12. The reclassifications had an immaterial impact on Shareholders' Equity. See table summarizing the transition adjustments to Shareholders' Equity below.
(2)The Company's additional insurance liabilities consist primarily of: 1) deferred profit liability on limited-payment contracts; and 2) reserves on deferred annuity and interest sensitive life blocks of business. See Note 6—Policy Liabilities for additional information.


The following table presents the Company's deferred policy acquisition costs, both before and after the Transition Date:
January 1,December 31,
20212020
Life:
American Income$1,647,761 $1,647,761 
Direct to Consumer1,498,970 1,498,435 
Liberty National531,504 531,504 
Other304,786 304,459 
Total life3,983,021 3,982,159 
Health:
United American65,020 74,353 
Family Heritage364,751 364,751 
Liberty National124,754 124,888 
American Income39,477 39,477 
Direct to Consumer2,215 6,600 
Total health596,217 610,069 
Annuity8,309 3,216 
Total DAC
$4,587,547 $4,595,444 

In accordance with ASU 2018-12, the Company has adjusted its DAC balance to remove the impact of unrealized gains and losses that were previously recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) on the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity. Under prior guidance, the Company included these amounts within its calculation of amortization.


9
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table presents the effect of transition adjustments due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on Shareholders' Equity:
Retained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other(1)
Total
Shareholders’ Equity, as of December 31, 2020
$5,874,109 $3,029,244 $(132,261)$8,771,092 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions— (7,829,753)— (7,829,753)
Effect of capping and flooring(38,992)— — (38,992)
Effect of removal of unrealized gain (loss) on DAC— 4,704 — 4,704 
Other adjustments26,470 — — 26,470 
Shareholders’ Equity, as of January 1, 2021
$5,861,587 $(4,795,805)$(132,261)$933,521 
(1)Other represents common stock, additional paid-in capital, and treasury stock, combining balances that were unaffected by the new standard.

As of the Transition Date, the primary effects of the changes required by the standard were to AOCI and retained earnings. As seen in the table above, the transition adjustments impacting AOCI consist of the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions and the effect of the removal of unrealized gains (losses) on DAC. The effect of changes in discount rate assumptions is the impact, net of tax, of the Company re-measuring its liability for future policy benefits using current discount rates. As of the Transition Date, we experienced a lower level of current discount rates than the original discount rates used in valuing our future policy benefits under the prior guidance, thus reducing Shareholders' Equity. For the effect of removing unrealized gains (losses) on DAC, this adjustment relates to the requirement to remove unrealized gains (losses) that were included within the amortization calculation, as noted previously.

Regarding the impact on retained earnings, when the present value of net premiums exceeds the present value of gross premiums for a given cohort (capping), or the present value of future benefits and related termination expenses exceeds the present value of future gross premiums (flooring), an adjustment is recognized to the liability for future policy benefits. Any blocks of business that require increases in future policy benefits to minimum levels, or that have a net premium ratio greater than 100%, required an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (decrease).

Accounting Pronouncements Yet to be Adopted: ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, adds disclosure requirements specific to equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The disclosures clarify the nature of the contractual sale as well as the duration of the restriction and the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction.

This standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2024, and will be implemented on a prospective basis. The Company does not expect the standard will have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.


10
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Effect of New Accounting Standards on Previously Reported Results: The impacts from the adoption of ASU 2018-12 on the Company's previously reported results included in these financial statements are as follows:

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 2022
As Previously ReportedAdoption ImpactAs Adjusted
Assets:
Other receivables$484,887 $104,192 $589,079 
Deferred acquisition costs5,249,907 285,790 5,535,697 
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits16,721,846 1,318,196 18,040,042 
Unearned and advance premium60,742 192,398 253,140 
Policy claims and other benefits payable430,027 77,192 507,219 
Current and deferred income taxes686,172 (251,523)434,649 
Shareholders' equity:
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,415,714)(1,374,599)(2,790,313)
Retained earnings6,466,220 428,315 6,894,535 

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2022
As Previously ReportedAdoption ImpactAs Adjusted
Revenue:
Life premium$754,602 $(5,474)$749,128 
Health premium317,000 (1,316)315,684 
Net investment income243,834 1,060 244,894 
Benefits and expenses:
Life policyholder benefits549,343 (53,914)495,429 
Health policyholder benefits196,855 (7,837)189,018 
Other policyholder benefits7,050 2,652 9,702 
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs158,384 (73,888)84,496 
Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition costs90,813 34,696 125,509 
Income before income taxes201,615 92,561 294,176 
Income tax benefit (expense)(37,254)(19,438)(56,692)
Net income
$164,361 $73,123 $237,484 
Basic net income per common share
$1.66 $0.73 $2.39 
Diluted net income per common share
$1.64 $0.73 $2.37 

See Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies, Note 6—Policy Liabilities, and Note 7—DAC for additional information on the adoption.

11
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 3—Supplemental Information about Changes to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income: An analysis of the change in balance by component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income is as follows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
 Available
for Sale
Assets		Future Policy BenefitsForeign
Exchange		Pension
Adjustments		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023
$(1,420,672)$(1,369,204)$(1,681)$1,244 $(2,790,313)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax378,162 (569,503)(5,148)— (196,489)
Reclassifications, net of tax25,746 — — (37)25,709 
Other comprehensive income (loss)403,908 (569,503)(5,148)(37)(170,780)
Balance at March 31, 2023
$(1,016,764)$(1,938,707)$(6,829)$1,207 $(2,961,093)


 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Available
for Sale
Assets		Future Policy BenefitsForeign
Exchange		Pension
Adjustments		Total
Balance at January 1, 2022
$2,765,290 $(6,915,910)$19,248 $(103,676)$(4,235,048)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax(1,811,185)2,216,355 3,341 — 408,511 
Reclassifications, net of tax(3,184)— — 2,715 (469)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(1,814,369)2,216,355 3,341 2,715 408,042 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$950,921 $(4,699,555)$22,589 $(100,961)$(3,827,006)

12
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Reclassification Adjustments: Reclassification adjustments out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income are presented below for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
  Three Months Ended March 31,Affected line items in the Statements of Operations
Component Line Item20232022
Unrealized investment (gains) losses on available for sale assets:
Realized (gains) losses$33,124 $(4,937)Realized (gains) losses
Amortization of (discount) premium(534)907 Net investment income
Total before tax32,590 (4,030)
Tax(6,844)846 Income taxes
Total after-tax25,746 (3,184)
Pension adjustments:
Amortization of prior service cost269 158 Other operating expense
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss(317)3,279 Other operating expense
Total before tax(48)3,437 
Tax11 (722)Income taxes
Total after-tax(37)2,715 
Total reclassification (after-tax)
$25,709 $(469)
13
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 4—Investments

Portfolio Composition: Summaries of fixed maturities available for sale by amortized cost, fair value, and allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows. Redeemable preferred stock is included within "Corporates, by sector."
At March 31, 2023

Amortized
Cost		Allowance for Credit LossesGross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
 Value(1)
% of Total
Fixed
Maturities(2)
Fixed maturities available for sale:
U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises$389,441 $— $114 $(27,482)$362,073 2 
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions2,894,161 — 41,407 (426,929)2,508,639 15 
Foreign governments53,789 — 13 (11,282)42,520 — 
Corporates, by sector:
Financial4,973,445 (26,040)84,796 (453,394)4,578,807 27 
Utilities1,958,888 — 70,798 (94,579)1,935,107 11 
Energy1,434,766 — 38,477 (80,338)1,392,905 8 
Other corporate sectors6,697,469 (6,727)126,968 (557,390)6,260,320 36 
Total corporates15,064,568 (32,767)321,039 (1,185,701)14,167,139 82 
Collateralized debt obligations36,778 — 8,724 — 45,502 — 
Other asset-backed securities87,966 — 4 (6,958)81,012 1 
Total fixed maturities
$18,526,703 $(32,767)$371,301 $(1,658,352)$17,206,885 100 
(1)Amount reported in the balance sheet.
(2)At fair value.

The Company has exposure to banks as part of its fixed maturity portfolio. The Company’s bank securities had a fair value of $1.3 billion (8% of the total fixed maturity portfolio) at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.


14
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
At December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost		Allowance for Credit LossesGross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
 Value(1)
% of Total
Fixed
Maturities(2)
Fixed maturities available for sale:
U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises$394,439 $— $27 $(38,968)$355,498 2 
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions2,791,030 — 24,328 (505,447)2,309,911 14 
Foreign governments55,164 — 6 (12,706)42,464 — 
Corporates, by sector:
Financial4,907,794 — 63,126 (504,489)4,466,431 27 
Utilities1,924,190 — 36,670 (125,713)1,835,147 11 
Energy1,436,598 — 22,637 (101,923)1,357,312 8 
Other corporate sectors6,667,043 — 78,903 (738,772)6,007,174 37 
Total corporates14,935,625 — 201,336 (1,470,897)13,666,064 83 
Collateralized debt obligations37,098 — 13,266 — 50,364 — 
Other asset-backed securities88,336 — 4 (9,276)79,064 1 
Total fixed maturities
$18,301,692 $— $238,967 $(2,037,294)$16,503,365 100 
(1)Amount reported in the balance sheet.
(2)At fair value.

A schedule of fixed maturities available for sale by contractual maturity date at March 31, 2023, is shown below on an amortized cost basis, net of allowance for credit losses, and on a fair value basis. Actual disposition dates could differ from contractual maturities due to call or prepayment provisions.
At March 31, 2023
Amortized
Cost, net		Fair
Value
Fixed maturities available for sale:
Due in one year or less$169,491 $170,003 
Due after one year through five years1,113,684 1,118,421 
Due after five years through ten years1,691,785 1,717,908 
Due after ten years through twenty years7,976,112 7,740,695 
Due after twenty years7,418,120 6,333,344 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities124,744 126,514 
$18,493,936 $17,206,885 

15
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Analysis of Investment Operations: "Net investment income" for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is summarized as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022% Change
Fixed maturities available for sale$232,299 $225,284 3 
Policy loans11,755 11,428 3 
Other long-term investments(1)
15,743 12,713 24 
Short-term investments1,595 2 
261,392 249,427 5 
Less investment expense(4,287)(4,533)(5)
Net investment income
$257,105 $244,894 5 
(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the investment funds, accounted for under the fair value option method, recorded $11.3 million and $10.7 million of distributions, respectively, in net investment income. Refer to Other Long-Term Investments below for further discussion on the investment funds.


Selected information about sales of fixed maturities available for sale is as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Fixed maturities available for sale:
Proceeds from sales(1)
$15,705 $75,116 
Gross realized gains— 773 
Gross realized losses(358)(3,679)
(1)There were no unsettled sales in the periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.


An analysis of "Realized gains (losses)" is as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Realized investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturities available for sale:
Sales and other(1)
$(357)$4,549 
Provision for credit losses(32,767)387 
Fair value option—change in fair value1,858 (5,338)
Other investments339 (6,842)
Realized gains (losses) from investments
(30,927)(7,244)
Applicable tax6,495 1,521 
Realized gains (losses), net of tax
$(24,432)$(5,723)
(1)During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $0 and $0 of exchanges of fixed maturities (noncash transactions) that resulted in $0 and $0, respectively, in realized gains (losses).

16
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Fair Value Measurements: The following tables represent the fair value of fixed maturities measured on a recurring basis at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
Fair Value Measurement at March 31, 2023 Using:
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)		Total Fair
Value
Fixed maturities available for sale
U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $— $362,073 $— $362,073 
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions — 2,508,639 — 2,508,639 
Foreign governments — 42,520 — 42,520 
Corporates, by sector:
Financial — 4,445,091 133,716 4,578,807 
Utilities — 1,822,748 112,359 1,935,107 
Energy — 1,381,989 10,916 1,392,905 
Other corporate sectors — 6,045,672 214,648 6,260,320 
Total corporates — 13,695,500 471,639 14,167,139 
Collateralized debt obligations — — 45,502 45,502 
Other asset-backed securities — 81,012 — 81,012 
Total fixed maturities
$— $16,689,744 $517,141 $17,206,885 
Percentage of total— %97 %3 %100 %

Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2022 Using:
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)		Total Fair
Value
Fixed maturities available for sale
U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises $— $355,498 $— $355,498 
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions — 2,309,911 — 2,309,911 
Foreign governments — 42,464 — 42,464 
Corporates, by sector:
Financial — 4,332,495 133,936 4,466,431 
Utilities — 1,723,832 111,315 1,835,147 
Energy — 1,346,212 11,100 1,357,312 
Other corporate sectors — 5,785,442 221,732 6,007,174 
Total corporates — 13,187,981 478,083 13,666,064 
Collateralized debt obligations — — 50,364 50,364 
Other asset-backed securities — 79,064 — 79,064 
Total fixed maturities
$— $15,974,918 $528,447 $16,503,365 
Percentage of total— %97 %3 %100 %

17
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following tables represent changes in fixed maturities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Analysis of Changes in Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Asset-
backed Securities
Collateralized
Debt
Obligations		CorporatesTotal
Balance at January 1, 2023
$— $50,364 $478,083 $528,447 
Included in realized gains / losses— — — — 
Included in other comprehensive income— (4,542)5,370 828 
Acquisitions— — — — 
Sales— — — — 
Amortization— 1,141 2 1,143 
Other(1)
— (1,461)(11,816)(13,277)
Transfers into Level 3(2)
— — — — 
Transfers out of Level 3(2)
— — — — 
Balance at March 31, 2023
$— $45,502 $471,639 $517,141 
Percent of total fixed maturities— %— %3 %3 %
(1)Includes capitalized interest, foreign exchange adjustments, and principal repayments. 
(2)Considered to be transferred at the end of the period. Transfers into Level 3 occur when observable inputs are no longer available. Transfers out of Level 3 occur when observable inputs become available.

Analysis of Changes in Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Asset-
backed Securities
Collateralized
Debt
Obligations		CorporatesTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$— $63,505 $641,688 $705,193 
Included in realized gains / losses— — — — 
Included in other comprehensive income— (3,809)(36,360)(40,169)
Acquisitions— — — — 
Sales— — — — 
Amortization— 1,123 1 1,124 
Other(1)
— (1,281)(19,359)(20,640)
Transfers into Level 3(2)
— — — — 
Transfers out of Level 3(2)
— — — — 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$— $59,538 $585,970 $645,508 
Percent of total fixed maturities— %— %3 %3 %
(1)Includes capitalized interest, foreign exchange adjustments, and principal repayments. 
(2)Considered to be transferred at the end of the period. Transfers into Level 3 occur when observable inputs are no longer available. Transfers out of Level 3 occur when observable inputs become available.

18
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table presents changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in accumulated other comprehensive income for assets held at the end of the reporting period for Level 3s:
Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income for Assets Held at the End of the Period
Asset-
backed Securities		Collateralized
Debt
Obligations		CorporatesTotal
At March 31, 2023
$— $(4,542)$5,370 $828 
At March 31, 2022
— (3,809)(36,360)(40,169)
 
Unrealized Loss Analysis: The following table discloses information about fixed maturities available for sale in an unrealized loss position.
Less than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or LongerTotal
Number of issues (CUSIPs) held:
As of March 31, 2023624 1,290 1,914 
As of December 31, 20221,819 157 1,976 
 
Globe Life's entire fixed maturity portfolio consisted of 2,379 issues by 987 different issuers at March 31, 2023 and 2,328 issues by 979 different issuers at December 31, 2022. The weighted-average quality rating of all unrealized loss positions at amortized cost was A- as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following tables disclose unrealized investment losses by class and major sector of fixed maturities available for sale at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
19
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Analysis of Gross Unrealized Investment Losses
At March 31, 2023
Less than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or LongerTotal
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss
Fixed maturities available for sale:
Investment grade securities:
U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises$275,114 $(17,384)$84,691 $(10,098)$359,805 $(27,482)
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions601,542 (23,575)1,219,137 (403,354)1,820,679 (426,929)
Foreign governments15,491 (145)25,555 (11,137)41,046 (11,282)
Corporates, by sector:
Financial1,355,645 (92,771)1,482,482 (308,161)2,838,127 (400,932)
Utilities304,897 (14,438)474,873 (77,678)779,770 (92,116)
Energy319,199 (11,489)332,106 (58,433)651,305 (69,922)
Other corporate sectors1,211,339 (64,035)2,859,975 (470,663)4,071,314 (534,698)
Total corporates3,191,080 (182,733)5,149,436 (914,935)8,340,516 (1,097,668)
Collateralized debt obligations— — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities25,733 (696)43,631 (5,454)69,364 (6,150)
Total investment grade securities4,108,960 (224,533)6,522,450 (1,344,978)10,631,410 (1,569,511)
Below investment grade securities:
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions— — — — — — 
Corporates, by sector:
Financial79,716 (9,059)106,971 (43,403)186,687 (52,462)
Utilities8,265 (662)20,166 (1,801)28,431 (2,463)
Energy— — 34,289 (10,416)34,289 (10,416)
Other corporate sectors71,156 (4,350)90,580 (18,342)161,736 (22,692)
Total corporates159,137 (14,071)252,006 (73,962)411,143 (88,033)
Collateralized debt obligations— — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities— — 11,580 (808)11,580 (808)
Total below investment grade securities159,137 (14,071)263,586 (74,770)422,723 (88,841)
Total fixed maturities
$4,268,097 $(238,604)$6,786,036 $(1,419,748)$11,054,133 $(1,658,352)
 
Gross unrealized losses may fluctuate quarter over quarter due to adverse factors in the market that affect our holdings, such as changes in interest rates or credit spreads. The Company considers many factors when determining whether an allowance for a credit loss should be recorded. While the Company holds securities that may be in an unrealized loss position from time to time, Globe Life does not generally intend to sell and it is likely that management will not be required to sell the fixed maturities prior to their anticipated recovery or maturity due to the strong cash flows generated by its insurance operations.

