SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND PRACTICES

Description of Business. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Team, Inc.,” “Team,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” are used in this report to refer to Team, Inc., to one or more of our consolidated subsidiaries or to all of them taken as a whole. We are a leading provider of standard to specialty industrial services, including inspection, engineering assessment and mechanical repair and remediation required in maintaining high temperature and high pressure piping systems and vessels that are utilized extensively in the refining, petrochemical, power, pipeline and other heavy industries. We conduct operations in three segments: TeamQualspec Group (“TeamQualspec”) (formerly the Inspection and Heat Treating Services Group), TeamFurmanite Group (“TeamFurmanite”) (formerly the Mechanical Services Group) and Quest Integrity (“Quest Integrity”). Through the capabilities and resources in these three segments, we believe that Team is uniquely qualified to provide integrated solutions involving in their most basic form, inspection to assess condition, engineering assessment to determine fitness for purpose in the context of industry standards and regulatory codes and mechanical services to repair, rerate or replace based upon the client’s election. In addition, our Company is capable of escalating with the client’s needs—as dictated by the severity of the damage found and the related operating conditions—from standard services to some of the most advanced services and integrated integrity management and asset reliability solutions available in the industry. We also believe that Team is unique in its ability to provide services in three distinct client demand profiles: (i) turnaround or project services, (ii) call-out services and (iii) nested or run-and-maintain services.

TeamQualspec provides standard and advanced non-destructive testing (“NDT”) services for the process, pipeline and power sectors, pipeline integrity management services, field heat treating services, as well as associated engineering and assessment services. These services can be offered while facilities are running (on-stream), during facility turnarounds or during new construction or expansion activities.

TeamFurmanite, our mechanical services segment, provides primarily call-out and turnaround services under both on-stream and off-line/shut down circumstances. Turnaround services are project-related and demand is a function of the number and scope of scheduled and unscheduled facility turnarounds as well as new industrial facility construction or expansion activities. The turnaround and call-out services TeamFurmanite provides include field machining, technical bolting, field valve repair, and isolation test plugging services. On-stream services offered by TeamFurmanite represent the services offered while plants are operating and under pressure. These services include leak repair, fugitive emissions control and hot tapping.

Quest Integrity provides integrity and reliability management solutions for the process, pipeline and power sectors. These solutions encompass two broadly-defined disciplines: (1) highly specialized in-line inspection services for unpiggable process piping and pipelines using proprietary in-line inspection tools and analytical software; and (2) advanced condition assessment services through a multi-disciplined engineering team.

We offer these services globally through over 220 locations in 20 countries throughout the world with more than 7,300 employees. We market our services to companies in a diverse array of heavy industries which include the petrochemical, refining, power, pipeline, steel, pulp and paper industries, as well as municipalities, shipbuilding, OEMs, distributors, and some of the world’s largest engineering and construction firms.

Our stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “TISI”.

In November 2015, we announced we would change our fiscal year end to December 31 of each calendar year from May 31. In connection with this change, we previously filed a Transition Report on Form 10-K to report the results of the seven-month transition period from June 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. In this report, the periods presented are the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the seven-month transition period from June 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 and the year ended May 31, 2015. For comparison purposes, we have also included unaudited data for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the seven months ended December 31, 2014 (see Note 20).

Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Team, Inc. and our majority-owned subsidiaries where we have control over operating and financial policies. Investments in affiliates in which we have the ability to exert significant influence over operating and financial policies, but where we do not control the operating and financial policies, are accounted for using the equity method. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Effective February 1, 2015, we began reporting the results of our Venezuelan operations using the cost method of accounting (see Note 17).

