Pre-tax restructuring charges were classified within Corporate as follows:


	TWELVE MONTHS ENDED MAY 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	OPERATING OVERHEAD EXPENSE		COST OF SALES		TOTAL
Employee severance and related costs(1)	$	336	$	56	$	392
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	43		8		51
Total pre-tax restructuring charges	$	379	$	64	$	443

(1)Employee severance costs are recognized when a future related expense is considered probable and reasonably estimable.

(2)Non-cash restructuring related stock-based compensation expense is accelerated over the requisite service period, which for certain impacted employees will extend through the first half of fiscal 2025.

As of May 31, 2024, the majority of the remaining employee severance and related costs are reflected within Accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, classified within Other in Note 3 — Accrued Liabilities. The related activity is as follows:


(Dollars in millions)
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	—
Employee severance and related costs	392
Cash payments	(123)
Foreign currency translation and other	(2)
Balance at May 31, 2024	$	267