20
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Analysis of Gross Unrealized Investment Losses
At December 31, 2022
Less than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or LongerTotal
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss
Fixed maturities available for sale:
Investment grade securities:
U.S. Government direct, guaranteed, and government-sponsored enterprises$349,887 $(38,218)$3,424 $(750)$353,311 $(38,968)
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions1,767,624 (453,149)95,124 (52,298)1,862,748 (505,447)
Foreign governments6,297 (201)25,134 (12,505)31,431 (12,706)
Corporates, by sector:
Financial2,837,918 (426,132)109,784 (42,173)2,947,702 (468,305)
Utilities1,088,219 (116,272)21,636 (6,268)1,109,855 (122,540)
Energy855,853 (91,755)— — 855,853 (91,755)
Other corporate sectors4,155,986 (665,831)94,299 (42,344)4,250,285 (708,175)
Total corporates8,937,976 (1,299,990)225,719 (90,785)9,163,695 (1,390,775)
Collateralized debt obligations— — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities60,157 (5,223)7,960 (2,435)68,117 (7,658)
Total investment grade securities11,121,941 (1,796,781)357,361 (158,773)11,479,302 (1,955,554)
Below investment grade securities:
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions— — — — — — 
Corporates, by sector:
Financial120,377 (18,901)38,348 (17,283)158,725 (36,184)
Utilities27,722 (3,173)— — 27,722 (3,173)
Energy14,480 (2,182)20,075 (7,986)34,555 (10,168)
Other corporate sectors166,159 (25,962)6,670 (4,635)172,829 (30,597)
Total corporates328,738 (50,218)65,093 (29,904)393,831 (80,122)
Collateralized debt obligations— — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities— — 10,874 (1,618)10,874 (1,618)
Total below investment grade securities328,738 (50,218)75,967 (31,522)404,705 (81,740)
Total fixed maturities
$11,450,679 $(1,846,999)$433,328 $(190,295)$11,884,007 $(2,037,294)

21
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Fixed Maturities, Allowance for Credit Losses: A summary of the activity in the allowance for credit losses is as follows.
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Allowance for credit losses beginning balance
$— $387 
Additions to allowance for which credit losses were not previously recorded32,767 — 
Additions (reductions) to allowance for fixed maturities that previously had an allowance— — 
Reduction of allowance for which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell or sold during the period— (387)
Allowance for credit losses ending balance
$32,767 $— 

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any fixed maturities in non-accrual status.

Other Long-Term Investments: Other long-term investments consist of the following assets:
March 31,
2023		December 31, 2022
Investment funds$789,197 $768,689 
Commercial mortgage loan participations204,275 181,305 
Other29,139 26,022 
Total
$1,022,611 $976,016 

The following table presents additional information about the Company's investment funds as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 at fair value:
Fair ValueUnfunded Commitments
Investment CategoryMarch 31,
2023		December 31, 2022March 31,
2023		Redemption Term/Notice
Commercial mortgage loans$454,144 $431,405 $330,245 Fully redeemable and non-redeemable with varying terms.
Opportunistic credit157,899 158,524 — 
Initial 2 year lock on each new investment/semi-annual withdrawals thereafter/full redemption within 36 month period.
Infrastructure158,036 159,534 21,366 Fully redeemable and non-redeemable with varying terms.
Other19,118 19,226 120,079  
Total investment funds $789,197 $768,689 $471,690 

The Company had $21 million of capital called during the year from existing investment funds. Our unfunded commitments were $472 million as of March 31, 2023.


22
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Commercial Mortgage Loan Participations (commercial mortgage loans): Summaries of commercial mortgage loans by property type and geographical location at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying Value% of TotalCarrying Value% of Total
Property type:
Mixed use$59,965 29 $62,375 34 
Hospitality28,033 14 27,796 15 
Retail23,744 12 15,342 9 
Industrial27,259 13 27,248 15 
Multi-family57,206 28 42,232 23 
Office11,137 6 8,101 5 
Total recorded investment207,344 102 183,094 101 
Less allowance for credit losses(3,069)(2)(1,789)(1)
Carrying value, net of allowance for credit losses
$204,275 100 $181,305 100 

March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying Value% of TotalCarrying Value% of Total
Geographic location:
California$64,990 32 $64,477 36 
Texas23,132 12 22,905 13 
New York27,570 14 19,167 11 
Washington14,939 7 14,925 8 
Massachusetts14,925 7 — — 
Florida33,217 16 33,182 18 
Other28,571 14 28,438 15 
Total recorded investment207,344 102 183,094 101 
Less allowance for credit losses(3,069)(2)(1,789)(1)
Carrying value, net of allowance for credit losses
$204,275 100 $181,305 100 
23
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following tables are reflective of the key factors, debt service coverage ratios, and loan-to-value (LTV) ratios that are utilized by management to monitor the performance of the portfolios. The Company only makes new investments in commercial mortgage loans that have a LTV ratio less than 80%. Generally, a higher LTV ratio and a lower debt service coverage ratio can potentially equate to higher risk of loss.
March 31, 2023
Recorded Investment
Debt Service Coverage Ratios(1)
<1.00x1.00x—1.20x>1.20xTotal% of Total
Loan-to-value ratio(2):
Less than 70%$24,235 $123,466 $20,430 $168,131 81 
70% to 80%— 7,222 1,238 8,460 4 
81% to 90%8,307 — — 8,307 4 
Greater than 90%7,035 15,411 — 22,446 11 
Total$39,577 $146,099 $21,668 207,344 100 
Less allowance for credit losses(3,069)
Total, net of allowance for credit losses
$204,275 
(1)Annual net operating income divided by annual mortgage debt service (principal and interest).
(2)Loan balance divided by appraised value, including planned renovations and stabilized occupancy, at origination. Updated internal valuations are used when a loan is materially underperforming.

December 31, 2022
Recorded Investment
Debt Service Coverage Ratios(1)
<1.00x1.00x—1.20x>1.20xTotal% of Total
Loan-to-value ratio(2):
Less than 70%$24,221 $108,156 $12,018 $144,395 79 
70% to 80%— 22,120 1,238 23,358 13 
81% to 90%8,307 — — 8,307 4 
Greater than 90%7,034 — — 7,034 4 
Total$39,562 $130,276 $13,256 183,094 100 
Less allowance for credit losses(1,789)
Total, net of allowance for credit losses
$181,305 
(1)Annual net operating income divided by annual mortgage debt service (principal and interest).
(2)Loan balance divided by appraised value, including planned renovations and stabilized occupancy, at origination. Updated internal valuations are used when a loan is materially underperforming.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company evaluated the commercial mortgage loan portfolio on a pool basis to determine the allowance for credit losses. At the end of the period, the Company had 25 loans in the portfolio. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses increased $1.3 million. The provision for credit losses is included in "Realized gains (losses)" in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Allowance for credit losses beginning balance
$1,789 $827 
Provision (reversal) for credit losses1,280 — 
Allowance for credit losses ending balance
$3,069 $827 

24
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
There were no delinquent commercial mortgage loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no commercial mortgage loan in non-accrual status. The Company's unfunded commitment balance to commercial loan borrowers was $28 million as of March 31, 2023.


Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies

Guarantees: The Parent Company has guaranteed letters of credit in connection with its credit facility with a group of banks. The letters of credit were issued by TMK Re, Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary, to secure TMK Re, Ltd.’s obligation for claims on certain policies reinsured by TMK Re, Ltd. that were sold by other Globe Life insurance subsidiaries. These letters of credit facilitate TMK Re, Ltd.’s ability to reinsure the business of Globe Life's insurance carriers. The agreement was amended on September 30, 2021 and now expires in 2026. The maximum amount of letters of credit available is $250 million. The Parent Company would be liable to the extent that TMK Re, Ltd. does not pay the reinsured party. The amount outstanding at March 31, 2023 was $115 million.

Litigation: Globe Life Inc. and its subsidiaries, in common with the insurance industry in general, are subject to litigation, including putative class action litigation, alleged breaches of contract, torts, including bad faith and fraud claims based on alleged wrongful or fraudulent acts of agents of the Parent Company's insurance subsidiaries, employment discrimination, and miscellaneous other causes of action. Based upon information presently available, and in light of legal and other factual defenses available to the Parent Company and its subsidiaries, management does not believe that it is reasonably possible that such litigation will have a material adverse effect on Globe Life's financial condition, future operating results or liquidity; however, assessing the eventual outcome of litigation necessarily involves forward-looking speculation as to judgments to be made by judges, juries and appellate courts in the future. This bespeaks caution, particularly in states with reputations for high punitive damage verdicts. Globe Life's management recognizes that large punitive damage awards bearing little or no relation to actual damages continue to be awarded by juries in jurisdictions in which the Company has substantial business, creating the potential for unpredictable material adverse judgments in any given punitive damage suit.

25
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 6—Policy Liabilities

The liability for future policy benefits is determined based on the net level premium method, which requires the liability be calculated as the present value of estimated future policyholder benefits and the related termination expenses, less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders.

The following tables summarize balances and changes in the net liability for future policy benefits, before reinsurance, for traditional life long-duration contracts:
Life
Present value of expected future net premiums
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$4,925,192 $7,264,905 $1,332,469 $559,972 $14,082,538 
Beginning balance at original discount rates3,906,098 5,533,741 1,040,242 416,141 10,896,222 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(4,315)(29,595)(625)1,652 (32,883)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2022
3,901,783 5,504,146 1,039,617 417,793 10,863,339 
Issuances(1)
215,926 173,775 22,965 7,300 419,966 
Interest accrual(2)
43,074 67,608 12,810 5,172 128,664 
Net premiums collected(3)
(120,203)(149,757)(31,627)(10,831)(312,418)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate2,900 — — — 2,900 
Ending balance at original discount rates4,043,480 5,595,772 1,043,765 419,434 11,102,451 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates603,267 1,114,883 181,223 92,398 1,991,771 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$4,646,747 $6,710,655 $1,224,988 $511,832 $13,094,222 
Balance at January 1, 2023
$4,273,156 $5,910,224 $1,094,407 $470,741 $11,748,528 
Beginning balance at original discount rates4,246,723 5,680,864 1,066,123 449,209 11,442,919 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(29,981)(47,988)(5,590)(1,886)(85,445)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2023
4,216,742 5,632,876 1,060,533 447,323 11,357,474 
Issuances(1)
192,555 168,952 30,142 7,241 398,890 
Interest accrual(2)
47,898 70,991 13,288 5,670 137,847 
Net premiums collected(3)
(127,239)(153,919)(33,188)(11,557)(325,903)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate(3,999)— — — (3,999)
Ending balance at original discount rates4,325,957 5,718,900 1,070,775 448,677 11,564,309 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates141,680 391,650 57,308 34,379 625,017 
Balance at March 31, 2023
$4,467,637 $6,110,550 $1,128,083 $483,056 $12,189,326 
(1)Issuances represent the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums related to new policies issued during each respective period.
(2)The interest accrual is the interest earned on the beginning present value of the expected net premiums, as well as the interest on actual net premiums earned during the period, using the original interest rate.
(3)Net premiums collected represent the product of the current period net premium ratio, and the gross premiums collected during the period on the in-force business.




26
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Life
Present value of expected future policy benefits
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$11,773,519 $11,859,408 $4,542,697 $5,488,684 $33,664,308 
Beginning balance at original discount rates7,744,201 8,157,259 3,206,164 3,267,306 22,374,930 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(2,959)(25,850)153 1,680 (26,976)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2022
7,741,242 8,131,409 3,206,317 3,268,986 22,347,954 
Issuances(1)
215,926 173,775 22,965 7,300 419,966 
Interest accrual(2)
100,336 106,928 42,230 48,280 297,774 
Benefit payments(3)
(104,321)(173,611)(63,457)(34,297)(375,686)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate6,511 — — — 6,511 
Ending balance at original discount rates7,959,694 8,238,501 3,208,055 3,290,269 22,696,519 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates2,692,562 2,511,848 858,179 1,558,106 7,620,695 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$10,652,256 $10,750,349 $4,066,234 $4,848,375 $30,317,214 

Balance at January 1, 2023
$9,119,104 $9,225,451 $3,429,256 $3,976,150 $25,749,961 
Beginning balance at original discount rates8,409,761 8,477,892 3,272,980 3,403,704 23,564,337 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(31,526)(48,947)(7,054)(2,896)(90,423)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2023
8,378,235 8,428,945 3,265,926 3,400,808 23,473,914 
Issuances(1)
192,555 168,952 30,142 7,241 398,890 
Interest accrual(2)
109,329 112,768 43,256 50,378 315,731 
Benefit payments(3)
(96,674)(147,061)(54,730)(30,892)(329,357)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate(9,711)— — — (9,711)
Ending balance at original discount rates8,573,734 8,563,604 3,284,594 3,427,535 23,849,467 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates1,063,729 1,061,076 274,418 738,992 3,138,215 
Balance at March 31, 2023
$9,637,463 $9,624,680 $3,559,012 $4,166,527 $26,987,682 
(1)Issuances represent the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits related to new policies issued during each respective period.
(2)The interest accrual is the interest earned on the beginning present value of the expected future policy benefits, as well as the interest on actual benefits and expenses paid during the period, using the original interest rate.
(3)Benefit payments represent the release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the actual future policy benefits incurred during the period due to death, lapse, and maturity benefit payments based on the revised expected assumptions.

27
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Life
Net liability for future policy benefits as of March 31, 2022
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherTotal
Net liability for future policy benefits at original discount rates
$3,916,214 $2,642,729 $2,164,290 $2,870,835 $11,594,068 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions2,089,295 1,396,965 676,956 1,465,708 5,628,924 
Net liability for future policy benefits at current discount rates
6,005,509 4,039,694 2,841,246 4,336,543 17,222,992 
Other Adjustments(1)
(11)2,820 (10,446)(43,598)(51,235)
Net liability for future policy benefits, after other adjustments, at current discount rates
$6,005,498 $4,042,514 $2,830,800 $4,292,945 $17,171,757 

(1)Other adjustments include the Company's reinsurance recoverable and the effects of capping and flooring the liability.

Life
Net liability for future policy benefits as of March 31, 2023
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherTotal
Net liability for future policy benefits at original discount rates
$4,247,777 $2,844,704 $2,213,819 $2,978,858 $12,285,158 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions922,049 669,426 217,110 704,613 2,513,198 
Net liability for future policy benefits at current discount rates
5,169,826 3,514,130 2,430,929 3,683,471 14,798,356 
Other Adjustments(1)
(46)4,546 486 (36,765)(31,779)
Net liability for future policy benefits, after other adjustments, at current discount rates
$5,169,780 $3,518,676 $2,431,415 $3,646,706 $14,766,577 

(1)Other adjustments include the Company's reinsurance recoverable and the effects of capping and flooring the liability.
28
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following tables summarize balances and changes in the net liability for future policy benefits for long-duration health contracts:
Health
Present value of expected future net premiums
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDTCTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$3,611,659 $1,944,714 $517,368 $222,553 $121,724 $6,418,018 
Beginning balance at original discount rates2,949,851 1,688,590 414,409 178,801 96,776 5,328,427 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(49,560)(15,162)(15,462)(2,465)(1,880)(84,529)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2022
2,900,291 1,673,428 398,947 176,336 94,896 5,243,898 
Issuances(1)
90,034 53,518 10,815 10,452 880 165,699 
Interest accrual(2)
30,339 14,940 4,872 1,831 1,182 53,164 
Net premiums collected(3)
(62,895)(42,751)(12,883)(5,252)(2,550)(126,331)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate— — — 312 — 312 
Ending balance at original discount rates2,957,769 1,699,135 401,751 183,679 94,408 5,336,742 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates379,383 91,102 61,701 24,385 15,326 571,897 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$3,337,152 $1,790,237 $463,452 $208,064 $109,734 $5,908,639 
Balance at January 1, 2023
$2,908,501 $1,594,992 $423,490 $190,296 $90,143 $5,207,422 
Beginning balance at original discount rates2,941,261 1,729,219 415,442 192,631 87,751 5,366,304 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(34,132)(18,758)(16,585)(1,621)(2,573)(73,669)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2023
2,907,129 1,710,461 398,857 191,010 85,178 5,292,635 
Issuances(1)
75,839 67,787 13,303 10,212 2,392 169,533 
Interest accrual(2)
31,587 16,199 4,890 2,036 1,057 55,769 
Net premiums collected(3)
(65,914)(43,979)(12,403)(5,424)(2,661)(130,381)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate— — — (388)— (388)
Ending balance at original discount rates2,948,641 1,750,468 404,647 197,446 85,966 5,387,168 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates49,082 (86,054)16,800 3,220 4,277 (12,675)
Balance at March 31, 2023
$2,997,723 $1,664,414 $421,447 $200,666 $90,243 $5,374,493 
(1)Issuances represent the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums related to new policies issued during each respective period.
(2)The interest accrual is the interest earned on the beginning present value of the expected net premiums, as well as the interest on actual net premiums earned during the period, using the original interest rate.
(3)Net premiums collected represent the product of the current period net premium ratio, and the gross premiums collected during the period on the in-force business.