Use of estimates. Our accounting policies conform to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported financial position and results of operations. We review significant estimates and judgments affecting our consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis and record the effect of any necessary adjustments prior to their publication. Estimates and judgments are based on information available at the time such estimates and judgments are made. Adjustments made with respect to the use of these estimates and judgments often relate to information not previously available. Uncertainties with respect to such estimates and judgments are inherent in the preparation of financial statements. Estimates and judgments are used in, among other things, (1) aspects of revenue recognition, (2) valuation of acquisition related tangible and intangible assets and assessments of all long-lived assets for possible impairment, (3) estimating various factors used to accrue liabilities for workers’ compensation, auto, medical and general liability, (4) establishing an allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable, (5) estimating the useful lives of our assets, (6) assessing future tax exposure and the realization of tax assets, (7) estimating the value associated with contingent consideration payment arrangements, (8) the valuation of the embedded derivative liability in our convertible debt and (9) selecting assumptions used in the measurement of costs and liabilities associated with defined benefit pension plans. Our most significant accounting policies are described below.

Fair value of financial instruments. Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and debt obligations. The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable and trade accounts payable are representative of their respective fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. The fair value of our banking facility is representative of the carrying value based upon the variable terms and management’s opinion that the current rates available to us with the same maturity and security structure are equivalent to that of the banking facility. The fair value of our convertible senior notes as of December 31, 2017 is $231.6 million (inclusive of the fair value of the conversion option) and is a “Level 2” (as defined in Note 10) measurement, determined based on the observed trading price of these instruments.

Cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all demand deposits and funds invested in highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Inventory. Except for certain inventories that are valued based on weighted-average cost, we use the first-in, first-out method to value our inventory. Inventory includes material, labor and certain fixed overhead costs. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Inventory quantities on hand are reviewed periodically and carrying cost is reduced to net realizable value for inventories for which their cost exceeds their utility. The cost of inventories consumed or products sold are included in operating expenses.

Property, plant and equipment. Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their respective useful life or the lease term. Depreciation and amortization of assets are computed by the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets:



Classification	Useful Life
Buildings		20-40 years
Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) System		15 years
Leasehold improvements		2-15 years
Machinery and equipment		2-12 years
Furniture and fixtures		2-10 years
Computers and computer software		2-5 years
Automobiles		2-5 years

Revenue recognition. Most of our projects are short-term in nature and we predominantly derive revenues by providing a variety of industrial services on a time and material basis. For all of these services our revenues are recognized when services are rendered or when product is shipped to the job site and risk of ownership passes to the customer. However, due to various contractual terms with our customers, at the end of any reporting period, there may be earned but unbilled revenue that is accrued to properly match revenues with related costs. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the amount of earned but unbilled revenue included in accounts receivable was $69.1 million and $39.7 million, respectively.

Goodwill and intangible assets. We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to their identifiable tangible assets and liabilities, such as accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. We also allocate a portion of the purchase price to identifiable intangible assets, such as non-compete agreements, trademarks, trade names, patents, technology and customer relationships. Allocations are based on estimated fair values of assets and liabilities. We use all available information to estimate fair values including quoted market prices, the carrying value of acquired assets, and widely accepted valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows. Certain estimates and judgments are required in the application of the fair value techniques, including estimates of future cash flows, selling prices, replacement costs, economic lives and the selection of a discount rate, as well as the use of “Level 3” measurements as defined in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure (“ASC 820”). Deferred taxes are recorded for any differences between the assigned values and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Estimated deferred taxes are based on available information concerning the tax bases of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and loss carryforwards at the acquisition date, although such estimates may change in the future as additional information becomes known. Any remaining excess of cost over allocated fair values is recorded as goodwill. We typically engage third-party valuation experts to assist in determining the fair values for both the identifiable tangible and intangible assets. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, could materially impact our results of operations.

Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but are instead tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of the ASC 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). Intangible assets with estimated useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values and reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 350. We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which we have determined to be the same as our operating segments. Each reporting unit has goodwill relating to past acquisitions.

