11. GUARANTEES AND PRODUCT WARRANTIES

From time to time, our subsidiaries guarantee third party payment obligations in connection with the sale of machines to customers that use financing. We follow FASB guidance for accounting for guarantees (codified in ASC 460). As of October 31, 2017, we had 27 outstanding third party payment guarantees totaling approximately $1.0 million. The terms of these guarantees are consistent with the underlying customer financing terms. Upon shipment of a machine, the customer has the risk of ownership. The customer does not obtain title, however, until it has paid for the machine. A retention of title clause allows us to recover the machine if the customer defaults on the financing. We accrue liabilities under these guarantees at fair value, which amounts are insignificant.

We provide warranties on our products with respect to defects in material and workmanship. The terms of these warranties are generally one year for machines and shorter periods for service parts. We recognize a reserve with respect to this obligation at the time of product sale, with subsequent warranty claims recorded against the reserve. The amount of the warranty reserve is determined based on historical trend experience and any known warranty issues that could cause future warranty costs to differ from historical experience.

A reconciliation of the changes in our warranty reserve is as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016		2015
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,523	$	2,186	$	2,048
Provision for warranties during the year		3,379		2,715		3,736
Charges to the accrual		(3,203)		(3,349)		(3,495)
Impact of foreign currency translation		73		(29)		(103)
Balance, end of year	$	1,772	$	1,523	$	2,186

The increase in our warranty reserve from fiscal 2016 to fiscal 2017 was primarily due to

increase in unit sales volume, as well as an increase in average warranty cost per machine as our product mix of machines under warranty shifted to more complex, higher-performance machines. The decrease in our warranty reserve in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 was primarily due to

decrease in unit sales volume, as well as a reduction in average warranty cost per machine as our product mix of machines under warranty shifted to less complex machines. The fiscal 2016 reduction in warranty reserve was also attributable to reductions in warranty obligations assumed as part of the acquisition of Milltronics and Takumi, as actual claims were less than anticipated, resulting in adjustments to the provision for warranties during the year.