29
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Health
Present value of expected future policy benefits
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDTCTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$3,810,559 $3,840,322 $1,201,317 $380,915 $119,888 $9,353,001 
Beginning balance at original discount rates3,090,901 3,193,342 921,608 285,604 95,628 7,587,083 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(50,453)(15,668)(15,790)(2,645)(2,025)(86,581)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2022
3,040,448 3,177,674 905,818 282,959 93,603 7,500,502 
Issuances(1)
89,904 53,518 10,866 10,452 876 165,616 
Interest accrual(2)
32,308 29,583 12,120 3,432 1,182 78,625 
Benefit payments(3)
(67,243)(28,494)(23,065)(5,044)(3,389)(127,235)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate— — — 557 — 557 
Ending balance at original discount rates3,095,417 3,232,281 905,739 292,356 92,272 7,618,065 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates413,068 244,358 176,686 59,275 14,762 908,149 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$3,508,485 $3,476,639 $1,082,425 $351,631 $107,034 $8,526,214 

Balance at January 1, 2023
$3,046,829 $3,005,664 $941,574 $312,750 $87,532 $7,394,349 
Beginning balance at original discount rates3,080,633 3,336,344 904,865 303,713 85,212 7,710,767 
Effect of changes in assumptions of future cash flows— — — — — — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(31,443)(19,779)(15,995)(1,578)(2,302)(71,097)
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2023
3,049,190 3,316,565 888,870 302,135 82,910 7,639,670 
Issuances(1)
75,683 67,787 13,285 10,212 2,388 169,355 
Interest accrual(2)
33,480 32,289 11,840 3,668 1,057 82,334 
Benefit payments(3)
(78,563)(29,261)(23,976)(7,137)(3,354)(142,291)
Effect of changes in the foreign exchange rate— — — (708)— (708)
Ending balance at original discount rates3,079,790 3,387,380 890,019 308,170 83,001 7,748,360 
Effect of change from original to current discount rates52,672 (212,708)59,977 18,363 4,089 (77,607)
Balance at March 31, 2023
$3,132,462 $3,174,672 $949,996 $326,533 $87,090 $7,670,753 
(1)Issuances represent the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits related to new policies issued during each respective period.
(2)The interest accrual is the interest earned on the beginning present value of the expected future policy benefits, as well as the interest on actual benefits and expenses paid during the period, using the original interest rate.
(3)Benefit payments represent the release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the actual future policy benefits incurred during the period due to death, lapse, and maturity benefit payments based on the revised expected assumptions.

30
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Health
Net liability for future policy benefits as of March 31, 2022
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDirect to ConsumerTotal
Net liability for future policy benefits at original discount rates
$137,648 $1,533,146 $503,988 $108,677 $(2,136)$2,281,323 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions33,685 153,256 114,985 34,890 (564)336,252 
Net liability for future policy benefits at current discount rates
171,333 1,686,402 618,973 143,567 (2,700)2,617,575 
Other Adjustments(1,812)(10,847)1,508 12 3,812 (7,327)
Net liability for future policy benefits, after other adjustments, at current discount rates
$169,521 $1,675,555 $620,481 $143,579 $1,112 $2,610,248 
(1)Other adjustments include the Company's reinsurance recoverable and the effects of capping and flooring the liability.

Health
Net liability for future policy benefits as of March 31, 2023
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDirect to ConsumerTotal
Net liability for future policy benefits at original discount rates
131,149 1,636,912 485,372 110,724 (2,965)2,361,192 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions3,590 (126,654)43,177 15,143 (188)(64,932)
Net liability for future policy benefits at current discount rates
134,739 1,510,258 528,549 125,867 (3,153)2,296,260 
Other Adjustments1,771 (9,362)4,348 333 4,162 1,252 
Net liability for future policy benefits, after other adjustments, at current discount rates
$136,510 $1,500,896 $532,897 $126,200 $1,009 $2,297,512 
(1)Other adjustments include the Company's reinsurance recoverable and the effects of capping and flooring the liability.


During the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's results for actual variances from expected experience produced a net reserve remeasurement gain of $659 thousand and a net reserve remeasurement loss of $3.8 million in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, respectively. The variance of actual experience from expected experience during the first quarter of 2023 was primarily due to favorable variances from mortality assumptions as compared to actual experience in our life insurance segment (a $2.7 million gain), and unfavorable variances from morbidity assumptions as compared to actual experience in our health insurance segment (a $2.0 million loss). The variance of actual experience from expected experience during the first quarter of 2022 was primarily due to unfavorable variances from mortality assumptions as compared to actual experience in our life insurance segment (a $5.8 million loss), and favorable variances from morbidity assumptions as compared to actual experience in our health insurance segment (a $2.0 million gain). The life segment has experienced lower claims in the first quarter of 2023 versus the prior year mainly driven by lower excess claims due to COVID and non-COVID causes, which was seen in the American Income, Direct to Consumer, and Liberty National channels. The health segment's utilization has returned to normal levels in 2023, specifically in the United American and Liberty National channels. There were no changes to the inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measuring the liability for future policy benefits during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.


31
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table reconciles the liability for future policy benefits to the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023:
At Original Discount RatesAt Current Discount Rates
As of March 31,As of March 31,
2023202220232022
Life(1):
American Income$4,247,758 $3,916,187 $5,169,780 $6,005,498 
Direct to Consumer2,844,707 2,642,729 3,518,676 4,042,514 
Liberty National2,206,288 2,153,030 2,431,415 2,830,800 
Other2,952,802 2,846,161 3,646,706 4,292,945 
Net liability for future policy benefits—long duration life12,251,555 11,558,107 14,766,577 17,171,757 
Health(1):
United American130,992 135,891 136,510 169,521 
Family Heritage1,626,881 1,524,185 1,500,896 1,675,555 
Liberty National488,546 505,319 532,897 620,481 
American Income111,096 108,693 126,200 143,579 
Direct to Consumer961 1,004 1,009 1,112 
Net liability for future policy benefits—long duration health2,358,476 2,275,092 2,297,512 2,610,248 
Deferred profit liability177,248 184,451 177,248 184,451 
Deferred annuity907,797 1,027,087 907,797 1,027,087 
Interest sensitive life737,900 744,244 737,900 744,244 
Other9,540 8,118 9,540 8,118 
Total future policy benefits
$16,442,516 $15,797,099 $18,896,574 $21,745,905 
(1)Balances are presented net of the reinsurance recoverable and the effects of flooring the liability.

The following tables provide the weighted-average original and current discount rates for the liability for future policy benefits and the additional insurance liabilities for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Life
Weighted-average Discount Rates
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherAmerican IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOther
Original discount rate5.8 %6.0 %5.6 %6.2 %5.8 %6.0 %5.6 %6.2 %
Current discount rate4.9 %5.0 %5.0 %5.0 %4.0 %4.0 %3.9 %3.9 %

Health
Weighted-average Discount Rates
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDTCUnited AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDTC
Original discount rate5.2 %4.3 %5.8 %5.9 %5.2 %5.2 %4.4 %5.8 %5.9 %5.2 %
Current discount rate4.8 %4.9 %4.9 %4.8 %4.8 %3.8 %3.9 %3.6 %3.8 %3.8 %


32
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table provides the weighted-average durations of the liability for future policy benefits and the additional insurance liabilities for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
March 31,
20232022
At original discount ratesAt current discount ratesAt original discount ratesAt current discount rates
Life
American Income22.9023.3322.8023.78
Direct to Consumer20.2421.8220.8122.93
Liberty National14.9415.6315.0816.85
Other16.5218.2316.7619.59
Health
United American11.4010.8011.6811.83
Family Heritage14.9114.4315.2815.80
Liberty National9.319.669.0110.11
American Income12.1512.7412.4513.95
Direct to Consumer11.4010.8011.6811.83

The following tables summarize the amount of gross premiums and interest, net of reinsurance, related to long duration life and health contracts that are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:
Life
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Gross
Premiums		Interest
expense		Gross
Premiums		Interest
expense
American Income$387,145 $61,431 $369,737 $57,262 
Direct to Consumer244,707 41,714 242,662 39,292 
Liberty National84,072 29,769 79,348 29,285 
Other51,835 44,275 52,387 42,697 
Total$767,759 $177,189 $744,134 $168,536 

Health
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Gross
Premiums		Interest
expense		Gross
Premiums		Interest
expense
United American$97,833 $1,822 $92,266 $1,914 
Family Heritage96,090 15,977 89,540 14,545 
Liberty National46,745 6,920 47,496 7,226 
American Income28,096 1,632 27,937 1,601 
Direct to Consumer3,542 — 3,536 — 
Total$272,306 $26,351 $260,775 $25,286 

Gross premiums are included within life and health premium on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, while the related interest expense is included in life and health policyholder benefits.

33
        GL Q1 2023 FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following tables provide the undiscounted and discounted expected future net premiums, expected future gross premiums and expected future policy benefits, at both original and current discount rates, for life and health contracts:
Life
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Not discountedAt original discount ratesAt current discount ratesNot discountedAt original discount ratesAt current discount rates
American Income
PV of expected future net premiums$7,617,532 $4,325,957 $4,467,637 $7,115,131 $4,043,480 $4,646,747 
PV of expected future gross premiums23,041,514 13,054,486 13,575,751 21,851,854 12,374,587 14,324,455 
PV of expected future policy benefits28,821,998 8,573,734 9,637,463 26,930,450 7,959,694 10,652,256 
DTC
PV of expected future net premiums$10,832,386 $5,718,900 $6,110,550 $10,630,110 $5,595,772 $6,710,655 
PV of expected future gross premiums17,479,516 9,165,113 9,773,835 17,414,120 9,103,648 10,912,941 
PV of expected future policy benefits25,582,750 8,563,604 9,624,680 24,876,834 8,238,501 10,750,349 
Liberty National
PV of expected future net premiums$1,889,419 $1,070,775 $1,128,083 $1,855,371 $1,043,765 $1,224,988 
PV of expected future gross premiums4,453,139 2,599,082 2,667,795 4,265,146 2,485,460 2,848,626 
PV of expected future policy benefits8,658,766 3,284,594 3,559,012 8,514,395 3,208,055 4,066,234 
Other
PV of expected future net premiums$919,924 $448,677 $483,056 $869,727 $419,434 $511,832 
PV of expected future gross premiums3,798,669 1,920,302 2,126,949 3,907,011 1,950,624 2,441,512 
PV of expected future policy benefits12,392,224 3,427,535 4,166,527 12,277,130 3,290,269 4,848,375 
Total
PV of expected future net premiums$21,259,261 $11,564,309 $12,189,326 $20,470,339 $11,102,451 $13,094,222 
PV of expected future gross premiums48,772,838 26,738,983 28,144,330 47,438,131 25,914,319 30,527,534 
PV of expected future policy benefits75,455,738 23,849,467 26,987,682 72,598,809 22,696,519 30,317,214 

As of March 31, 2023 for the life segment using current discount rates, the Company anticipates $12.2 billion of expected future net premiums and $28.1 billion of expected future gross premiums. As of March 31, 2022 using current discount rates, the Company anticipated $13.1 billion in expected future net premiums and $30.5 billion of expected future gross premiums. For each respective period, only expected future net premiums are included in the determination of the liability for future policy benefits on the balance sheet, while the difference between the expected future gross premiums and the expected future net premiums is not.
.
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Table of Contents
Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Health
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Not discountedAt original discount ratesAt current discount ratesNot discountedAt original discount ratesAt current discount rates
United American
PV of expected future net premiums$4,685,306 $2,948,641 $2,997,723 $4,763,592 $2,957,769 $3,337,152 
PV of expected future gross premiums6,783,819 4,279,547 4,346,007 6,781,444 4,226,705 4,765,664 
PV of expected future policy benefits4,909,212 3,079,790 3,132,462 5,057,861 3,095,417 3,508,485 
Family Heritage
PV of expected future net premiums$2,908,079 $1,750,468 $1,664,414 $2,784,235 $1,699,135 $1,790,237 
PV of expected future gross premiums6,442,316 3,846,392 3,682,300 5,897,650 3,570,212 3,791,575 
PV of expected future policy benefits6,358,594 3,387,380 3,174,672 6,004,155 3,232,281 3,476,639 
Liberty National
PV of expected future net premiums$634,061 $404,647 $421,447 $641,225 $401,751 $463,452 
PV of expected future gross premiums2,232,290 1,396,334 1,468,763 2,174,779 1,356,873 1,577,158 
PV of expected future policy benefits1,575,745 890,019 949,996 1,594,836 905,739 1,082,425 
American Income
PV of expected future net premiums$351,655 $197,446 $200,666 $323,828 $183,679 $208,064 
PV of expected future gross premiums1,760,671 984,216 1,037,339 1,723,857 963,321 1,130,227 
PV of expected future policy benefits626,151 308,170 326,533 599,187 292,356 351,631 
Direct to Consumer
PV of expected future net premiums$131,187 $85,966 $90,243 $148,614 $94,408 $109,734 
PV of expected future gross premiums171,266 112,442 118,105 204,317 130,162 151,140 
PV of expected future policy benefits124,597 83,001 87,090 143,711 92,272 107,034 
Total
PV of expected future net premiums8,710,288 5,387,168 5,374,493 8,661,494 5,336,742 5,908,639 
PV of expected future gross premiums17,390,362 10,618,931 10,652,514 16,782,047 10,247,273 11,415,764 
PV of expected future policy benefits13,594,299 7,748,360 7,670,753 13,399,750 7,618,065 8,526,214 

As of March 31, 2023 for the health segment using current discount rates, the Company anticipates $5.4 billion of expected future net premiums and $10.6 billion of expected future gross premiums. As of March 31, 2022 using current discount rates, the Company anticipated $5.9 billion in expected future net premiums and $11.4 billion of expected future gross premiums. For each respective period, only expected future net premiums are included in the determination of the liability for future policy benefits on the balance sheet, while the difference between the expected future gross premiums and the expected future net premiums is not.


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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table summarizes the balances of, and changes in, policyholders’ account balances as of March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Policyholders' Account Balances
20232022
Interest Sensitive LifeDeferred AnnuityOther Policyholders' FundsInterest Sensitive LifeDeferred AnnuityOther Policyholders' Funds
Balance at January 1,
$739,105 954,318 123,234 $745,335 $1,033,525 $99,468 
Issuances— 202 — — 340 — 
Premiums received6,030 4,776 21,662 6,297 8,216 2,044 
Policy charges(3,319)— — (3,474)— — 
Surrenders and withdrawals(5,384)(43,533)(3,303)(5,280)(11,873)(2,805)
Benefit payments(7,844)(15,784)— (8,999)(12,073)— 
Interest credited7,135 7,560 1,238 7,170 8,290 1,125 
Other2,177 258 (145)3,195 662 292 
Balance at March 31,
$737,900 $907,797 $142,686 $744,244 $1,027,087 $100,124 

Weighted-average credit rate3.92 %3.29 %3.78 %3.91 %3.26 %4.58 %
Net amount at risk$1,847,128 N/AN/A$1,952,631 N/AN/A
Cash surrender value676,247 907,797 142,686 693,201 1,027,064 100,124 

The following tables present the policyholders' account balances by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, if any, in basis points between rates being credited to policy holders and the respective guaranteed minimums:
At March 31, 2023
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Interest Sensitive Life(1)
Deferred Annuity(1)
Other Policyholders' Funds(1)
At guaranteed minimum
Less than 3.00%
$— $1,971 $43,191 
3.00%-3.99%
28,956 698,952 4,097 
4.00%-4.99%
619,411 206,874 57,596 
Greater than 5.00%
89,533 — 37,802 
Total
$737,900 $907,797 $142,686 
(1)All of the Company's policyholders' account balances had actual crediting rates at the guaranteed minimum.

At March 31, 2022
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Interest Sensitive Life(1)
Deferred Annuity(1)
Other Policyholders' Funds(1)
At guaranteed minimum
Less than 3.00%
$— $2,254 $— 
3.00%-3.99%
28,684 811,865 2,911 
4.00%-4.99%
626,179 212,968 58,990 
Greater than 5.00%
89,381 — 38,223 
Total
$744,244 $1,027,087 $100,124 
(1)All of the Company's policyholders' account balances had minimum crediting rates at the guaranteed minimum.
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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 7—Deferred Acquisition Costs

The following tables roll forward the deferred policy acquisition costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Life
American IncomeDTCLiberty NationalOtherTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$1,960,254 $1,583,695 $566,419 $301,647 $4,412,015 
Capitalizations114,428 48,216 20,465 3,487 186,596 
Amortization expense(33,513)(23,172)(11,046)(4,198)(71,929)
Foreign exchange adjustment1,738 — — — 1,738 
Experience adjustment— — — — — 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$2,042,907 $1,608,739 $575,838 $300,936 $4,528,420 
Balance at January 1, 2023
$2,258,291 $1,676,931 $610,723 $298,346 $4,844,291 
Capitalizations115,395 47,410 24,221 3,321 190,347 
Amortization expense(38,299)(24,753)(12,412)(4,125)(79,589)
Foreign exchange adjustment(2,787)— — — (2,787)
Experience adjustment— — — — — 
Balance at March 31, 2023
$2,332,600 $1,699,588 $622,532 $297,542 $4,952,262 

Health
United AmericanFamily HeritageLiberty NationalAmerican IncomeDTCTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022
$81,140 $388,967 $127,537 $49,406 $2,032 $649,082 
Capitalizations580 12,363 4,121 3,155 — 20,219 
Amortization expense(1,516)(6,405)(3,320)(829)(44)(12,114)
Foreign exchange adjustment— — — 88 — 88 
Experience adjustment— — — — — — 
Balance at March 31, 2022
$80,204 $394,925 $128,338 $51,820 $1,988 $657,275 
Balance at January 1, 2023
$77,394 $416,608 $133,096 $57,811 $1,854 $686,763 
Capitalizations507 15,097 4,882 3,143 — 23,629 
Amortization expense(1,513)(6,560)(3,250)(938)(47)(12,308)
Foreign exchange adjustment— — — (126)— (126)
Experience adjustment— — — — — — 
Balance at March 31, 2023
$76,388 $425,145 $134,728 $59,890 $1,807 $697,958 
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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
The following table presents a reconciliation of deferred policy acquisition costs to the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023:
March 31,
20232022
Life
American Income$2,332,600 $2,042,907 
Direct to Consumer1,699,588 1,608,739 
Liberty National622,532 575,838 
Other297,542 300,936 
Total DAC - Life
4,952,262 4,528,420 
Health
United American 76,388 80,204 
Family Heritage425,145 394,925 
Liberty National134,728 128,338 
American Income59,890 51,820 
Direct to Consumer1,807 1,988 
Total DAC - Health
697,958 657,275 
Annuity
4,218 5,988 
Total
$5,654,438 $5,191,683 
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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 8—Liability for Unpaid Claims

Activity in the liability for unpaid health claims is summarized as follows:
March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Balance at beginning of period
$182,202 $171,109 
Incurred related to:
Current year173,865 676,190 
Prior year(1,923)(15,631)
Total incurred171,942 660,559 
Paid related to:
Current year72,870 517,856 
Prior year99,876 131,610 
Total paid172,746 649,466 
Balance at end of period
$181,398 $182,202 

Below is the reconciliation of the liability of "Policy claims and other benefits payable" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Policy claims and other benefits payable:
Life insurance$307,898 $325,017 
Health insurance181,398 182,202 
Total$489,296 $507,219 

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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 9—Postretirement Benefits

Globe Life has qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (Pension Plans) and contributory savings plans that cover substantially all employees. There is also a nonqualified noncontributory supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) that covers a limited number of officers. The tables included herein will focus on the Pension Plans and SERP.