Prior to January 1, 2017, the test for impairment was a two-step process that involved comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to the reporting unit’s carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, the goodwill of the reporting unit was not considered impaired; therefore, the second step of the impairment test would not be deemed necessary. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value, we would then perform the second step to the goodwill impairment test, which involved the determination of the fair value of a reporting unit’s assets and liabilities as if those assets and liabilities had been acquired/assumed in a business combination at the impairment testing date, to measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recorded. However, as discussed under “Newly Adopted Accounting Principles—ASU No. 2017-04” below, effective January 1, 2017 we prospectively adopted a new accounting principle that eliminated the second step of the goodwill impairment test. Therefore, for goodwill impairment tests occurring after January 1, 2017, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we measure any goodwill impairment losses as the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Our goodwill annual test date is December 1 of each year.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, we performed a quantitative test for goodwill impairment as of December 1, 2016 and concluded that there was no impairment. The fair values of the reporting units at December 1, 2016 were determined using a combination of income and market approaches. The income approach was based on discounted cash flow models with estimated cash flows based on internal forecasts of revenue and expenses over a five-year period plus a terminal value period. The income approach estimated fair value by discounting each reporting unit’s estimated future cash flows using a discount rate that approximated our weighted-average cost of capital. Major assumptions applied in an income approach include forecasted growth rates as well as forecasted profitability by reporting unit. Additionally, we considered two market approaches that used multiples, based on observable market data, of certain financial metrics of our reporting units to arrive at fair value. We applied equal weighting to each of the income and the two market approaches. The fair value derived from these approaches, in the aggregate, approximated our market capitalization. At December 1, 2016, our market capitalization exceeded the carrying value of our consolidated net assets by approximately $437 million or 80%, and the fair value of each reporting unit significantly exceeded its respective carrying amount as of that date.

In the second quarter of the year ended December 31, 2017, we determined that there were sufficient indicators to trigger an interim goodwill impairment analysis. The indicators included, among other factors, the continued market softness, primarily in our TeamFurmanite segment, and the related impacts on our financial results and our stock price. The Company’s interim goodwill impairment test was prepared as of June 30, 2017 using a similar methodology as described above for its 2016 impairment test. The June 30, 2017 interim goodwill impairment test indicated no impairment as the fair values of each reporting unit exceeded their carrying values. On June 30, 2017, our market capitalization exceeded the carrying value of our consolidated net assets by approximately $175 million or 33%. The fair value of the Quest Integrity reporting unit significantly exceeded its carrying value. With respect to our TeamQualspec and TeamFurmanite reporting unit, the fair values exceeded carrying values by 65% and 46%, respectively.

In the third quarter of the year ended December 31, 2017, we determined that there were sufficient indicators to trigger an additional interim goodwill impairment analysis, primarily due to a 43% decrease in the Company’s stock price during the quarter, coupled with the continuation of the other factors noted above. This interim goodwill impairment test was prepared as of July 31, 2017 using a similar methodology as used in the December 1, 2016 and June 30, 2017 impairment tests as described above, except that additional weighting was given to the income approach. Additionally, for the two market approaches, we added a weighting of historical financial metrics in addition to projected financial metrics. Management believes these changes were appropriate given the significant decrease in share price since the last interim impairment test in order to reconcile its reporting unit fair values to the lower market capitalization. The July 31, 2017 interim goodwill impairment test indicated impairment as the carrying values of the TeamFurmanite and TeamQualspec reporting units exceeded their fair values. The carrying value of the TeamFurmanite reporting unit exceeded its fair value by $54.1 million and the carrying value of the TeamQualspec reporting unit exceeded its fair value by $21.1 million, resulting in a total impairment loss of $75.2 million. The fair values of the reporting units are “Level 3” measurements as defined in Note 10. The fair value of the Quest Integrity reporting unit significantly exceeded its carrying value.

For our annual goodwill impairment test as of December 1, 2017, we elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair values of our reporting units were less than their respective carrying values as of the test date. Our qualitative assessment considered relevant events and circumstances occurring since the July 31, 2017 quantitative impairment test date that could affect the fair value or carrying amount of the reporting units. Specifically, we considered changes in the Company’s stock price, industry and market conditions, our internal forecasts of future revenue and expenses, any significant events affecting the Company and actual changes in the carrying value of our net assets. After considering all positive and negative evidence, we concluded that it was not more likely than not that our carrying values exceeded fair values and, as such, no additional impairment was indicated.

There was $284.8 million and $355.8 million of goodwill at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. A summary of goodwill is as follows (in thousands):



	Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017
	TeamQualspec			TeamFurmanite			Quest Integrity		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	213,475		$	109,059		$	33,252	$	355,786
Acquisitions	—			—			—		—
Foreign currency adjustments	1,876			1,642			741		4,259
Impairment loss	(21,140		)	(54,101		)	—		(75,241		)
Balance at end of period	$	194,211		$	56,600		$	33,993	$	284,804



	Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2016
	TeamQualspec		TeamFurmanite			Quest Integrity			Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	207,497	$	19,874		$	29,283		$	256,654
Acquisitions	5,955		89,646			4,137			99,738
Foreign currency adjustments	23		(461		)	(168		)	(606		)
Impairment loss	—		—			—			—
Balance at end of year	$	213,475	$	109,059		$	33,252		$	355,786

There was no accumulated impairment loss at December 31, 2016.

Income taxes. We follow the guidance of ASC 740 Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that we use the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes and provide deferred income taxes for all significant temporary differences. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our actual current tax payable and related tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of certain items, such as depreciation, for tax and accounting purposes. These differences can result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within our consolidated balance sheets.

In accordance with ASC 740, we are required to assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent we believe that it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, we must establish a valuation allowance. We consider all available evidence to determine whether, based on the weight of the evidence, a valuation allowance is needed. Evidence used includes information about our current financial position and our results of operations for the current and preceding years, as well as all currently available information about future years, including our anticipated future performance, the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and tax planning strategies.

Management believes future sources of taxable income, reversing temporary differences and other tax planning strategies will be sufficient to realize assets for which no reserve has been established. While we have considered these factors in assessing the need for a valuation allowance, there is no assurance that a valuation allowance would not need to be established in the future if information about future years change, or conversely, that a previously established valuation allowance would not need to be released. Any change in the valuation allowance would impact our income tax provision and net income (loss) in the period in which such a determination is made. As of December 31, 2017, we believe that it is more likely than not that we will have sufficient reversals of temporary differences and future taxable income to allow us to realize the benefits of the net deferred tax assets except for those related to net operating loss carry forwards of certain foreign subsidiaries in the amount $6.0 million, United States (“U.S.”) net operating loss carry forwards of $99.0 million and unutilized research and development tax credits of $0.8 million. Our belief is based upon our record of historical earnings levels in recent years and projections of future taxable income over the periods in which the future deductible temporary differences become deductible. As of December 31, 2017, our deferred tax assets were $59.7 million, less a valuation allowance of $26.2 million. As of December 31, 2017, our deferred tax liabilities were $33.3 million.

Significant judgment is required in assessing the timing and amounts of deductible and taxable items for tax purposes. In accordance with ASC 740-10, we establish reserves for uncertain tax positions when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that it is not more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon challenge. When facts and circumstances change, we adjust these reserves through our provision for income taxes. To the extent interest and penalties may be assessed by taxing authorities on any related underpayment of income tax, such amounts have been accrued and are classified as a component of income tax provision (benefit) in our consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2017, our unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions were $1.2 million.

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017 and represents a significant change to the U.S. corporate income tax system including: a federal corporate rate reduction from 35% to 21%; limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation; creation of new minimum taxes such as the base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) and Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax; and the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system, which will result in a one-time U.S. tax liability on those earnings that have not previously been repatriated to the U.S.

Due to the complexities involved in accounting for the 2017 Tax Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which requires companies include in their financial statements reasonable estimates of the impacts of the 2017 Tax Act to the extent such reasonable estimates have been determined. Under SAB 118, companies are allowed a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment date of the 2017 Tax Act to finalize the recording of the related tax impacts. Accordingly, the Company has recorded certain reasonable estimates of the tax impact in its consolidated statement of operations for year ended December 31, 2017, as detailed in Note 8. However, we have not yet completed our accounting for the income tax effects of certain elements of the 2017 Tax Act, including the new GILTI and BEAT taxes. Due to the complexity of these new tax rules, we are continuing to evaluate these provisions of the 2017 Tax Act and whether such taxes are recorded as a current-period expense when incurred or whether such amounts should be factored into the measurement deferred taxes. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of the 2017 Tax Act and will record any resulting adjustments to its provisional estimates during 2018, which may materially impact our income tax expense (benefit).