Pension Assets: The following table presents the assets of the Company's Pension Plans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Pension Assets by Component at March 31, 2023

 Fair Value Determined by:  
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)
Significant
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
Total
Amount
% of
Total
Corporate bonds:
Financial$— $22,482 $— $22,482 4 
Utilities— 20,838 — 20,838 4 
Energy— 7,564 — 7,564 2 
Other corporates— 26,433 — 26,433 5 
Total corporate bonds— 77,317 — 77,317 15 
Exchange traded fund(1)
276,478 — — 276,478 53 
U.S. Government and Agency— 76,643 — 76,643 15 
Other bonds— 202 — 202 — 
Guaranteed annuity contract(2)
— 43,297 — 43,297 8 
Short-term investments23,016 — — 23,016 4 
Other12,379 — — 12,379 2 
$311,873 $197,459 $— 509,332 97 
Other long-term investments(3)
13,767 3 
Total pension assets
$523,099 100 
(1)A fund including marketable securities that mirror the S&P 500 index.
(2)Representing a guaranteed annuity contract issued by Globe Life Inc.'s subsidiary, American Income Life Insurance Company, to fund the obligations of the American Income Life Insurance Company Collective Bargaining Agreement Employees Pension Plan.
(3)Included in other long-term investments is an investment fund that reports the Globe Life Inc. Pension Plan's pro-rata share of the limited partnership's net asset value per share or its equivalent (NAV), as a practical expedient for fair value. The Globe Life Inc. Pension Plan owns less than 1% of the investment fund. As of March 31, 2023, the expected term of the investment fund is approximately 2 years and the commitment of the investment is fully funded. The investment is non-redeemable.

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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Pension Assets by Component at December 31, 2022
 Fair Value Determined by:  
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)
Significant
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
Total
Amount
% of
Total
Corporate bonds:
Financial$— $35,649 $— $35,649 7 
Utilities— 23,436 — 23,436 5 
Energy— 12,776 — 12,776 3 
Other corporates— 56,786 — 56,786 11 
Total corporate bonds— 128,647 — 128,647 26 
Exchange traded fund(1)
258,297 — — 258,297 52 
U.S. Government and Agency— 44,213 — 44,213 9 
Other bonds— 200 — 200 — 
Guaranteed annuity contract(2)
— 43,116 — 43,116 8 
Short-term investments4,467 — — 4,467 1 
Other6,547 — — 6,547 1 
$269,311 $216,176 $— 485,487 97 
Other long-term investments(3)
14,288 3 
Total pension assets
$499,775 100 
(1)A fund including marketable securities that mirror the S&P 500 index.
(2)Representing a guaranteed annuity contract issued by Globe Life Inc.'s subsidiary, American Income Life Insurance Company, to fund the obligations of the American Income Life Insurance Company Collective Bargaining Agreement Employees Pension Plan.
(3)Included in other long-term investments is an investment fund that reports the Globe Life Inc. Pension Plan's pro-rata share of the limited partnership's net asset value per share or its equivalent (NAV), as a practical expedient for fair value. The Globe Life Inc. Pension Plan owns approximately 1% of the investment fund. As of December 31, 2022, the expected term of the investment fund was approximately 3 years and the commitment of the investment is fully funded. The investment is non-redeemable.


SERP: The following table includes information regarding the SERP.
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Premiums paid for insurance coverage$443 $443 
March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Total investments:
Company owned life insurance $54,788 $54,681 
Exchange traded funds74,632 71,258 
$129,420 $125,939 


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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Pension Plans and SERP Liabilities: The following table presents liabilities for the defined benefit pension plans and SERP at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Pension Plans$517,770 $492,103 
SERP70,499 70,464 
Pension benefit obligation
$588,269 $562,567 

Net Periodic Benefit Cost: The following table presents the net periodic benefit costs for the Pension Plans and SERP by expense components for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
Service cost$5,392 $8,655 
Interest cost7,834 6,123 
Expected return on assets(9,656)(8,885)
Amortization:
Prior service cost269 158 
Actuarial (gain) loss(52)3,209 
Net periodic benefit cost
$3,787 $9,260 


Note 10—Earnings Per Share

Earnings per Share: A reconciliation of basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Basic weighted average shares outstanding96,388,211 99,273,616 
Weighted average dilutive options outstanding1,522,889 976,758 
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding97,911,100 100,250,374 
Antidilutive shares209,870 563,991 

Antidilutive shares are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. 
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Note 11—Debt

The following table presents information about the terms and outstanding balances of Globe Life's debt.
 
Selected Information about Debt Issues
As of
March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
InstrumentIssue DateMaturity Date Coupon Rate Par
Value		Unamortized Discount & Issuance CostsBook
Value		Fair
Value		Book
Value
Senior notes5/27/19935/15/20237.875%$165,612 $(38)$165,574 $164,746 $165,500 
Senior notes9/27/20189/15/20284.550%550,000 (4,229)545,771 546,348 545,601 
Senior notes8/21/20208/15/20302.150%400,000 (3,668)396,332 323,984 396,219 
Senior notes(1)
5/19/20226/15/20324.800%250,000 (4,412)245,588 241,275 245,493 
Junior subordinated debentures11/17/201711/17/20575.275%125,000 (1,585)123,415 124,265 123,410 
Junior subordinated debentures6/14/20216/15/20614.250%325,000 (7,752)317,248 248,300 317,229 
1,815,612 (21,684)1,793,928 1,648,918 1,793,452 
Less current maturity of long-term debt165,612 (38)165,574 164,746 165,500 
Total long-term debt
1,650,000 (21,646)1,628,354 1,484,172 1,627,952 
Current maturity of long-term debt165,612 (38)165,574 164,746 165,500 
FHLB borrowings45,000 — 45,000 45,000 — 
Commercial paper305,000 (1,327)303,673 303,673 283,603 
Total short-term debt
515,612 (1,365)514,247 513,419 449,103 
Total debt
$2,165,612 $(23,011)$2,142,601 $1,997,591 $2,077,055 
(1)An additional $150 million par value and book value is held by insurance subsidiaries that eliminates in consolidation.

The commercial paper has the highest priority of all unsecured debt, followed by senior notes then junior subordinated debentures. The senior notes due 2023 are noncallable, the remaining senior notes are callable under a make-whole provision, and the junior subordinated debentures are subject to an optional redemption five years from issuance. Interest on the 4.25% junior subordinated debentures is payable quarterly while all other long-term debt is payable semi-annually.

Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB): FHLB membership provides our insurance subsidiaries with access to various low-cost collateralized borrowings and funding agreements. The membership requires ownership of FHLB common stock, as well as the purchase of activity-based common stock equal to approximately 4.1% of outstanding borrowings.

Globe Life owns $16.0 million in FHLB common stock as of March 31, 2023 and $14.3 million as of December 31, 2022. The FHLB stock is restricted for the duration of the membership and recorded at cost (par) as required by applicable guidance. The FHLB stock is included in "Other long-term investments" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Borrowings with the FHLB are subject to the availability of pledged assets at Globe Life. As of March 31, 2023, Globe Life's maximum borrowing capacity under the FHLB facility was approximately $633 million, based on
43
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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
pledged assets with a fair value of $850 million. As of March 31, 2023, $43 million in funding agreements were outstanding with the FHLB, compared to $23 million as of December 31, 2022. This amount is included in "Other policyholders' funds" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the Company had $45 million in short-term borrowings from the FHLB as of March 31, 2023, compared to $0 as of December 31, 2022, and this amount is recorded in "Short-term debt" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.


Note 12—Business Segments

Globe Life is organized into four segments: life insurance, supplemental health insurance, annuities, and investments. In addition, other expenses not included in these segments are reported in "Corporate & Other."

Globe Life's reportable insurance segments are based on the insurance product lines it markets and administers: life insurance, supplemental health insurance, and annuities. These major product lines are set out as reportable segments because of the common characteristics of products within these categories, comparability of margins, and the similarity in regulatory environment and management techniques. There is also an investment segment that manages the investment portfolio and cash flow for the insurance segments and the corporate function, which has been retrospectively adjusted to exclude the interest on deferred acquisition costs due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and the interest on debt. The Company's chief operating decision makers evaluate the overall performance of the operations of the Company in accordance with these segments.

Life insurance products marketed by Globe Life include traditional whole life and term life insurance. An immaterial amount of annuities sold as companion products are included in the life segment. Health insurance products are generally guaranteed renewable and include Medicare Supplement, critical illness, accident, and limited-benefit supplemental hospital and surgical coverage. Annuities include fixed-benefit contracts.

The following tables present segment premium revenue by each of Globe Life's distribution channels.

Premium Income by Distribution Channel
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
 LifeHealthAnnuityTotal
Distribution ChannelAmount% of
Total		Amount% of
Total		Amount% of
Total		Amount% of
Total
American Income$387,512 50 $29,594 9 $— — $417,106 38 
Direct to Consumer247,667 32 17,248 5 — — 264,915 24 
Liberty National85,203 11 46,972 15 — — 132,175 12 
United American1,882 — 132,607 41 — — 134,489 12 
Family Heritage1,480 — 96,072 30 — — 97,552 9 
Other48,853 7 — — — — 48,853 5 
$772,597 100 $322,493 100 $— — $1,095,090 100 
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 LifeHealthAnnuityTotal
Distribution ChannelAmount
% of
Total
Amount
% of
Total
Amount
% of
Total
Amount
% of
Total
American Income$370,106 49 $28,766 9 $— — $398,872 37 
Direct to Consumer245,732 33 17,928 6 — — 263,660 25 
Liberty National80,560 11 47,760 15 — — 128,320 12 
United American2,074 — 131,690 42 — — 133,764 13 
Family Heritage1,359 — 89,540 28 — — 90,899 8 
Other49,297 7 — — — — 49,297 5 
$749,128 100 $315,684 100 $— — $1,064,812 100 

Due to the nature of the life insurance industry, Globe Life has no individual or group that would be considered a major customer. Substantially all of Globe Life's business is conducted in the United States.
 
The measure of profitability established by the chief operating decision makers for the insurance segments is underwriting margin before other income and administrative expenses, in accordance with the manner in which the segments are managed. It essentially represents gross profit margin on insurance products before insurance administrative expenses and consists primarily of premium less net policy benefits, acquisition expenses, and commissions. Required interest on policy liabilities is reflected as a component of the Investment segment (rather than as a component of underwriting margin in the insurance and annuity segments) in order to match this cost with the investment income earned on the assets supporting the policy liabilities.
 
The measure of profitability for the Investment segment is excess investment income, representing the income earned on the investment portfolio in excess of policy requirements. During the implementation of ASU 2018-12, the Company reviewed its segment disclosures and modified the measure of profitability of our Investment Segment due to the adoption impact of the standard and to align more appropriately with how we view and measure this segment. As of January 1, 2023, this measure was retrospectively adjusted to exclude the interest on deferred acquisition costs due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and the interest expense on debt. Other than the above-mentioned interest allocations, no other intersegment revenues or expenses are recognized. Expenses directly attributable to corporate operations are included in the “Corporate & Other” category. Stock-based compensation expense is considered a corporate expense by Globe Life management and is included in this category. All other unallocated revenues and expenses on a pretax basis, including insurance administrative expense and interest on debt, are also included in the “Corporate & Other” segment category.
 
Globe Life holds a sizable investment portfolio to support its insurance liabilities, the yield from which is used to offset policy benefit, acquisition, administrative and tax expenses. This yield or investment income is taken into account when establishing premium rates and profitability expectations for its insurance products. From time to time, investments are sold or called, or experience a credit loss event, each of which is reflected by the Company as realized gain (loss)—investments. These gains or losses generally occur as a result of disposition due to issuer calls, compliance with Company investment policies, or other reasons often beyond management’s control. Unlike investment income, realized gains and losses are incidental to insurance operations, and only overall yields are considered when setting premium rates or insurance product profitability expectations. While these gains and losses are not relevant to segment profitability or core operating results, they can have a material positive or negative result on net income. For these reasons, management removes realized investment gains and losses when it views its segment operations.

Management removes items that are related to prior periods when evaluating the operating results of current periods. Management also removes non-operating items unrelated to the Company's core insurance activities when evaluating those results. Therefore, these items are excluded in its presentation of segment results because accounting guidance requires that operating segment results be presented as management views its business. With
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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
the exception of the administrative settlements noted in the paragraphs above, all of these items are included in “Other operating expense” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the appropriate year. See additional detail below in the tables.

The following tables set forth a reconciliation of Globe Life's revenues and operations by segment to its major income statement line items. See Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies for additional information concerning reconciling items of segment profits to pretax income.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
LifeHealthAnnuityInvestmentCorporate & OtherAdjustmentsConsolidated
Revenue:
Premium$772,597 $322,493 $— $— $— $— $1,095,090 
Net investment income— — — 257,105 — — 257,105 
Other income— — — — 50 — 50 
Total revenue772,597 322,493 — 257,105 50 — 1,352,245 
Expenses:
Policy benefits507,977 190,962 7,541 1,447 — — 707,927 
Required interest on reserves(189,821)(26,323)(10,259)226,403 — — — 
Amortization of acquisition costs79,589 12,308 425 — — — 92,322 
Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition costs83,578 54,214 5 — — — 137,797 
Insurance administrative expense(1)
— — — — 73,907 73,907 
Parent expense— — — — 2,585 — 2,585 
Stock-based compensation expense— — — — 7,679 — 7,679 
Interest expense— — — — 24,867 — 24,867 
Total expenses481,323 231,161 (2,288)227,850 109,038 — 1,047,084 
Subtotal291,274 91,332 2,288 29,255 (108,988)— 305,161 
Non-operating items— — — — — — 
Measure of segment profitability (pretax)
$291,274 $91,332 $2,288 $29,255 $(108,988)$— 305,161 
Realized gain (loss)—investments(30,927)
Income before income taxes per Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
$274,234 
(1)Administrative expense is not allocated to insurance segments.




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Globe Life Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
LifeHealthAnnuityInvestmentCorporate & OtherAdjustmentsConsolidated
Revenue:
Premium$749,128 $315,684 $— $— $— $— $1,064,812 
Net investment income— — — 244,894 — — 244,894 
Other income— — — — 164 — 164 
Total revenue749,128 315,684 — 244,894 164 — 1,309,870 
Expenses:
Policy obligations495,429 189,018 8,642 1,060 — — 694,149 
Required interest on reserves(181,372)(25,270)(11,367)218,009 — — — 
Amortization of acquisition costs71,929 12,114 453 — — — 84,496 
Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition costs73,548 51,952 9 — — — 125,509 
Insurance administrative expense(1)
— — — — 72,565 112 (2)72,677 
Parent expense— — — — 2,640 2,640 
Stock-based compensation expense— — — — 9,035 — 9,035 
Interest expense— — — — 19,944 — 19,944 
Total expenses459,534 227,814 (2,263)219,069 104,184 112 1,008,450 
Subtotal289,594 87,870 2,263 25,825 (104,020)(112)301,420 
Non-operating items— — — — — 112 (2)112 
Measure of segment profitability (pretax)
$289,594 $87,870 $2,263 $25,825 $(104,020)$— 301,532 
Realized gain (loss)—investments(7,244)
Non-operating expenses(112)
Income before income taxes per Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
$294,176 
(1)Administrative expense is not allocated to insurance segments.
(2)Non-operating expenses.


Note 13—Subsequent Events

Subsequent to the balance sheet date, the Company closed on a $170 million delayed draw term loan in April 2023 with an 18-month term and a variable interest rate. The proceeds from the term loan will be used to retire the 7.875% Senior Notes maturing on May 15, 2023.

During the quarter, we reviewed available information to evaluate whether an expected credit loss allowance should be established related to our holdings of First Republic Bank. Based on our review, which included analyst reports, public company information, and investment and business news relative to current events, we determined no allowance was needed. Subsequent to March 31, 2023, it was announced First Republic Bank had entered receivership effective April 30, 2023. The Company had $38.6 million outstanding, at amortized cost, with First Republic Bank as of March 31, 2023 with no associated allowance for credit losses. As of May 9, 2023, the fair value of the investment in First Republic Bank was $0.4 million.




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CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
 
We caution readers regarding certain forward-looking statements contained in the foregoing discussion and elsewhere in this document, and in any other statements made by, or on behalf of Globe Life whether or not in future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any statement that is not a historical fact, or that might otherwise be considered an opinion or projection concerning the Company or its business, whether express or implied, is meant as and should be considered a forward-looking statement. Such statements represent management's opinions concerning future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement because of new information, future developments, or otherwise.
 
Forward-looking statements are based upon estimates and assumptions that are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, including uncertainties related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated direct and indirect effects on our business operations, financial results, and financial condition. If these estimates or assumptions prove to be incorrect, the actual results of Globe Life may differ materially from the forward-looking statements made on the basis of such estimates or assumptions. Whether or not actual results differ materially from forward-looking statements may depend on numerous foreseeable and unforeseeable events or developments, which may be national in scope, related to the insurance industry generally, or applicable to the Company specifically. Such events or developments could include, but are not necessarily limited to:
1.Economic and other conditions, including the impact of inflation, geopolitical events, and the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. economy, leading to unexpected changes in lapse rates and/or sales of our policies, as well as levels of mortality, morbidity, and utilization of health care services that differ from Globe Life's assumptions;
2.Regulatory developments, including changes in accounting standards or governmental regulations (particularly those impacting taxes and changes to the Federal Medicare program that would affect Medicare Supplement);
3.Market trends in the senior-aged health care industry that provide alternatives to traditional Medicare (such as Health Maintenance Organizations and other managed care or private plans) and that could affect the sales of traditional Medicare Supplement insurance;
4.Interest rate changes that affect product sales, financing costs, and/or investment portfolio yield;
5.General economic, industry sector or individual debt issuers’ financial conditions (including developments and volatility arising from geopolitical events and the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in certain industries that may comprise part of our investment portfolio) that may affect the current market value of securities we own, or that may impair an issuer’s ability to make principal and/or interest payments due on those securities;
6.Changes in the competitiveness of the Company's products and pricing;
7.Litigation results;
8.Levels of administrative and operational efficiencies that differ from our assumptions (including any reduction in efficiencies resulting from increased costs arising from operating during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of higher than anticipated inflation);
9.The ability to obtain timely and appropriate premium rate increases for health insurance policies from our regulators;
10.The customer response to new products and marketing initiatives;
11.Reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements which are based on management estimates and judgments which may differ from the actual amounts ultimately realized;
12.Compromise by a malicious actor or other event that causes a loss of secure data from, or inaccessibility to, our computer and other information technology systems;
13.The severity, magnitude, and impact of natural or man-made catastrophic events, including but not limited to pandemics, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, war and terrorism, on our operations and personnel, commercial activity and demand for our products; and
14.Our ability to access the commercial paper and debt markets, particularly if such markets become unpredictable or unstable for a certain period.

Readers are also directed to consider other risks and uncertainties described in other documents on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Globe Life's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. The following management discussion will only include comparison to prior year.

The results included herein reflect the adoption of ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. Globe Life Inc. implemented the standard on January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition method at adoption. As a result of this election, the prior year figures have been retrospectively adjusted as of January 1, 2021 with significant impacts to Shareholders' Equity, underwriting margins and net operating income. While the impacts of the new accounting guidance is significant, we do not consider it a fundamental change to the overall business.

Additional information on the effects of the adoption has been included in Note 2—New Accounting Standards.

"Globe Life" and the "Company" refer to Globe Life Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.


Results of Operations

icons2.jpg
How Globe Life Views Its Operations. Globe Life Inc. is the holding company for a group of insurance companies that market primarily individual life and supplemental health insurance to lower middle to middle-income households throughout the United States. We view our operations by segments, which are the insurance product lines of life, supplemental health, and annuities, and the investment segment that supports the product lines. Segments are aligned based on their common characteristics, comparability of the profit margins, and management techniques used to operate each segment.
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Insurance Product Line Segments. The insurance product line segments involve the marketing, underwriting, and administration of policies. Each product line is further segmented by the various distribution channels that market the insurance policies. Each distribution channel operates in a niche market offering insurance products designed for that particular market. Whether analyzing profitability of a segment as a whole, or the individual distribution channels within the segment, the measure of profitability used by management is the underwriting margin, as seen below:

 Premium revenue
                                                           (Policy obligations)
                                                           (Policy acquisition costs and commissions)
                                                            Underwriting margin

icons3.jpg
Investment Segment. The investment segment involves the management of our capital resources, including investments and the management of liquidity. Our measure of profitability for the investment segment is excess investment income, as seen below:
 Net investment income
(Required interest on policy liabilities)
                                                           Excess investment income


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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis
Current Highlights, comparing year-to-date 2023 with 2022.
•Net income as a return on equity (ROE) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 22.9% and net operating income as an ROE, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income(1) was 14.6%.
•Total premium increased 3% over the same period in the prior year. Life premium increased 3% for the period from $749 million in 2022 to $773 million in 2023.
•Net investment income increased 5% over the same period in the prior year.
•Total net sales increased 5% over the same period in the prior year from $182 million in 2022 to $190 million in 2023. The average producing agent count across all of the exclusive agencies increased 7% over the prior year.
•Book value per share increased 56% over the same period in the prior year from $25.52 to $39.74. Book value per share, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income(1), increased 10% over the prior year from $63.91 in 2022 to $70.34 in 2023.
•For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 1.2 million shares of Globe Life Inc. common stock at a total cost of $135 million for an average share price of $115.04.
The following graphs represent net income and net operating income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
1140 1142
(1)As shown in the charts above, net operating income is the consolidated total of segment profits after tax and as such is considered a non-GAAP measure. It has been used consistently by Globe Life's management for many years to evaluate the operating performance of the Company. It differs from net income primarily because it excludes certain non-operating items such as realized gains and losses and certain significant and unusual items included in net income. Net income is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
Net operating income as an ROE, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), is considered a non-GAAP measure. Management utilizes this measure to view the business without the effect of changes in AOCI, which are primarily attributable to fluctuation in interest rates. The impact of the adjustment to exclude AOCI, net of tax, is $(3.0) billion and $(3.8) billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Book value per share, excluding AOCI, is also considered a non-GAAP measure. Management utilizes this measure to view the book value of the business without the effect of changes in AOCI, which are primarily attributable to fluctuation in interest rates. The impact of the adjustment to exclude AOCI is $(30.60) and $(38.39) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Refer to Analysis of Profitability by Segment for non-GAAP reconciliation to GAAP.

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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis
Summary of Operations. Net income declined 6% to $224 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with $237 million in the same period in 2022. This decrease was attributed to $24 million of after-tax realized losses on investments in the current period, as compared to $6 million of after tax realized losses on investments in the year-ago period. See further discussion under the caption Investments. On a diluted per common share basis, net income per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 declined 4% from $2.37 to $2.28.

Net operating income increased 2% to $248 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with $243 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to a 5% increase in net investment income, offset by a 4% increase in required interest on policy liabilities, and a 1% increase in total underwriting margin. On a diluted per common share basis, net operating income per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased from $2.43 to $2.53, a 4% increase. Net operating income is the consolidated total of segment profits after tax and as such is considered a non-GAAP measure. Net income is the most directly comparable GAAP measure. We do not consider realized gains and losses to be a component of our core insurance operations or operating segments. Additionally, net income in 2022 was affected by certain significant and unusual non-operating items. We do not view these items as components of core operating results because they are not indicative of past performance or future prospects of the insurance operations. We remove items such as these that relate to prior periods or are non-operating items when evaluating the results of current operations, and therefore exclude such items from our segment analysis for current periods.

The Company continues to see positive signs in its core operations, including strong sales and premium growth, favorable persistency, and a strong ROE, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income.

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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis
Globe Life's operations on a segment-by-segment basis are discussed in depth below. Net operating income has been used consistently by management for many years to evaluate the operating performance of the Company and is a measure commonly used in the life insurance industry. It differs from GAAP net income primarily because it excludes certain non-operating items such as realized gains and losses and other significant and unusual items included in net income. Management believes an analysis of net operating income is important in understanding the profitability and operating trends of the Company’s business. Net income is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Analysis of Profitability by Segment
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022Change%
Life insurance underwriting margin$291,274 $289,594 $1,680 1 
Health insurance underwriting margin91,332 87,870 3,462 4 
Annuity underwriting margin2,288 2,263 25 1 
Excess investment income29,255 25,825 3,430 13 
Other insurance:
Other income50 164 (114)(70)
Administrative expense(73,907)(72,565)(1,342)2 
Corporate and other(35,131)(31,619)(3,512)11 
Pre-tax total305,161 301,532 3,629 1 
Applicable taxes(57,119)(58,237)1,118 (2)
Net operating income
248,042 243,295 4,747 2 
Reconciling items, net of tax:
Realized gain (loss)—investments(24,432)(5,723)(18,709)
Non-operating expenses— (88)88 
Net income
$223,610 $237,484 $(13,874)(6)

The life insurance segment is our primary segment and is the largest contributor to earnings in each period presented. The life insurance segment underwriting margin increased $2 million compared with the prior year three-month period due to growth in premiums and lower net life claims as a percentage of premiums. The health segment contributed to the growth in income as well, contributing $91 million of underwriting margin in the first three months of 2023 compared with $88 million in the first three months of 2022.
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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis
In 2023, the largest contributor of total underwriting margin was the life insurance segment and the primary distribution channel was the American Income Life Division. The following charts represent the breakdown of total underwriting margin by operating segment and distribution channel for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
307308

Total premium income rose 3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $1.1 billion. Total net sales increased 5% to $190 million, when compared with 2022. Total first-year collected premium (defined in the following section) was $146 million for 2023 and 2022.

Life insurance premium income increased 3% to $773 million over the prior-year total of $749 million. Life net sales rose 1% to $140 million for the first three months of 2023. First-year collected life premium declined 3% to $103 million. Life underwriting margins, as a percent of premium, declined to 38% in 2023 from 39%. Underwriting margin increased to $291 million in 2023, an increase of 1% over the same period in 2022, largely a result of an increase in premium growth.

Health insurance premium income increased 2% to $322 million over the prior-year total of $316 million. Health net sales rose 17% to $50 million for the first three months of 2023. First-year collected health premium rose 9% to $43 million. Health underwriting margins, as a percent of premium, were 28% in 2023 and 2022. Health underwriting margin increased to $91 million for the first three months of 2023, 4% over the same period in 2022.

Excess investment income, the measure of profitability of our investment segment, increased during the first three months of 2023 to $29.3 million from $25.8 million in the same period in 2022. Excess investment income per common share, reflecting the impact of our share repurchase program, increased 15% to $0.30 from $0.26 when compared with the same period in 2022.

Insurance administrative expenses increased 2% in 2023 when compared with the prior-year period. These expenses were 6.7% as a percent of premium during 2023 compared with 6.8% a year earlier.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 1.2 million Globe Life Inc. shares at a total cost of $135 million for an average share price of $115.04.

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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis
The discussions of our segments are presented in the manner we view our operations, as described in Note 12—Business Segments.
 
We use three statistical measures as indicators of premium growth and sales over the near term: “annualized premium in force,” “net sales,” and “first-year collected premium.”
•Annualized premium in force is defined as the premium income that would be received over the following twelve months at any given date on all active policies if those policies remain in force throughout the twelve-month period.
•Net sales, a statistical performance measure, is calculated as annualized premium issued, net of cancellations in the first thirty days after issue, except in the case of Direct to Consumer, where net sales is annualized premium issued at the time the first full premium is paid after any introductory offer period has expired. Management considers net sales to be a better indicator of the rate of premium growth than annualized premium issued.
•First-year collected premium is defined as the premium collected during the reporting period for all policies in their first policy year. First-year collected premium takes lapses into account in the first year when lapses are more likely to occur, and thus is a useful indicator of how much new premium is expected to be added to premium income in the future.

See further discussion of the distribution channels below for Life and Health.


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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis
LIFE INSURANCE

Life insurance is the Company's predominant segment. During 2023, life premium represented 71% of total premium and life underwriting margin represented 76% of the total underwriting margin. Additionally, investments supporting the reserves for life products produce the majority of excess investment income attributable to the investment segment.
 
The following table presents the summary of results of life insurance. Further discussion of the results by distribution channel is included below.

Life Insurance
Summary of Results
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,Change
20232022
Amount% of PremiumAmount% of PremiumAmount%
Premium and policy charges$772,597 100 $749,128 100 $23,469 3 
Policy obligations507,977 66 495,429 66 12,548 3 
Required interest on reserves(189,821)(25)(181,372)(24)(8,449)5 
Net policy obligations318,156 41 314,057 42 4,099 1 
Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition expenses83,578 11 73,548 10 10,030 14 
Amortization of acquisition costs79,589 10 71,929 9 7,660 11 
Total expense481,323 62 459,534 61 21,789 5 
Insurance underwriting margin
$291,274 38 $289,594 39 $1,680 1 

Net policy obligations amounted to 41% of premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to 42% in the year-ago period.

The following table presents Globe Life's life insurance premium by distribution channel.

Life Insurance
Premium by Distribution Channel
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,Change
20232022
Amount% of TotalAmount% of TotalAmount%
American Income$387,512 50 $370,106 49 $17,406 5 
Direct to Consumer247,667 32 245,732 33 1,935 1 
Liberty National85,203 11 80,560 11 4,643 6 
Other52,215 7 52,730 7 (515)(1)
Total
$772,597 100 $749,128 100 $23,469 3 

Annualized life premium in force was $3.11 billion at March 31, 2023, an increase of 4% over $2.99 billion a year earlier.

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Globe Life Inc.
Management's Discussion & Analysis

An analysis of life net sales, an indicator of new business production, by distribution channel is presented below. 

Life Insurance
Net Sales by Distribution Channel
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,Change
20232022
Amount% of TotalAmount% of TotalAmount%
American Income$83,329 59 $85,350 61 $(2,021)(2)
Direct to Consumer32,467 23 33,913 24 (1,446)(4)
Liberty National21,979 16 17,365 13 4,614 27 
Other2,594 2 2,375 2 219 9 
Total
$140,369 100 $139,003 100 $1,366 1 

First-year collected life premium by distribution channel is presented in the table below. 

Life Insurance
First-Year Collected Premium by Distribution Channel
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,Change
20232022
Amount% of TotalAmount% of TotalAmount%
American Income$63,758 62 $65,294 62 $(1,536)(2)
Direct to Consumer20,795 20 24,212 23 (3,417)(14)
Liberty National15,795 16 13,748 13 2,047 15 
Other2,263 2 2,397 2 (134)(6)
Total
$102,611 100 $105,651 100 $(3,040)(3)

A discussion of life operations by distribution channel follows.

The American Income Life Division markets to members of labor unions and continues to diversify its lead sources by building relationships with other affinity groups, utilizing third-party internet vendor leads, and obtaining referrals to facilitate sustainable growth. This division is Globe Life's largest contributor to life premium of any distribution channel at 50% of the Company's March 31, 2023 total life premium. Net sales declined 2% to $83 million during the first three months of 2023, compared with $85 million during the same period in 2022. While first quarter sales declined slightly from a year ago, they grew 19% from the fourth quarter of last year. The underwriting margin, as a percent of premium, was 45% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, down from 47% in the year-ago period due to higher acquisition costs.

Below is the average producing agent count at the end of the period for the American Income Life Division. The average producing agent count is based on the actual count at the end of each week during the year. The average producing agent count increased 4% over the year-ago quarter and 3% over the fourth quarter of 2022. The increase in average producing agent count was driven by an increase in new agent recruiting. Sales growth in this division, as well as within our other exclusive agencies, is generally dependent on growth in the size of the agency force.

At March 31,
Change
20232022Amount%
American Income9,714 9,385 329 4 
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Globe Life Inc.
Management's Discussion & Analysis


American Income Life continues to focus on growing and strengthening the agency force, specifically through emphasis on agency middle-management growth and additional agency office openings. In addition to offering financial incentives and training opportunities, the agency has made considerable investments in information technology, including a customer relationship management (CRM) tool for the agency force. This tool is designed to drive productivity in lead distribution, conservation of business, manager dashboards and new agent recruiting. Additionally, this division has invested in and successfully implemented technology that allows the agency force to engage in virtual recruiting, training and sales activity. The agents have shifted to primarily a virtual experience with the customers and have generated a vast majority of sales through virtual presentations. We find this flexibility to be enticing for new recruits as well as a driver of sustainability for our agency force.

The Direct to Consumer Division (DTC) offers adult and juvenile life insurance through a variety of marketing approaches, including direct mailings, insert media, and electronic media. In recent years, production from electronic media, which is comprised of sales through both the internet and inbound phone calls to our call center, has grown faster than direct mail response as customer preferences increased marketing activity to internet and mobile technology. The proportion of sales from the internet and inbound phone calls continue to outpace the activity from the direct mailings, but all three channels continue to work in an OmniChannel approach. The different media channels support and complement one another in the division's efforts to reach the consumer. The DTC's long-term growth has been fueled by constant innovation and name recognition. We continually introduce new initiatives in this division in an attempt to increase response rates.

While the juvenile market is an important source of sales, it is also a vehicle to reach the parents and grandparents of juvenile policyholders, who are more likely to respond favorably to a DTC solicitation for life coverage on themselves in comparison to the general adult population. Also, future offerings to juvenile policyholders and their parents are sources of low acquisition-cost life insurance sales in the future.

DTC net sales declined 4% to $32 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with $34 million for the same period in the prior year. This decrease is primarily a result of the higher life net sales in the prior year ago period, which we are seeing return to pre-pandemic levels. The decline is also due in part to the impact of recent record inflation on the cost of our direct mailings and on our customers, who generally have less discretionary income to purchase and retain life insurance. DTC’s underwriting margin, as a percent of premium, was 23% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with 24% for the same period in 2022. The decrease is primarily attributable to higher acquisition costs.