Workers’ compensation, auto, medical and general liability accruals. In accordance with ASC 450 Contingencies (“ASC 450”), we record a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We review our loss contingencies on an ongoing basis to ensure that we have appropriate reserves recorded on our balance sheet. These reserves are based on historical experience with claims incurred but not received, estimates and judgments made by management, applicable insurance coverage for litigation matters, and are adjusted as circumstances warrant. For workers’ compensation, our self-insured retention is $1.0 million and our automobile liability self-insured retention is currently $500,000 per occurrence. For general liability claims, we have an effective self-insured retention of $3.0 million per occurrence. For medical claims, our self-insured retention is $350,000 per individual claimant determined on an annual basis. For environmental liability claims, our self-insured retention is $1.0 million per occurrence. We maintain insurance for claims that exceed such self-retention limits. The insurance is subject to terms, conditions, limitations and exclusions that may not fully compensate us for all losses. Our estimates and judgments could change based on new information, changes in laws or regulations, changes in management’s plans or intentions, or the outcome of legal proceedings, settlements or other factors. If different estimates and judgments were applied with respect to these matters, it is likely that reserves would be recorded for different amounts.

Allowance for doubtful accounts. In the ordinary course of business, a portion of our accounts receivable are not collected due to billing disputes, customer bankruptcies, dissatisfaction with the services we performed and other various reasons. We establish an allowance to account for those accounts receivable that we estimate will eventually be deemed uncollectible. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a combination of our historical experience and management’s review of long outstanding accounts receivable.

Concentration of credit risk. No single customer accounts for more than 10% of consolidated revenues.

Earnings (loss) per share. Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing income (loss) from continuing operations, income (loss) from discontinued operations or net income (loss) attributable to Team stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing income (loss) from continuing operations, income (loss) from discontinued operations or net income (loss) attributable to Team stockholders, less income or loss for the period attributable to the noncontrolling interest, by the sum of (1) the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, (2) the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of share-based compensation using the treasury stock method, (3) the dilutive effect of the assumed conversion of our noncontrolling interest to our common stock prior to the acquisition of that interest and (4) the dilutive effect of the assumed conversion of our convertible senior notes under the treasury stock method. The Company’s intent is to settle the principal amount of the convertible senior notes in cash upon conversion. If the conversion value exceeds the principal amount, the Company may elect to deliver shares of its common stock with respect to the remainder of its conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount (the “conversion spread”). Accordingly, the conversion spread is included in the denominator for the computation of diluted earnings per common share using the treasury stock method and the numerator is adjusted for any recorded gain or loss, net of tax, on the embedded derivative associated with the conversion feature.

Amounts used in basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share, for all periods presented, are as follows (in thousands):



	Twelve Months Ended December 31,		Seven Months Ended December 31,	Twelve Months Ended May 31,
	2017	2016	2015	2015
Weighted-average number of basic shares outstanding	29,849	28,095	20,852	20,500
Stock options, stock units and performance awards	—	—	260	419
Conversion of noncontrolling interest	—	—	313	732
Convertible senior notes	—	—	—	—
Total shares and dilutive securities	29,849	28,095	21,425	21,651

For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, all outstanding share-based compensation awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share because their inclusion would be antidilutive due to the loss from continuing operations in those periods. Also, for the year ended December 31, 2017, the effect of our convertible senior notes was excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share since the conversion price exceeded the average price of our common stock during the applicable period. For information on our convertible senior notes and our share-based compensation awards, refer to Note 9 and Note 11, respectively. There were no share-based awards outstanding during the seven months ended December 31, 2015 and the year ended May 31, 2015 that were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price of common shares during the periods.

On August 31, 2015, we issued 728,266 shares of restricted common stock and paid $5.9 million in cash to acquire the noncontrolling interest of Quest Integrity Group, LLC. Prior to August 31, 2015, these shares were included as dilutive securities in the earnings per share calculation as set forth above.

Foreign currency. For subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. Dollar, assets and liabilities are translated at period ending rates of exchange and revenues and expenses are translated at period average exchange rates. Translation adjustments for the asset and liability accounts are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in our statements of operations.