The Liberty National Division markets individual life insurance to middle-income household and worksite customers. Recent investments in new sales technologies as well as recent growth in middle management within the agency are expected to help continue this growth. The underwriting margin as a percent of premium was 32% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, down from 33% during the same period a year ago. The decrease is primarily attributable to higher acquisition costs in relation to premium during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with the same period a year ago.

Net sales rose 27% in the three months ended March 31, 2023 over the same period in 2022. With the division's ability to return to face-to-face customer interaction and the option of virtual sales, the Company continues to project total life net sales to increase for the remainder of 2023 as compared to the prior year.

Below is the average producing agent count at the end of the period for the Liberty National Division.
At March 31,
Change
20232022Amount%
Liberty National3,011 2,656 355 13 

The Liberty National Division average producing agent count increased significantly compared with the prior-year comparable period. We continue to execute our long-term plan to grow this agency through expansion from small-town markets in the Southeast to more densely populated areas with larger pools of potential agent recruits and customers. In addition to the aforementioned geographic expansion, we have also started a campaign of market expansion to increase our agency presence in cities that we currently have offices, but not significant enough to
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Management's Discussion & Analysis

properly serve the community, region, area and city. These tend to be larger geographic cities which will help create long-term sustainable agency growth. Additionally, the agency continues to help improve the ability of agents to develop new worksite marketing business. Systems that have been put in place, including the addition of a CRM platform and enhanced analytical capabilities, help the agents develop additional worksite marketing opportunities as well as improve the productivity of agents selling in the individual life market. As the division continues to gain momentum in its sales and recruiting initiatives and advances its technology and CRM platform, the agency anticipates an increase in recruiting of new agents and an increase in the average producing agent count.

The other distribution channels primarily include non-exclusive independent agencies selling primarily life insurance. The other distribution channels contributed $52 million of life premium income, or 7% of Globe Life's total premium income in the three months ended March 31, 2023, and contributed 2% of net sales for the period.

HEALTH INSURANCE

Health insurance sold by the Company primarily includes Medicare Supplement insurance, accident coverage, and other limited-benefit supplemental health products including cancer, critical illness, heart, and intensive care coverage.

Health premium accounted for 29% of our total premium in 2023, while the health underwriting margin accounted for 24% of total underwriting margin. Health underwriting margin increased 4% to $91 million primarily due to higher premium growth. The Company continues to emphasize life insurance sales relative to health due to life’s superior long-term profitability and its greater contribution to excess investment income.

The following table presents underwriting margin data for health insurance.

Health Insurance
Summary of Results
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,Change
 20232022
 Amount% of
Premium		Amount% of
Premium		Amount%
Premium$322,493 100 $315,684 100 $6,809 2 
Policy obligations190,962 59 189,018 60 1,944 1 
Required interest on reserves(26,323)(8)(25,270)(8)(1,053)4 
Net policy obligations164,639 51 163,748 52 891 1 
Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition expenses54,214 17 51,952 16 2,262 4 
Amortization of acquisition costs12,308 4 12,114 4 194 2 
Total expense231,161 72 227,814 72 3,347 1 
Insurance underwriting margin
$91,332 28 $87,870 28 $3,462 4 

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Globe Life markets supplemental health insurance products through a number of distribution channels. The following table is an analysis of our health premium by distribution channel.

Health Insurance
Premium by Distribution Channel
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase
(Decrease)
 20232022
Amount% of TotalAmount% of TotalAmount%
United American$132,607 41 $131,690 42 $917 1 
Family Heritage96,072 30 89,540 28 6,532 7 
Liberty National46,972 15 47,760 15 (788)(2)
American Income29,594 9 28,766 9 828 3 
Direct to Consumer17,248 5 17,928 6 (680)(4)
Total
$322,493 100 $315,684 100 $6,809 2 

Premium related to limited-benefit plans comprise $180 million, or 56%, of the total health premiums for 2023 compared with $173 million, or 55%, in the same period in the prior year. Premium from Medicare Supplement products comprises the remaining $142 million, or 44%, for 2023 compared with $143 million, or 45%, in the same period in the prior year.

Annualized health premium in force was $1.33 billion at March 31, 2023, an increase of 3% over $1.29 billion a year earlier.

Presented below is a table of health net sales by distribution channel.
 
Health Insurance
Net Sales by Distribution Channel
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase
(Decrease)
 20232022
Amount% of TotalAmount% of TotalAmount%
United American$15,380 31 $12,970 30 $2,410 19 
Family Heritage22,543 45 18,602 43 3,941 21 
Liberty National7,096 14 6,214 15 882 14 
American Income4,504 9 4,621 11 (117)(3)
Direct to Consumer550 1 421 1 129 31 
Total
$50,073 100 $42,828 100 $7,245 17 

Health net sales related to limited-benefit plans comprise $38.4 million, or 77%, of the total health net sales for 2023 compared with $30.8 million, or 72%, in the same period in the prior year. Medicare Supplement sales make up the remaining $11.7 million, or 23%, for 2023 compared with $12.0 million, or 28%, in the same period in the prior year.

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The following table presents health insurance first-year collected premium by distribution channel.

 Health Insurance
First-Year Collected Premium by Distribution Channel
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase
(Decrease)
 20232022
Amount% of TotalAmount% of TotalAmount%
United American$15,096 35 $14,762 37 $334 2 
Family Heritage17,200 40 14,668 37 2,532 17 
Liberty National6,111 14 5,444 13 667 12 
American Income4,117 9 4,323 11 (206)(5)
Direct to Consumer814 2 691 2 123 18 
Total
$43,338 100 $39,888 100 $3,450 9 
 
First-year collected premium related to limited-benefit plans comprise $30 million, or 70%, of total first-year collected premium for 2023 compared with $26 million, or 65%, in the same period in the prior year. First-year collected premium from Medicare Supplement policies makes up the remaining $13 million, or 30%, for 2023 compared with $14 million, or 35%, in the same period in the prior year.

A discussion of health operations by distribution channel follows.
The United American Division consists of non-exclusive independent agencies who may also sell for other companies. The United American Division was Globe Life's largest health agency in terms of health premium income, with sales up 19% from the same period in the prior year period.
This division includes three different units:

•UA General Agency, which primarily sells individual Medicare Supplement insurance through independent agents;
•Special Markets, which markets retiree health insurance to employer and union group through brokers; and
•Globe Life Benefits, which offers group worksite supplemental health insurance through brokers.

While the increase in sales for this division was driven primarily by sales growth at Globe Life Benefits, the majority of the premium revenue comes from Medicare Supplement and Retiree Health business. Underwriting margin as a percent of premium for the division was flat at 10% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Family Heritage Division primarily markets limited-benefit supplemental health insurance in non-urban areas. Most of its policies include a cash-back feature, such as a return of premium, where any excess of premiums over claims paid is returned to the policyholder at the end of a specified period stated within the insurance policy. Underwriting margin as a percent of premium was 33% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, up from 31% in the same period last year.

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The division experienced a 21% increase in health net sales as compared with the three-month period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in recruiting, agent productivity and training. The division will continue to implement incentive programs to help drive an increase in productivity and the number of producing agents.

Below is the average producing agent count at the end of the period for the Family Heritage Division. The average producing agent count was up 18% compared with the same period a year ago, driven by a significant increase in recruiting during 2022 and 2023.
At March 31,
Change
20232022Amount%
Family Heritage Division1,298 1,100 198 18 
The Liberty National Division represented 15% of all Globe Life health premium income for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. The Liberty National Division markets limited-benefit supplemental health products, consisting primarily of critical illness insurance. Much of Liberty National's health business is generated through worksite marketing targeting small businesses. Health premium at Liberty National Division was $47 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and $48 million for the same period in 2022. Liberty National's first-year collected premium rose 12% to $6.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with $5.4 million for the same period in 2022. Health net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 rose 14% from the comparable period in 2022. The drivers of Liberty National's business discussed previously in the life insurance section also apply to the health business. Despite the increase in health sales from the prior year, health premiums were down slightly due to the run off of two older blocks of business that are no longer actively sold.

The Company's other distribution channels, while primarily focused on selling life insurance, also market health products. The American Income Life Division primarily markets accident plans. The Direct to Consumer Division primarily markets Medicare Supplements to employer or union-sponsored groups. On a combined basis, these other channels accounted for 14% of health premium for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with 15% for the same period in 2022.

ANNUITIES

Annuities represent an insignificant part of our business. We do not currently market stand-alone fixed or deferred annuity products, favoring instead protection-oriented life and supplemental health insurance products.

INVESTMENTS

We manage our capital resources, including investments and cash flow, through the investment segment. Excess investment income represents the profit margin attributable to investment operations and is the measure that we use to evaluate the performance of the investment segment as described in Note 12—Business Segments. It is defined as net investment income less the required interest attributable to policy liabilities.

Management also views excess investment income per diluted common share as an important and useful measure to evaluate the performance of the investment segment. It is defined as excess investment income divided by the total diluted weighted average shares outstanding, representing the contribution by the investment segment to the consolidated earnings per share of the Company. Since implementing our share repurchase program in 1986, we have used $9.1 billion of excess cash flow at the Parent Company to repurchase Globe Life Inc. common shares after determining that the repurchases provided a greater risk-adjusted after-tax return than other investment alternatives. If we had not used this excess cash to repurchase shares, but had instead invested it in interest-bearing assets, we would have earned more investment income and had more shares outstanding. As excess investment income per diluted common share incorporates all invested assets and insurance liabilities, we view excess investment income per diluted common share as a useful measure to evaluate the investment segment.

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Excess Investment Income. The following table summarizes Globe Life's investment income, excess investment income, and excess investment income per diluted common share.

Analysis of Excess Investment Income
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except for per share data) 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,		Change
20232022Amount%
Net investment income$257,105 $244,894 $12,211 5 
Interest on policy liabilities(1)
(227,850)(219,069)(8,781)4 
Excess investment income
$29,255 $25,825 $3,430 13 
Excess investment income per diluted share
$0.30 $0.26 $0.04 15 
Mean invested assets (at amortized cost)$20,147,812 $19,457,487 $690,325 4 
Average insurance policy liabilities16,487,932 15,810,839 677,093 4 
(1)Interest on policy liabilities is a component of total policyholder benefits, a GAAP measure. The amounts presented for 2022 have been retrospectively adjusted to exclude the interest on deferred acquisition costs due to the LDTI standard and the interest on debt.

Excess investment income increased $3.4 million, or 13%, compared with the year-ago period. Excess investment income per diluted common share was $0.30 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of 15% over the prior-year period. Excess investment income per diluted common share generally increases at a faster pace than excess investment income because the number of diluted shares outstanding generally decreases from year to year as a result of our share repurchase program.

Net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $257 million or 5% greater than the year-ago period. Mean invested assets increased 4% during the first three months of 2023 over the same period last year. The effective annual yield rate earned on the fixed maturity portfolio was 5.18% in the first three months of 2023, compared with 5.15% a year earlier. Investment income grew at a faster rate than the assets due to new investment yields exceeding the yield on dispositions and the average portfolio yield. We currently expect that the average annual turnover rate of fixed maturity assets will be less than 2% over the next five years and will not have a material impact on net investment income. In addition to fixed maturities, the Company has also invested in commercial mortgage loans and limited partnerships with debt like characteristics that diversify risk and enhance risk-adjusted, capital-adjusted returns on the portfolio. The earned yield on the investment funds for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 5.87%. See additional information in Note 4—Investments. For the full year 2023, we currently anticipate the average new money rate on our fixed maturity acquisitions to be approximately 40 basis points higher than the yield achieved on our 2022 acquisitions. This expected increase in yields should result in the investment income growth rate being similar to the growth of our invested assets.

Globe Life's net investment income benefits from higher interest rates on new investments. While increasing interest rates have resulted in a net unrealized loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of March 31, 2023, we are not concerned because we do not generally intend to sell, nor is it likely that we will be required to sell, the fixed maturities prior to their anticipated recovery.

Required interest on insurance policy liabilities reduces excess investment income, as it is the amount of net investment income considered by management necessary to “fund” required interest on insurance policy liabilities. As such, it is removed from the investment segment and applied to the insurance segments to offset the effect of the required interest from the insurance segments. As discussed in Note 12—Business Segments, management regards this as a more meaningful analysis of the investment and insurance segments. Required interest is based on the original discount rate assumptions for our insurance policies in force.

The great majority of our life and health insurance policies are fixed interest rate protection policies, not investment products, and are accounted for under current GAAP accounting guidance for long-duration insurance products
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which mandate that interest rate assumptions for a particular block of business be “locked in” for the life of that block of business. Each calendar year, we set the original discount rate to be used to calculate the benefit reserve liability for all insurance policies issued that year. The liability reported on the balance sheet is updated in subsequent periods using current discount rates as of the end of the relevant reporting period with a corresponding adjustment to Other Comprehensive Income. The rates are based on the methodology prescribed in ASU 2018-12. See Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.

The discount rate used for policies issued in the current year has no impact on the in-force policies issued in prior years as the rates of all prior issue years are also locked in for purposes of recognizing income. As such, the overall original discount rate for the entire in-force block of 5.5% is a weighted average of the discount rates being used from all issue years. Changes in the overall weighted-average discount rate over time are caused by changes in the mix of the reserves on the entire block of in force business. Business issued in the current year has little impact on the overall weighted-average original discount rate due to the size of our in-force business.

In comparison to the year-ago period, required interest on insurance policy liabilities increased $9 million, or 4%, to $228 million, compared with the 4% growth in average interest-bearing insurance policy liabilities.

Realized Gains and Losses. Our life and health insurance companies collect premium income from policyholders for the eventual payment of policyholder benefits, sometimes paid many years or even decades in the future. Since benefits are expected to be paid in future periods, premium receipts in excess of current expenses are invested to provide for these obligations. For this reason, we hold a significant investment portfolio as a part of our core insurance operations. This portfolio consists primarily of high-quality fixed maturities containing an adequate yield to provide for the cost of carrying these long-term insurance product obligations. As a result, fixed maturities are generally held for long periods to support these obligations. Expected yields on these investments are taken into account when setting insurance premium rates and product profitability expectations.

Despite our intent to hold fixed maturity investments for a long period of time, investments are occasionally sold, exchanged, called, or experience a credit loss event, resulting in a realized gain or loss. Gains or losses are only secondary to our core insurance operations of providing insurance coverage to policyholders. In a bond exchange offer, bondholders may consent to exchange their existing bonds for another class of debt securities. The Company also has investments in certain limited partnerships, held under the fair value option, with fair value changes recognized in Realized gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Realized gains and losses can be significant in relation to the earnings from core insurance operations, and as a result, can have a material positive or negative impact on net income. The significant fluctuations caused by gains and losses can cause period-to-period trends of net income that are not indicative of historical core operating results or predictive of the future trends of core operations. Accordingly, they have no bearing on core insurance operations or segment results as we view operations. For these reasons, and in line with industry practice, we remove the effects of realized gains and losses when evaluating overall insurance operating results.
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The following table summarizes our tax-effected realized gains (losses) by component.

Analysis of Realized Gains (Losses), Net of Tax
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except for per share data)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
 AmountPer ShareAmountPer Share
Fixed maturities:
Sales$(283)$— $(2,295)$(0.02)
Matured or other redemptions(1)
1 — 5,889 0.06 
Provision for credit losses(25,884)(0.26)306 — 
Fair value option—change in fair value1,468 0.01 (4,217)(0.04)
Other(2)
266 — (5,406)(0.06)
Total realized gains (losses)
$(24,432)$(0.25)$(5,723)$(0.06)
(1)During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $0 and $0 of exchanges of fixed maturity securities (noncash transactions) that resulted in $0 and $0, respectively, in realized gains, net of tax.
(2)Other realized gains (losses) are primarily a result of changes in the fair value of exchange traded funds.

Investment Acquisitions. Globe Life's investment policy calls for investing primarily in investment grade fixed maturities that meet our quality and yield objectives. We generally invest in securities with longer-term maturities because they more closely match the long-term nature of our policy liabilities. We believe this strategy is appropriate since our expected future cash flows are generally stable and predictable and the likelihood that we will need to sell invested assets to raise cash is low.


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Management's Discussion & Analysis

The following table summarizes selected information for fixed maturity investments. The effective annual yield shown is based on the acquisition price and call features, if any, of the securities. For non-callable bonds, the yield is calculated to maturity date. For callable bonds acquired at a premium, the yield is calculated to the earliest known call date and call price after acquisition ("first call date"). For all other callable bonds, the yield is calculated to maturity date.

Fixed Maturity Acquisitions Selected Information
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
Cost of acquisitions:
Investment-grade corporate securities$208,117 $187,324 
Investment-grade municipal securities102,387 163,891 
Other investment-grade securities— — 
Total fixed maturity acquisitions(1)
$310,504 $351,215 
Effective annual yield (one year compounded)(2)
5.84 %3.97 %
Average life (in years, to next call)19.7 15.8 
Average life (in years, to maturity)24.9 26.9 
Average ratingAA
(1)Fixed maturity acquisitions included unsettled trades of $25 million in 2023 and $12 million in 2022.
(2)Tax-equivalent basis, where the yield on tax-exempt securities is adjusted to produce a yield equivalent to the pretax yield on taxable securities.

For investments in callable bonds, the actual life of the investment will depend on whether the issuer calls the investment prior to the maturity date. Given our investments in callable bonds, the actual average life of our investments cannot be known at the time of the investment. Absent sales and "make-whole calls", however, the average life will not be less than the average life to next call and will not exceed the average life to maturity. Data for both of these average life measures is provided in the above chart.

Acquisitions in both periods consisted primarily of corporate and municipal bonds with securities spanning a diversified range of issuers, industry sectors, and geographical regions. In the first three months of 2023, we invested primarily in the municipal, financial and industrial sectors. For the entire portfolio, the taxable equivalent effective yield earned was 5.18%, up approximately 3 basis points from the yield in the first three months of 2022. Further, as previously noted in the discussion of net investment income, the increase in taxable equivalent effective yield was primarily due to new purchase yields exceeding the yield on dispositions and the average portfolio yield. For the remainder of 2023, the Company will continue to execute on its existing strategy by seeking to invest in assets that satisfy our quality and other objectives, while maximizing the highest risk-adjusted, capital-adjusted return.

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Since fixed maturities represent such a significant portion of our investment portfolio, the remainder of the discussion of portfolio composition will focus on fixed maturities. See a breakdown of the Company's Other long-term investments in Note 4—Investments.

Selected information concerning the fixed maturity portfolio is as follows:

Fixed Maturity Portfolio Selected Information
At
March 31,
2023		December 31, 2022March 31,
2022
Average annual effective yield(1)
5.20%5.19%5.15%
Average life, in years, to:
Next call(2)
14.614.715.5
Maturity(2)
18.418.518.9
Effective duration to:
Next call(2,3)
8.98.810.0
Maturity(2,3)
10.510.411.5
(1)Tax-equivalent basis. The yield on tax-exempt securities is adjusted to produce a yield equivalent to the pre-tax yield on taxable securities.
(2)Globe Life calculates the average life and duration of the fixed maturity portfolio two ways:
(a) based on the next call date which is the next call date for callable bonds and the maturity date for noncallable bonds, and
(b) based on the maturity date of all bonds, whether callable or not.
(3)Effective duration is a measure of the price sensitivity of a fixed-income security to a 1% change in interest rates.

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Credit Risk Sensitivity. The following tables summarize certain information about the major corporate sectors and security types held in our fixed maturity portfolio at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Fixed Maturities by Sector
March 31, 2023
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Below Investment GradeTotal Fixed Maturities% of Total Fixed Maturities
 Amortized
Cost, net 		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost, net 		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		At Amortized Cost, netAt Fair Value
Corporates:
Financial
Insurance - life, health, P&C$107,271 $— $(12,943)$94,328 $2,397,257 $58,903 $(181,555)$2,274,605 13 13 
Banks67,028 84 (17,173)49,939 1,345,741 18,143 (100,741)1,263,143 7 8 
Other financial74,964 — (22,346)52,618 1,204,407 7,750 (171,098)1,041,059 7 6 
Total financial249,263 84 (52,462)196,885 4,947,405 84,796 (453,394)4,578,807 27 27 
Industrial
Energy44,705 — (10,416)34,289 1,434,766 38,477 (80,338)1,392,905 8 8 
Basic materials— — — — 1,103,576 26,014 (74,413)1,055,177 6 6 
Consumer, non-cyclical— — — — 2,138,846 31,273 (166,382)2,003,737 12 12 
Other industrials57,979 3,053 (277)60,755 1,206,816 30,521 (87,184)1,150,153 6 6 
Communications28,447 — (2,610)25,837 885,502 13,522 (87,212)811,812 5 5 
Transportation— — — — 531,796 18,925 (25,039)525,682 3 3 
Consumer. cyclical130,547 — (19,805)110,742 575,225 6,327 (65,777)515,775 3 3 
Technology— — — — 248,981 386 (51,383)197,984 1 1 
Total industrial261,678 3,053 (33,108)231,623 8,125,508 165,445 (637,728)7,653,225 44 44 
Utilities35,493 456 (2,463)33,486 1,958,888 70,798 (94,579)1,935,107 10 11 
Total corporates
546,434 3,593 (88,033)461,994 15,031,801 321,039 (1,185,701)14,167,139 81 82 
States, municipalities, and political divisions:
General obligations— — — — 923,669 9,243 (140,500)792,412 5 5 
Revenues— — — — 1,970,492 32,164 (286,429)1,716,227 11 10 
Total states, municipalities, and political divisions— — — — 2,894,161 41,407 (426,929)2,508,639 16 15 
Other fixed maturities:
Government (U.S. and foreign)— — — — 443,230 127 (38,764)404,593 2 2 
Collateralized debt obligations36,778 8,724 — 45,502 36,778 8,724 — 45,502 — — 
Other asset-backed securities12,387 — (808)11,579 87,966 4 (6,958)81,012 1 1 
Total fixed maturities
$595,599 $12,317 $(88,841)$519,075 $18,493,936 $371,301 $(1,658,352)$17,206,885 100100



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Fixed Maturities by Sector
December 31, 2022
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Below Investment GradeTotal Fixed Maturities% of Total Fixed Maturities
 Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		At Amortized Cost, netAt Fair Value
Corporates:
Financial
Insurance - life, health, P&C$107,355 $22 $(13,966)$93,411 $2,375,633 $44,578 $(216,938)$2,203,273 13 13 
Banks26,944 84 (192)26,836 1,336,868 14,035 (100,038)1,250,865 7 8 
Other financial74,963 1 (22,026)52,938 1,195,293 4,513 (187,513)1,012,293 7 6 
Total financial209,262 107 (36,184)173,185 4,907,794 63,126 (504,489)4,466,431 27 27 
Industrial
Energy44,723 — (10,168)34,555 1,436,598 22,637 (101,923)1,357,312 8 8 
Basic materials— — — — 1,090,309 14,913 (95,958)1,009,264 6 6 
Consumer, non-cyclical— — — — 2,146,003 20,427 (232,196)1,934,234 12 12 
Other industrials25,461 — (522)24,939 1,212,674 19,107 (121,540)1,110,241 6 7 
Communications28,499 — (2,253)26,246 857,375 7,779 (110,132)755,022 5 5 
Transportation— — — — 520,029 11,684 (34,269)497,444 3 3 
Consumer. cyclical149,465 — (27,822)121,643 592,657 4,903 (85,005)512,555 3 3 
Technology— — — — 247,996 90 (59,672)188,414 1 1 
Total industrial248,148 — (40,765)207,383 8,103,641 101,540 (840,695)7,364,486 44 45 
Utilities35,496 433 (3,173)32,756 1,924,190 36,670 (125,713)1,835,147 11 11 
Total corporates492,906 540 (80,122)413,324 14,935,625 201,336 (1,470,897)13,666,064 82 83 
States, municipalities, and political divisions:
General obligations— — — — 915,725 5,041 (167,393)753,373 5 5 
Revenues— — — — 1,875,305 19,287 (338,054)1,556,538 10 9 
Total states, municipalities, and political divisions— — — — 2,791,030 24,328 (505,447)2,309,911 15 14 
Other fixed maturities:
Government (U.S., municipal, and foreign)— — — — 449,603 33 (51,674)397,962 2 2 
Collateralized debt obligations37,098 13,266 — 50,364 37,098 13,266 — 50,364 — — 
Other asset-backed securities12,493 — (1,618)10,875 88,336 4 (9,276)79,064 1 1 
Total fixed maturities$542,497 $13,806 $(81,740)$474,563 $18,301,692 $238,967 $(2,037,294)$16,503,365 100100



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Management's Discussion & Analysis

Corporate securities, which consist of bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, were the largest component of the March 31, 2023 fixed maturity portfolio, representing 81% of amortized cost, net and 82% of fair value. The remainder of the portfolio is invested primarily in securities issued by the U.S. government and U.S. municipalities. The Company holds insignificant amounts in foreign government bonds, collateralized debt obligations, asset-backed securities, and mortgage-backed securities. Corporate securities are diversified over a variety of industry sectors and issuers. At March 31, 2023, the total fixed maturity portfolio consisted of 987 issuers.

Fixed maturities had a fair value of $17.2 billion at March 31, 2023, compared with $16.5 billion at December 31, 2022. The net unrealized loss position in the fixed-maturity portfolio decreased from $1.8 billion at December 31, 2022 to $1.3 billion at March 31, 2023 due to an increase in market rates during the period.

For more information about our fixed maturity portfolio by component at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, including a discussion of allowance for credit losses, an analysis of unrealized investment losses and a schedule of maturities, see Note 4—Investments.

An analysis of the fixed maturity portfolio by a composite quality rating at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, is shown in the following tables. The composite rating for each security, other than private-placement securities managed by third parties, is the average of the security’s ratings as assigned by Moody’s Investor Service, Standard & Poor’s, Fitch Ratings, and Dominion Bond Rating Service, LTD. The ratings assigned by these four nationally recognized statistical rating organizations are evenly weighted when calculating the average. The composite quality rating is created utilizing a methodology developed by Globe Life using ratings from the various rating agencies noted above. The composite quality rating is not a Standard & Poor's credit rating. Standard & Poor's does not sponsor, endorse, or promote the composite quality rating and shall not be liable for any use of the composite quality rating. Included in the following chart are private placement fixed maturity holdings of $455 million at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses ($420 million at fair value) for which the ratings were assigned by the third-party managers.

Fixed Maturities by Rating
At March 31, 2023
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Amortized Cost, net % of TotalFair
Value		% of TotalAverage Composite Quality Rating on Amortized Cost, net
Investment grade:
AAA$835,032 4 $763,470 5 
AA2,884,448 16 2,462,806 14 
A4,818,028 26 4,638,755 27 
BBB+3,978,836 22 3,795,423 22 
BBB4,146,010 22 3,870,697 22 
BBB-1,235,983 7 1,156,659 7 
Total investment grade
17,898,337 97 16,687,810 97 A-
Below investment grade:
BB482,569 3 416,186 3 
B70,344 — 51,482 — 
Below B42,686 — 51,407 — 
Total below investment grade
595,599 3 519,075 3 BB-
$18,493,936 100 $17,206,885 100 
Weighted average composite quality rating
A-


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Globe Life Inc.
Management's Discussion & Analysis

Fixed Maturities by Rating
At December 31, 2022
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Amortized
Cost
% of Total
Fair
Value
% of TotalAverage Composite Quality Rating on Amortized Cost
Investment grade:
AAA$828,315 5 $733,524 4 
AA2,779,587 15 2,260,257 14 
A4,752,633 26 4,438,913 27 
BBB+3,934,053 21 3,639,118 22 
BBB4,254,730 23 3,844,182 23 
BBB-1,209,877 7 1,112,808 7 
Total investment grade
17,759,195 97 16,028,802 97 A-
Below investment grade:
BB462,356 3 389,132 3 
B43,044 — 35,067 — 
Below B37,097 — 50,364 — 
Total below investment grade
542,497 3 474,563 3 BB-
$18,301,692 100 $16,503,365 100 
Weighted average composite quality rating
A-

The overall quality rating of the portfolio is A-, the same as year-end 2022. Fixed maturities rated BBB are 51% of the total portfolio at March 31, 2023, the same as year-end 2022. While this ratio is high relative to our peers, we have limited exposure to higher-risk assets such as derivatives, equities, and asset-backed securities. Additionally, the Company does not participate in securities lending and has no off-balance sheet investments as of March 31, 2023. Of our fixed maturity purchases, BBB securities generally provide the Company with the best risk-adjusted, capital-adjusted returns largely due to our ability to hold securities to maturity regardless of fluctuations in interest rates or equity markets.

An analysis of changes in our portfolio of below-investment grade fixed maturities at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses is as follows:

Below-Investment Grade Fixed Maturities
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Balance at beginning of period
$542,497 $701,546 
Downgrades by rating agencies98,658 — 
Upgrades by rating agencies— (96,080)
Dispositions(13,675)(23,041)
Provision for credit losses(32,767)(31)
Amortization and other886 875 
Balance at end of period
$595,599 $583,269 

Our investment policy calls for investing primarily in fixed maturities that are investment grade and meet our quality and yield objectives. Thus, any increases in below-investment grade issues are typically a result of ratings downgrades of existing holdings. Below-investment grade bonds at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit
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Management's Discussion & Analysis

losses, were 9% of our shareholders’ equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income as of March 31, 2023. Globe Life invests long term and as such, one of our key criterion in our investment process is to select issuers that have the ability to weather multiple financial cycles.

OPERATING EXPENSES

Operating expenses are included in the "Corporate and Other" segment and are classified into two categories: insurance administrative expenses and expenses of the Parent Company. Insurance administrative expenses generally include expenses incurred after a policy has been issued. As these expenses relate to premium for a given period, management measures the expenses as a percentage of premium income. The Company also views stock-based compensation expense as a Parent Company expense. Expenses associated with the issuance of our insurance policies are reflected as acquisition expenses and included in the determination of underwriting margin.

An analysis of operating expenses is shown below.

Operating Expenses Selected Information
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase
 20232022(Decrease)
Amount% of
Premium		Amount% of
Premium		Amount%
Insurance administrative expenses:
Salaries$29,870 2.7 $30,283 2.8 $(413)(1)
Other employee costs9,413 0.9 11,276 1.1 (1,863)(17)
Information technology costs14,249 1.3 12,899 1.2 1,350 10 
Legal costs3,740 0.3 3,643 0.3 97 3 
Other administrative costs16,635 1.5 14,464 1.4 2,171 15 
Total insurance administrative expenses73,907 6.7 72,565 6.8 1,342 2 
Parent company expense2,585 2,640 (55)
Stock compensation expense7,679 9,035 (1,356)
Non-operating expenses— 112 (112)
$84,171 $84,352 $(181)— 

Total operating expenses for March 31, 2023 were flat compared with the prior year. Insurance administrative expenses increased $1.3 million primarily due to higher information technology costs, information security costs, and other administrative costs offset by a decline in pension-related employee benefit costs. Insurance administrative expenses as a percent of premium were 6.7%, compared to 6.8% for the same period in 2022.

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Management's Discussion & Analysis

SHARE REPURCHASES

Globe Life has an ongoing share repurchase program that began in 1986, and is reviewed with the Board of Directors by management quarterly and annually reaffirmed by the Board of Directors. With no specified authorization amount, management determines the amount of repurchases based on the amount of the excess cash flows after the payment of dividends to the Parent Company shareholders, general market conditions, and other alternative uses. Excess cash flow at the Parent Company is primarily comprised of dividends received from the insurance subsidiaries less interest expense paid on its debt and other limited operating activities. The majority of our share repurchases are made from excess cash flow after the payment of shareholder dividends. Additionally, when stock options are exercised, proceeds from these exercises and the resulting tax benefit are used to repurchase additional shares on the open market to minimize dilution as a result of the option exercises. On August 10, 2022, the Board of Directors reauthorized the Parent Company’s share repurchase program in amounts and with timing that management, in consultation with the Board, determines to be in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.
The following chart summarizes share repurchases for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Analysis of Share Repurchases
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data) 
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
 SharesAmountAverage
Price		SharesAmountAverage
Price
Purchases with:
Excess cash flow at the Parent Company(1)
1,176 $135,321 $115.04 880 $88,621 $100.70 
Option exercise proceeds368 42,754 116.27 299 30,861 103.07 
Total1,544 $178,075 $115.33 1,179 $119,482 $101.30 
(1)Excludes excise tax on the repurchase of treasury stock of $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Throughout the remainder of this discussion, share repurchases will only refer to those made from excess cash flow at the Parent Company.

FINANCIAL CONDITION
 
Liquidity. Liquidity provides Globe Life with the ability to meet on demand the cash commitments required to support our business operations and meet our financial obligations. Our liquidity is primarily derived from multiple sources: positive cash flow from operations, a portfolio of marketable securities, a revolving credit facility, commercial paper and the Federal Home Loan Bank.

Insurance Subsidiary Liquidity. The operations of our insurance subsidiaries have historically generated substantial cash inflows in excess of immediate cash needs. Cash inflows for the insurance subsidiaries primarily include premium and investment income. In addition to investment income, maturities and scheduled repayments in the investment portfolio are cash inflows. Cash outflows from operations include policy benefit payments, commissions, administrative expenses, and taxes. A portion of the excess cash inflows in the current year will provide for the payment of future policy benefits and are invested primarily in long-term fixed maturities as they better match the long-term nature of these obligations. Excess cash available from the insurance subsidiaries’ operations is generally distributed as a dividend to the Parent Company, subject to regulatory restrictions. The dividends are generally paid in amounts equal to the subsidiaries’ prior year statutory net income excluding realized capital gains. While the leading source of the excess cash is investment income, a significant portion of the excess cash also comes from underwriting income due to our high underwriting margins and effective expense control. While the insurance subsidiaries annually generate more operating cash inflows than cash outflows, the companies also have the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity investment portfolio available to create additional cash flows if required.

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Management's Discussion & Analysis

Four of our insurance subsidiaries are members of the FHLB of Dallas. FHLB membership provides the insurance subsidiaries with access to various low-cost collateralized borrowings and funding agreements. While not the only source of liquidity, the FHLB could provide the insurance subsidiaries with an additional source of liquidity, if needed. Refer to Note 11—Debt for further details.

Parent Company Liquidity. An important source of Parent Company liquidity is the dividends from its insurance subsidiaries. These dividends are received throughout the year and are used by the Parent Company to pay dividends on common and preferred stock, interest and principal repayment requirements on Parent Company debt, and operating expenses of the Parent Company.
Three Months Ended
March 31,		Twelve Months Ended December 31,
20232022Projected 20232022
Liquidity Sources:
Dividends from Subsidiaries$129,725 $107,083 $470,000 $407,042 
Excess Cash Flows(1)
104,440 69,270 345,000 278,434 
(1)Excess cash flows are reported net of shareholder dividends. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, shareholder dividends were $20 million. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, we project approximately $84 million in shareholder dividends, consistent with the $81 million paid in 2022.