We utilize monthly foreign currency swap contracts to reduce exposures to changes in foreign currency exchange rates including, but not limited to, the Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar, Brazilian Real, British Pound, Euro, Malaysian Ringgit and Mexican Peso. The impact from these swap contracts was not material as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 or for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the seven months ended December 31, 2015 and the year ended May 31, 2015.

Defined benefit pension plans. Pension benefit costs and liabilities are dependent on assumptions used in calculating such amounts. The primary assumptions include factors such as discount rates, expected investment return on plan assets, mortality rates and retirement rates. These rates are reviewed annually and adjusted to reflect current conditions. These rates are determined based on reference to yields. The expected return on plan assets is derived from detailed periodic studies, which include a review of asset allocation strategies, anticipated future long-term performance of individual asset classes, risks (standard deviations) and correlations of returns among the asset classes that comprise the plans’ asset mix. While the studies give appropriate consideration to recent plan performance and historical returns, the assumptions are primarily long-term, prospective rates of return. Mortality and retirement rates are based on actual and anticipated plan experience. In accordance with GAAP, actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and are subject to amortization over future periods and, therefore, generally affect recognized expense in future periods. While we believe that the assumptions used are appropriate, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may affect the pension obligation and future expense.

Reclassifications. Certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications did not have any effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations as previously reported.

Newly Adopted Accounting Principles

ASU No. 2015-11. In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-11, Inventory—Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASU 2015-11”), which requires entities that measure inventory using the first-in, first-out or average cost methods to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value to more closely align the measurement of inventory in GAAP with International Financial Reporting Standards. Net realizable value is defined as estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Our adoption, on a prospective basis, of ASU 2015-11 on January 1, 2017 had no impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

ASU No. 2015-17. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (“ASU 2015-17”), which simplifies the presentation of deferred taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. As a result of our prospective adoption of ASU 2015-17 on January 1, 2017, all deferred tax assets and liabilities have been classified as noncurrent on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017, while our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 reflects classifications of deferred tax assets and liabilities in accordance with previous GAAP. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 had no impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

ASU No. 2016-09. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation–Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which makes several modifications to GAAP related to share-based payments including the accounting for forfeitures, employee taxes and the financial statement presentation and timing of recognition of excess tax benefits or deficiencies. Specifically, ASU 2016-09 requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies to be recognized in the statements of operations as part of the provision for income tax (benefit) whereas previous guidance generally resulted in such amounts being recognized in additional paid-in capital. ASU 2016-09 also clarifies the statement of cash flows presentation for certain items associated with share-based awards. We adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017. With respect to the requirement to recognize excess tax benefits or deficiencies in the statements of operations, we began recognizing such amounts, on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2017 as a component of our provision (benefit) for income taxes as a discrete item. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $1.8 million of net tax benefit deficiencies in the consolidated statement of operations. Also, beginning prospectively on January 1, 2017, excess tax benefits, if any, from share-based awards are classified as operating activities instead of financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows, as required by the ASU. Additionally, in connection with the adoption, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $1.0 million that increased the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2017, reflecting the recognition of certain excess tax benefits from share-based awards that did not yet qualify for recognition under previous guidance. The adoption of the other requirements in ASU 2016-09 had no impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

ASU No. 2017-04. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). Prior to adoption of ASU 2017-04, if an impairment of goodwill is indicated, entities were required to then calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to determine the amount of impairment loss. This procedure, referred to as the second step of the goodwill impairment test, required the determination of the fair value of the assets and liabilities of a reporting unit as if those assets and liabilities had been acquired/assumed in a business combination at the impairment testing date. ASU 2017-04 eliminated the second step and instead requires that the impairment loss be measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04 prospectively effective January 1, 2017. Upon adoption, ASU 2017-04 had no impact on our consolidated financial statements, but we applied this new guidance to our 2017 goodwill impairment tests.