Dividends from subsidiaries and excess cash flows are projected to be higher in 2023 than in 2022 primarily due to lower life obligations and the growth in our underwriting margins, both of which resulted in higher statutory earnings generated by the affiliates. Additional sources of liquidity for the Parent Company are cash, intercompany receivables, intercompany borrowings, public debt markets, term loans, and a revolving credit facility. At March 31, 2023, the Parent Company had access to $77 million of invested cash, net intercompany receivables and other liquid assets.

Short-Term Borrowings. An additional source of Parent Company liquidity is a credit facility with a group of lenders allowing for unsecured borrowings and stand-by letters of credit up to $750 million, which could be extended up to $1 billion. While the Parent Company may request the extension, it is not guaranteed. Up to $250 million in letters of credit can be issued against the facility. The facility serves as a back-up line of credit for a commercial paper program under which commercial paper may be issued at any time, with total commercial paper outstanding not to exceed the facility maximum, less any letters of credit issued. Interest charged on the commercial paper program resembles variable rate debt due to its short term nature. On September 30, 2021, Globe Life amended the credit agreement dated August 24, 2020. The five-year credit agreement will now mature on September 30, 2026. As of March 31, 2023, the Parent Company was in full compliance with all covenants related to the aforementioned debt.

As a part of the credit facility, Globe Life has stand-by letters of credits. These letters of credit are issued on behalf of our insurance subsidiaries.

The following table presents certain information about our commercial paper borrowings.

Credit Facility—Commercial Paper
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
At
March 31,
2023		December 31, 2022March 31,
2022
Balance of commercial paper at end of period (par value)$305,000 $285,000 $372,524 
Annualized interest rate5.28 %4.78 %0.69 %
Letters of credit outstanding$115,000 $125,000 $125,000 
Remaining amount available under credit line330,000 340,000 252,476 

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Globe Life Inc.
Management's Discussion & Analysis

Credit Facility—Commercial Paper Activity
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Average balance of commercial paper outstanding during period (par value)$293,892 $426,243 
Daily-weighted average interest rate (annualized)4.95 %0.43 %
Maximum daily amount outstanding during period (par value)$477,700 $500,529 

The Company increased the commercial paper borrowings by $20 million since year-end. We had no difficulties in accessing the commercial paper market under this facility during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Globe Life expects to have readily available funds for 2023 and the foreseeable future to conduct its operations and to maintain target capital ratios in the insurance subsidiaries through liquid assets currently available, internally-generated cash flow and the credit facility. In the unlikely event that more liquidity is needed, the Parent Company could generate additional funds through multiple sources including, but not limited to, the issuance of debt, an additional short-term credit facility or term loan, and intercompany borrowing.

Consolidated Liquidity. Consolidated net cash inflows from operations were $477 million in the first three months of 2023, compared with $397 million in the same period of 2022. The increase is primarily attributable to fluctuations in the settlement of certain amounts included in other liabilities. In addition to cash inflows from operations, our insurance companies received proceeds from dispositions of fixed maturities available for sale in the amount of $62 million during the 2023 period. As previously noted under the caption Credit Facility, the Parent Company has in place a revolving credit facility. The insurance companies have no additional outstanding credit facilities.

Cash and short-term investments were $246 million at March 31, 2023, compared with $207 million at December 31, 2022. In addition to these liquid assets, $17.2 billion of fixed income securities are available for sale in the event of an unexpected need. Approximately $525 million, at fair value, are pledged for outstanding FHLB advances and reinsurance. Further, approximately 97% of our fixed income securities are publicly traded, freely tradable under SEC Rule 144, or qualified for resale under SEC Rule 144A. We generally expect to hold fixed income securities to maturity, and even though these securities are classified as available for sale, we have the ability and general intent to hold any securities to recovery. Our strong cash flows from operations, on-going investment maturities, and available liquidity under our credit facility make any need to sell securities for liquidity highly unlikely.

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Globe Life Inc.
Management's Discussion & Analysis

Capital Resources. The Parent Company's capital structure consists of short-term debt (the commercial paper facility and current maturities of long-term debt), long-term debt, and shareholders’ equity.

Long-Term Borrowings. The outstanding long-term debt at book value was $1.6 billion at March 31, 2023 and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022.

Selected Information about Debt Issues
As of March 31, 2023
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
InstrumentIssue DateMaturity DateCoupon Rate Interest Payment DatesPar
Value		Book
Value		Fair
Value
Senior notes05/27/199305/15/20237.875%semiannual$165,612 $165,574 $164,746 
Senior notes09/27/201809/15/20284.550%semiannual550,000 545,771 546,348 
Senior notes08/21/202008/15/20302.150%semiannual400,000 396,332 323,984 
Senior notes(1)
05/19/202206/15/20324.800%semiannual250,000 245,588 241,275 
Senior notes11/17/201711/17/20575.275% semiannual 125,000 123,415 124,265 
Junior subordinated debentures06/14/202106/15/20614.250%quarterly325,000 317,248 248,300 
1,815,612 1,793,928 1,648,918 
Less current maturity of long-term debt165,612 165,574 164,746 
Total long-term debt
1,650,000 1,628,354 1,484,172 
Current maturity of long-term debt165,612 165,574 164,746 
FHLB borrowings45,000 45,000 45,000 
Commercial paper305,000 303,673 303,673 
Total short-term debt
515,612 514,247 513,419 
Total debt
$2,165,612 $2,142,601 $1,997,591 
(1)An additional $150 million par value and book value is held by insurance subsidiaries that eliminates in consolidation.

In April 2023, we closed on a $170 million delayed draw variable rate term loan with an 18-month term. The proceeds from the term loan will be used to retire the 7.875% Senior Notes maturing on May 15, 2023. Refer to Note 11—Debt for a complete analysis and description of long-term debt issues outstanding.

Financing costs for the corporate and other segment consist primarily of interest on our various debt instruments. The table below presents the components of financing costs and reconciles interest expense per the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Analysis of Financing Costs
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,		Increase
(Decrease)
20232022Amount%
Interest on funded debt$20,244 $18,644 $1,600 9 
Interest on short-term debt4,623 1,300 3,323 256 
Financing costs
$24,867 $19,944 $4,923 25 

During the first three months of 2023, financing costs increased 25% compared with the prior year. The increase in financing costs is primarily due to higher short-term interest rates. More information on our debt transactions is disclosed in the Financial Condition section of this report.

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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis

Subsidiary Capital: The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has established a risk-based factor approach for determining threshold risk-based capital levels for all insurance companies. This approach was designed to assist the regulatory bodies in identifying companies that may require regulatory attention. A Risk-Based Capital (RBC) ratio is typically determined by dividing adjusted total statutory capital by the amount of risk-based capital determined using the NAIC’s factors. If a company’s RBC ratio approaches two times the RBC amount, the company must file a plan with the NAIC for improving its capital levels (this level is commonly referred to as “Company Action Level” RBC). Companies typically hold a multiple of the Company Action Level RBC depending on their particular business needs and risk profile.

Our goal is to maintain statutory capital within our insurance subsidiaries at levels necessary to support our current ratings. For 2023, Globe Life has targeted a consolidated Company Action Level RBC ratio of 300% to 320%. The Company concludes that this capital level is more than adequate and sufficient to support its current ratings, given the nature of its business and its risk profile. For 2022, our consolidated Company Action Level RBC ratio was 321%. The Parent Company is committed to maintaining the targeted consolidated RBC ratio at its insurance subsidiaries and has sufficient liquidity available to provide additional capital if necessary.

In August 2022, the NAIC fully adopted new and expanded C-2 life insurance mortality risk factors. The adoption of these factors resulted in higher amounts of required capital related to our life insurance liabilities. The Parent Company is committed to maintaining the targeted consolidated RBC ratio at its insurance subsidiaries and has sufficient liquidity available to provide additional capital if necessary.

Shareholders' Equity: In 2023, new guidance became effective that impacted the accounting for our long duration contracts with significant effects to shareholders' equity. Please see Note 2—New Accounting Standards for additional information.

Shareholders’ equity was $3.8 billion at March 31, 2023. This compares with $3.9 billion at December 31, 2022 and $2.5 billion at March 31, 2022, as adjusted. During the three months since December 31, 2022, shareholders’ equity decreased primarily due to a $171 million decline in AOCI as interest rates and discount rates have increased over the period. In addition, shareholders' equity increased by net income of $224 million during the first three months of 2023, but was offset by share repurchases of $135 million and an additional $43 million in share repurchases to offset the dilution from stock option exercises. On February 23, 2023, the Parent Company announced that it had declared a quarterly dividend of $0.2250 per share. This dividend was paid on May 1, 2023.

We plan to use excess cash available at the Parent Company as efficiently as possible in the future. Possible uses of excess cash flow include, but are not limited to, share repurchases, acquisitions, shareholder dividend payments, investments in securities, or repayment of short-term debt. We will determine the best use of excess cash after ensuring that targeted capital levels are maintained in our insurance subsidiaries. If market conditions are favorable, we currently expect that share repurchases will continue to be a primary use of those funds..

As previously noted, the liability for future policy benefits under ASU 2018-12 is required to be computed using current discount rates with the impact of changes in discount rates included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Additionally, the guidance requires the liability for future policy benefits to be calculated using net premiums rather than gross premiums. Given that gross premiums are considerably higher than net premiums for our business, as seen in Note 6—Policy Liabilities, the measurement of the liability is higher than what it would be had it been computed using gross premiums. This is an important consideration when analyzing shareholders' equity.

Globe Life is required under GAAP to revalue its available for sale fixed maturity portfolio to fair market value at the end of each accounting period. These changes, net of their associated impact on deferred acquisition costs and income tax, are reflected directly in shareholders’ equity. Fluctuations in interest rates cause undue volatility in the period-to-period presentation of our shareholders’ equity, capital structure, and financial ratios. Due to the long-term nature of our fixed maturity investments and policy liabilities and the strong cash flows consistently generated by our insurance subsidiaries, we have the ability to hold our securities to maturity. As such, we do not expect to incur losses due to fluctuations in market value of fixed maturities caused by market rate changes and temporarily illiquid markets. Accordingly, our management, credit rating agencies, lenders, many industry analysts, and certain other financial statement users prefer to remove the effect of this accounting rule when analyzing our balance sheet, capital structure, and financial ratios.
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Management's Discussion & Analysis

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The following critical accounting policies were updated since the 2022 Form 10-K due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (ASU 2018-12). Additional information on our accounting policies is disclosed in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies.

Future Policy Benefits. The liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment long duration life and health products comprises approximately 91% of the total liability for future policy benefits. The liability is determined each reporting period based on the net level premium method. This method requires the liability for future policy benefits to be calculated as the present value of estimated future policyholder benefits and the related termination expenses, less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders. Net level premiums reflect a recomputed net premium ratio using actual experience since the issue date or the Transition Date, and expected future experience. The liability is accrued as premium revenue is recognized and adjusted for differences between actual and expected experience. Long-duration insurance contracts issued by the Company are grouped into cohorts based on the contract issue year, distribution channel, legal entity and product type.

The Company reviews, and updates as necessary, its cash flow assumptions (mortality, morbidity, lapses and persistency) used to calculate the change in the liability for future policy benefits at least annually. These cash flow assumptions are reviewed at the same time every year, or more frequently, if suggested by experience. If cash flow assumptions are changed, the net premium ratio is recalculated from the original issue date, or the Transition Date, using actual experience and projected future cash flows. When the expected future net premiums exceed the expected future gross premiums, or the present value of future policyholder benefits exceeds the present value of expected future gross premiums, the liability for future policy benefits is adjusted with changes recognized in policyholder benefits on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cash flow assumptions do not include an adjustment for adverse deviation. Mortality tables used for individual life insurance include various industry tables and reflect modifications based on Company experience. Morbidity assumptions for individual health are based on Company experience and industry data. Lapse and persistency assumptions are based on Globe Life's experience.

The liability for future policy benefits is discounted using a current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield that reflects the duration characteristics of the liability for future policy benefits. The discount rate assumption is updated each reporting period with the effect of the changes in the liability included in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). The methodology for determining current discount rates consists of constructing a discount rate curve intended to be reflective of the currency and tenor of the insurance liability cash flows. The methodology is designed to prioritize observable inputs based on market data available in the local debt markets denominated in the same currency as the policies. For the discount rates applicable to tenors for which the single-A debt market is not liquid or there is little or no observable market data, the Company will use estimation techniques consistent with the fair value guidance in ASC 820. We further accrete interest as a component of policyholder benefits using the original discount rate that is locked-in during the year of contract issuance. The original discount rates (or the locked-in discount rates) are used for interest accretion purposes and for the determination of net premiums, whereas the current discount rates are used for purposes of valuing the liability.

The discount rate assumption is key in determining the change in the value of the liability for future benefits for long duration life and health contracts. Since the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment long duration life and health products comprises approximately 91% of the total liability for future policy benefits, it is subject to interest rate risk. A decrease in discount rates will cause an increase in the obligation, and changes in assumptions may cause significant differences in results.


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GLOBE LIFE INC.
Management's Discussion & Analysis

The following table illustrates the interest rate risk sensitivity of our liability for future policy benefits as of March 31, 2023 and 2022. This table measures the effect of a parallel shift in discount rates on the liability. The data measures the change in reported value arising from an immediate change in rates in increments of 50 and 100 basis points, which would be recorded as a component of OCI.

Value of Liability for Future Policy Benefits
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
At March 31,
Change in Discount Rates(1)
20232022
(200)$27,736,576 $32,550,308 
(100)22,630,750 26,314,589 
(50)20,624,391 23,859,913 
018,896,574 21,745,905 
5017,399,322 19,915,180 
10016,094,213 18,321,425 
20013,942,344 15,701,262 
(1) In basis points.

Deferred Acquisition Costs. Certain costs of acquiring new insurance business are deferred and recorded as an asset. These costs are capitalized on a grouped contract basis and amortized over the expected term of the related contracts, and are essential for the acquisition of new insurance business. Deferred acquisition costs (DAC) are directly related to the successful issuance of an insurance contract, and primarily include sales commissions, policy issue costs, Direct to Consumer advertising costs, and underwriting costs. Additionally, DAC includes the value of business acquired (VOBA), which are the costs of acquiring blocks of insurance from other companies or through the acquisition of other companies. These costs represent the difference between the fair value of the contractual insurance assets acquired and liabilities assumed, compared against the assets and liabilities for insurance contracts that the Company issues or holds measured in accordance with GAAP.

DAC is amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the grouped contracts, with the related expense included in amortization of deferred acquisition costs on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The in-force metric used to compute the DAC amortization rate is annualized premium in force. The assumptions used to amortize acquisition costs include mortality, morbidity, and persistency. These assumptions will be reviewed at least annually and revised in conjunction with any change in the future policy benefit assumptions. The effect of changes in the assumptions will be recognized over the remaining expected contract term as a revision of future amortization amounts.

VOBA is amortized on a basis that is consistent with DAC, as described above, and is subject to periodic recoverability and loss recognition testing to determine if there is a premium deficiency. These tests evaluate whether the present value of future contract-related cash flows will support the capitalized VOBA asset. These cash flows consist primarily of premium income, less benefits and expenses. The present value of these cash flows, less the reserve liability, is then compared with the unamortized balance. In the event the estimated present value of net cash flows is less, the deficiency would be recognized by a charge to earnings and either a reduction of unamortized acquisition costs or an increase in the liability for future benefits.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
There have been no quantitative or qualitative changes with respect to market risk exposure during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: Globe Life Inc., under the direction of the Chief Executive Officers and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, has established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Globe Life in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. The disclosure controls and procedures are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to Globe Life's management, including the Chief Executive Officers and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
 
As of the end of the fiscal quarter completed March 31, 2023, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of Globe Life management, including the Chief Executive Officers and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the disclosure controls and procedures (as those terms are defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon their evaluation, the Chief Executive Officers and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the date of this Form 10-Q. In compliance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350), each of these officers executed a Certification included as an exhibit to this Form 10-Q.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting: During the period ended March 31, 2023 and in connection with the adoption of ASU 2018-12, the Company implemented additional processes and controls related to the accounting and disclosure of contracts impacted by the new standard for long duration life and health products and the other insurance liabilities. See Note 2—New Accounting Standards, Note 6—Policy Liabilities, and Note 7—DAC of the financial statements for additional information on the impacts of the adoption.

Otherwise, there have not been any changes to Globe Life Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting, or in other factors that could significantly affect the internal control over financial reporting subsequent to the date of their evaluation, which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.
 
Part II—Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Discussion regarding litigation and unclaimed property audits is provided in Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors
 
The Company had no material changes to its risk factors.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Purchases of Certain Equity Securities by the Issuer and Others for the First Quarter of 2023
Period
(a) Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
(b) Average
Price Paid
Per Share
(c) Total Number of
Shares Purchased as 
Part of Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs
(d) Maximum Number
of Shares (or
Approximate Dollar
Amount) that May
Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans or
Programs
January 1-31, 2023305,961 $119.84 305,961 
February 1-28, 2023329,554 120.94 329,554 
March 1-31, 2023908,522 111.78 908,522 

On August 10, 2022, the Globe Life Board of Directors reaffirmed its continued authorization of the Company's stock repurchase program in amounts and with timing that management, in consultation with the Board, determined to be in the best interest of the Company. The program has no defined expiration date or maximum shares to be repurchased.
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Item 6. Exhibits
 
Exhibit No.Description
3.1
10.1
10.2
31.1
31.2
31.3
32.1
101.INSXBRL Instance Document- the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because the XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101).
*    Compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
GLOBE LIFE INC.
Date: May 9, 2023/s/ J. Matthew Darden
J. Matthew Darden
Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 9, 2023/s/ Frank M. Svoboda
Frank M. Svoboda
Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 9, 2023/s/ Thomas P. Kalmbach
Thomas P. Kalmbach
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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