Accounting Principles Not Yet Adopted

ASU No. 2014-09. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”), which requires the Company to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. ASU 2014-09 supersedes most existing revenue recognition guidance. Most of our contracts with customers are short-term in nature and billed on a time and materials basis, while certain other contracts are billed based upon a fixed price agreed upon in advance. For these fixed price contracts, we expect that ASU 2014-09 will generally result in the recognition of revenue as the services are provided compared to recognition of revenue at the time of completion of those contracts, under previous guidance. However, based on our current assessment of contracts with customers, we do not expect that the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will result in significant changes to the overall pattern or timing of our revenue recognition. However, to account for the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018, we expect to recognize a pre-tax increase to the opening balance of retained earnings of less than $10 million in the first quarter of 2018, pursuant to the modified retrospective transition method, with a corresponding increase to contract assets for certain fixed-price contracts that were not yet completed as of the date of adoption. Because we will apply the modified retrospective transition method of adoption, comparative periods prior to January 1, 2018 will not be retrospectively adjusted to reflect adoption of ASU 2014-09.

ASU No. 2016-02. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which changes the accounting for leases, including a requirement to record essentially all leases on the consolidated balance sheets as assets and liabilities. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our ongoing financial reporting, however we expect a significant amount of assets and liabilities will be recognized on our consolidated balance sheet upon adoption.

ASU No. 2016-13. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments–Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which amends GAAP by introducing a new impairment model for financial instruments that is based on expected credit losses rather than incurred credit losses. The new impairment model applies to most financial assets, including trade accounts receivable. ASU 2016-13 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, although it may be adopted one year earlier, and requires a modified retrospective transition approach. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our ongoing financial reporting.

ASU No. 2016-15. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which clarifies the classification in the statement of cash flows of certain items, including debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, settlement of contingent consideration arising from a business combination, insurance settlement proceeds, and cash receipts and payments having aspects of more than one class of cash flows. We will adopt ASU 2016-15 in the first quarter of 2018, but we do not expect such adoption will have a material impact on our statements of cash flows.

ASU No. 2016-16. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which will require an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-16 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2018. Based on our current assessment of ASU 2016-16, at this time we do not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance in the first quarter of 2018 will result in a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2017-07. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits: Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (“ASU 2017-07”), which prescribes where in the statement of operations the components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost should be reported. Under ASU 2017-07, the service cost component is required to be reported in the same line or line items that other compensation costs of the associated employees are reported, while the other components are reported outside of operating income (loss). The changes in presentation in ASU 2017-07 are required to be adopted by the Company in the first quarter of 2018 and are to be applied retrospectively. ASU 2017-07 will apply to the presentation, in our statements of operations, of the net periodic pension cost (credit) associated with our defined benefit pension plans, which are discussed in Note 12. We do not believe that the changes in presentation required under ASU 2017-07 will have a material impact on our results of operations, although we expect that most of our net periodic pension cost (credit) will be classified outside of operating income (loss) upon adoption.

ASU No. 2017-09. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation–Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity apply modification accounting in Topic 718. Under ASU 2017-09, modification accounting is required unless the effect of the modification does not impact the award’s fair value, vesting conditions and its classification as an equity instrument or liability instrument. ASU 2017-09 is required to be adopted prospectively beginning in the first quarter of 2018. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-09 to have a material impact on our share-based compensation expense.

ASU No. 2017-12. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedge Activities (“ASU 2017-12”). This update makes certain targeted improvements to the accounting and presentation of certain hedging relationships. For net investment hedges, ASU 2017-12 requires that the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness be recorded in the currency translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income (loss). ASU 2017-12 is required to be adopted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our ongoing financial reporting.

ASU No. 2018-02. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”). ASU 2018-02 introduces the option to reclassify from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings the “stranded” tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (see Note 8). Under GAAP, certain deferred tax assets or liabilities may originate through income tax activity recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). However, because the adjustment of deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the reduction of the historical corporate income tax rate to the newly enacted corporate income tax rate is required to be included in income (loss) from continuing operations, the tax effects of items within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are not adjusted to reflect the new tax rate, resulting in “stranded” tax effects. ASU 2018-02 provides an option to reclassify such tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating whether to elect the option set forth in ASU 2018-02.